{{short description|Ferry that is guided and propelled by cables}}
{{short description|Ferry that is guided and propelled by cables}}
{{About|boats using a cable or chain to cross rivers|boats using a chain to travel along a river|Chain boat}}
{{for|boats using a cable to travel along rather than across a river|Chain boat}}
[[File:Cable Ferry.jpg|right|thumb|Coin-operated cable ferry at Espevær in Bømlo, Norway]]
[[File:Cable Ferry.jpg|thumb|Coin-operated cable ferry at Espevær in Bømlo, Norway]]
[[File:Pohon přívozu Kazín.jpg|thumb|Chain-pulling engine of a small ferry on Berounka river near Prague, Czech Republic]]
[[File:Pohon přívozu Kazín.jpg|thumb|Chain-pulling engine of a small ferry on Berounka river near Prague, Czech Republic]]
[[File:Adelsöleden febr 2016B.webm|thumb|thumbtime=40|Cable ferry between [[Ekerö]] and [[Adelsö]], Sweden]]
[[File:Adelsöleden febr 2016B.webm|thumb|thumbtime=40|Cable ferry between [[Ekerö]] and [[Adelsö]], Sweden]]
[[File:Linfärjan Vaxholm 01.jpg|thumb|thumbtime=40|Cable ferry in [[Vaxholm]], Sweden]]
[[File:Linfärjan Vaxholm 01.jpg|thumb|thumbtime=40|Cable ferry in [[Vaxholm]], Sweden]]
A '''cable ferry''' (including the types '''chain ferry''', '''swing ferry''', '''floating bridge''', or '''punt''') is a [[ferry]] that is guided (and in many cases propelled) across a river or large body of water by cables connected to both shores. Early cable ferries often used either [[rope]] or [[steel]] [[chain]]s, with the latter resulting in the alternative name of chain ferry. Both of these were largely replaced by [[wire cable]] by the late 19th century.
==Types==
A '''cable ferry''' (including the types '''chain ferry''', '''rope ferry''', '''swing ferry''', '''floating bridge''', or '''punt''') is a [[ferry]] that is guided (and in many cases propelled) across a river or large body of water by cables connected to both shores. The earliest examples date from the 13th century, and often used either [[rope]] or [[steel]] [[chain]]s. These were largely replaced by [[wire cable]] by the late 19th century. Cable ferries use relatively little energy, but can hinder other craft.
[[File:Sackville ferry gnangarra-21.jpg|thumb|Winding mechanism on the [[Sackville Ferry]] in [[New South Wales]], Australia]]
Cable ferries can be typified by their size and construction, their usage (passenger, animal, vehicle) and requirements (length of crossing, amount of other shipping), their cables (wire rope, chain, or both), and their propulsion (water current, engine, manual).
== History ==
[[File:Marion Post Wolcott - Old cable ferry between Camden and Gees Bend, Alabama.jpg|thumb|Simple cable ferry, [[Gee's Bend, Alabama]], 1939]]
Cable ferries have probably been used to cross rivers and similar bodies of water since before recorded history. Examples of ferry routes using this technology date back to the 13th century ([[Hampton Ferry (River Avon)|Hampton Ferry]] in England).
In 1831 [[James Meadows Rendel (engineer)#Plymouth partnership|James Meadows Rendel]] introduced chain ferries worked by steam and in 1832 constructed one crossing the Dart at Dartmouth. Between 1832 and 1836 similar chain ferries were implemented between Torpoint and Saltash across the Tamar, and between Woolston and Southampton across the Itchen. The [[Woolston Floating Bridge]] switched from chains to wire ropes between 1878 and 1887 and was replaced by a bridge in 1977.
The choice of cable depends partially on the requirements of the crossing but also on the historical context. For example, the numerous cable ferries across Australian and Canadian rivers seem to use wire rope exclusively, whereas the older crossings across busy tidal rivers in England all use chain. In Germany, several river crossings were originally [[reaction ferry|reaction ferries]] and later kept a wire rope for holding position but introduced a chain for propulsion.<ref name="part 3">{{cite web |last1=Schmidt |first1=Theo |title=Efficiency of Cable Ferries – Part 3 |url=https://hupi.org/HPeJ/0034/0034.html |website=hupi.org |publisher=Human Power eJournal |access-date=2024-01-04 |ref=hpej}}</ref>
In the early 1900s, Canadian engineer [[William Pitt (Canada)|William Pitt]] designed an underwater cable ferry in [[New Brunswick]], which would later be installed on the [[Kennebecasis River]] in order to connect the [[Kingston Peninsula]] to the [[Kennebecasis Valley]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Ferry tale: How cable ferries became a way of life in southern N.B. | url = https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/nb-ferry-schedule-times-1.6990528 | access-date = November 30, 2023 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231122234536/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/nb-ferry-schedule-times-1.6990528 | archive-date = November 22, 2023 }}</ref> There are now eight cable ferries along the [[Saint John River (Bay of Fundy)|Saint John River]] system in southern New Brunswick. In Canada a cable ferry is proposed to transport automobiles across the [[Ottawa River]] in [[Ontario]]. There are several in [[British Columbia]]: two on the [[Fraser River|Fraser]], one at Lytton, one at Big Bar ([[reaction ferry|reaction ferries]]), three on [[Arrow Lakes]]. A suspended cable ferry worked until the 1980s in Boston Bar. A small seasonal reaction ferry carries cars across the [[Rivière des Prairies]] from [[Laval, Quebec]] ([[Sainte-Dorothée, Quebec|Sainte-Dorothée]] [[neighbourhood]]) to [[Île Bizard]] (part of [[Montreal]]).
The reaction ferry uses the power of the river to tack across the current; the powered cable ferry uses engines or electric motors (e.g., the [[Canby Ferry]] in the U.S. State of Oregon) to wind itself across; or is hand-operated, such as the [[Stratford-upon-Avon chain ferry]] in the UK and the [[Saugatuck Chain Ferry]] in [[Saugatuck, Michigan]], United States.
Cable ferries were particularly prominent in early transportation in the [[Sacramento Delta]] of [[California]]. Dozens of cable ferries operated on the [[Columbia River]] in the US northwest, and most have been rendered obsolete by bridges. A suspended cable ferry for [[Railroad car|railway cars]] crossed the [[American River]] in Northern California.
Powered cable ferries use powered wheels or drums on board the vessel to pull itself along by the cables. The chains or wire ropes can be used with a sufficient amount of slack to allow sinking below the surface as the ferry moves away, allowing other vessels to pass without becoming snared or trapped. Chain ferries in strong tidal currents use two chains, those in inland rivers often only one chain on the upstream side. Some cable ferries use a wire rope on the upstream side in order to hold the position and a chain on the downstream side for propulsion.
Most of the road crossings of the [[Murray River]] in [[South Australia]] are cable ferries operated by the state government using diesel engines. The platforms at the ends can be moved up or down according to the water level. At one time, cable ferries were a primary means of automobile transportation in [[New South Wales]] in Australia. In [[Tasmania]], for a century before 1934, the Risdon Punt at [[Hobart]] was the only fixed method of crossing the [[Derwent River, Tasmania|Derwent River]] within Hobart city limits.
A special type are electrically powered overhead-cable ferries like [[Straussee Ferry]], which have an onboard propulsion unit and can float free, but are connected to the overhead wire for the power supply, using an electrical cable that slides along the cable as the ferry moves.
In the fishing village of [[Tai O]] on [[Lantau Island]], Hong Kong, the [[Tai O Ferry]] (橫水渡) crossed the Tai O River before a bascule bridge was built.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ng |first1=Joyce |title=Last operator happy hand-pulled Tai O ferry may return to service |url=https://www.scmp.com/article/687845/last-operator-happy-hand-pulled-tai-o-ferry-may-return-service |website=South China Morning Post |publisher=South China Morning Post Publishers Ltd. |access-date=1 September 2020 |date=25 July 2009 |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518153601/https://www.scmp.com/article/687845/last-operator-happy-hand-pulled-tai-o-ferry-may-return-service |url-status=live }}</ref>
A very rare type are cable-ferries that are not propelled by themselves but rather are pulled from land side. An example of such a cable ferry was the Kungälv – Fästningsholmen ferry in Sweden.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Schweden Fährstellen |url=http://www.fjordfaehren.de/ssf/s_faehrstellen.htm |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=fjordfaehren.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Schweden und Finnland |url=http://www.fjordfaehren.de/ssf/foto/webbilder/kungaelv.htm |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=fjordfaehren.de}}</ref> Today, the Jonen ferry in the Netherlands is pulled by a winch on the banks. These cable ferries can be operated electrically without having to provide electricity by rechargeable batteries or an overhead wire. Saving the weight of the engine on board, these ferries can also be operated using less energy.
The largest and busiest cable ferry is the [[Torpoint Ferry]] in Plymouth, England. It was first converted to cable operation in 1831 and currently operates 3 ferries, carrying 8000 vehicles per day.<ref>{{cite web |title=Another Torpoint Ferry will be out of service for two months |url=https://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/news/plymouth-news/another-torpoint-ferry-out-service-2625080 |website=Plymouth Herald |date=8 March 2019 |access-date=8 March 2019 |archive-date=30 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030113029/https://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/news/plymouth-news/another-torpoint-ferry-out-service-2625080 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Webcams |url=http://www.tamarcrossings.org.uk/index.aspx?articleid=49617 |website=Torpoint Ferry |access-date=30 August 2019 |archive-date=8 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308035158/http://www.tamarcrossings.org.uk/index.aspx?articleid=49617 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Two or more ferries can be provided in order to increase availability and capacity and as a backup during maintenance, as with the [[Torpoint Ferry]].
The longest cable ferry link is [[MV Baynes Sound Connector]] south of Courtenay, British Columbia, Canada with a length of 1961.48 metres.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-18 |title=Longest cable ferry |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/407955-longest-cable-ferry |url-status=live |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=Guinness World Records}}</ref>
==History==
== Types ==
[[File:Marion Post Wolcott - Old cable ferry between Camden and Gees Bend, Alabama.jpg|thumb|Simple cable ferry, [[Gee's Bend, Alabama]], 1939]]
[[File:Sackville ferry gnangarra-21.jpg|thumb|Winding mechanism on the [[Sackville Ferry]] in [[New South Wales]], Australia]]
Cable ferries have probably been used to cross rivers and similar bodies of water since before recorded history. Examples of ferry routes using this technology date back to the 13th century ([[Hampton Ferry (River Avon)|Hampton Ferry]] in England).
In 1831 [[James Meadows Rendel (engineer)#Plymouth partnership|James Meadows Rendel]] introduced chain ferries worked by steam and in 1832 constructed one crossing the Dart at Dartmouth. Between 1832 and 1836 similar chain ferries were implemented between Torpoint and Saltash across the Tamar, and between Woolston and Southampton across the Itchen. The [[Woolston Floating Bridge]] switched from chains to wire ropes between 1878 and 1887 and was replaced by a bridge in 1977.
Cable ferries can be typified by their size and construction, their usage (passenger, animal, vehicle) and requirements (length of crossing, amount of other shipping), their cables (wire rope, chain, or both), and their propulsion (water current, engine, manual).
In the early 1900s, Canadian engineer [[William Pitt (Canada)|William Pitt]] designed an underwater cable ferry in [[New Brunswick]], which would later be installed on the [[Kennebecasis River]] in order to connect the [[Kingston Peninsula]] to the [[Kennebecasis Valley]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Ferry tale: How cable ferries became a way of life in southern N.B. | url = https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/nb-ferry-schedule-times-1.6990528 | access-date = November 30, 2023 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231122234536/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/nb-ferry-schedule-times-1.6990528 | archive-date = November 22, 2023 }}</ref> There are now eight cable ferries along the [[Saint John River (Bay of Fundy)|Saint John River]] system in southern New Brunswick. In Canada a cable ferry is proposed to transport automobiles across the [[Ottawa River]] in [[Ontario]]. There are several in [[British Columbia]]: two on the [[Fraser River|Fraser]], one at Lytton, one at Big Bar ([[reaction ferry|reaction ferries]]), three on [[Arrow Lakes]]. A suspended cable ferry worked until the 1980s in Boston Bar. A small seasonal reaction ferry carries cars across the [[Rivière des Prairies]] from [[Laval, Quebec]] ([[Sainte-Dorothée, Quebec|Sainte-Dorothée]] [[neighbourhood]]) to [[Île Bizard]] (part of [[Montreal]]).
The choice of cable depends partially on the requirements of the crossing but also on the historical context. For example, the numerous cable ferries across Australian and Canadian rivers seem to use wire rope exclusively, whereas the older crossings across busy tidal rivers in England all use chain. In Germany, several river crossings were originally [[reaction ferry|reaction ferries]] and later kept a wire rope for holding position but introduced a chain for propulsion.<ref name="part 3">{{cite web |last1=Schmidt |first1=Theo |title=Efficiency of Cable Ferries – Part 3 |url=https://hupi.org/HPeJ/0034/0034.html |website=hupi.org |publisher=Human Power eJournal |access-date=2024-01-04 |ref=hpej |archive-date=2024-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104143208/https://hupi.org/HPeJ/0034/0034.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Cable ferries were particularly prominent in early transportation in the [[Sacramento Delta]] of [[California]]. Dozens of cable ferries operated on the [[Columbia River]] in the US northwest, and most have been rendered obsolete by bridges. A suspended cable ferry for [[Railroad car|railway cars]] crossed the [[American River]] in Northern California.
The reaction ferry uses the power of the river to tack across the current; the powered cable ferry uses engines or electric motors (e.g., the [[Canby Ferry]] in the U.S. State of Oregon) to wind itself across; or is hand-operated, such as the [[Stratford-upon-Avon chain ferry]] in the UK and the [[Saugatuck Chain Ferry]] in [[Saugatuck, Michigan]], United States.
Most of the road crossings of the [[Murray River]] in [[South Australia]] are cable ferries operated by the state government using diesel engines. The platforms at the ends can be moved up or down according to the water level. At one time, cable ferries were a primary means of automobile transportation in [[New South Wales]] in Australia. In [[Tasmania]], for a century before 1934, the Risdon Punt at [[Hobart]] was the only fixed method of crossing the [[Derwent River, Tasmania|Derwent River]] within Hobart city limits.
Powered cable ferries use powered wheels or drums on board the vessel to pull itself along by the cables. The chains or wire ropes can be used with a sufficient amount of slack to allow sinking below the surface as the ferry moves away, allowing other vessels to pass without becoming snared or trapped. Chain ferries in strong tidal currents use two chains, those in inland rivers often only one chain on the upstream side. Some cable ferries use a wire rope on the upstream side in order to hold the position and a chain on the downstream side for propulsion.
In the fishing village of [[Tai O]] on [[Lantau Island]], Hong Kong, the [[Tai O Ferry]] (橫水渡) crossed the Tai O River before a bascule bridge was built.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ng |first1=Joyce |title=Last operator happy hand-pulled Tai O ferry may return to service |url=https://www.scmp.com/article/687845/last-operator-happy-hand-pulled-tai-o-ferry-may-return-service |website=South China Morning Post |publisher=South China Morning Post Publishers Ltd. |access-date=1 September 2020 |date=25 July 2009}}</ref>
A special type are electrically powered overhead-cable ferries like [[Straussee Ferry]], which have an onboard propulsion unit and can float free, but are connected to the overhead wire for the power supply, using an electrical cable that slides along the cable as the ferry moves.
The largest and busiest cable ferry is the [[Torpoint Ferry]] in Plymouth, England. It was first converted to cable operation in 1831 and currently operates 3 ferries, carrying 8000 vehicles per day.<ref>{{cite web |title=Another Torpoint Ferry will be out of service for two months |url=https://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/news/plymouth-news/another-torpoint-ferry-out-service-2625080 |website=Plymouth Herald |date=8 March 2019 |access-date=8 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Webcams |url=http://www.tamarcrossings.org.uk/index.aspx?articleid=49617 |website=Torpoint Ferry |access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref>
A very rare type are cable-ferries that are not propelled by themselves but rather are pulled from land side. An example of such a cable ferry was the Kungälv – Fästningsholmen ferry in Sweden.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Schweden Fährstellen |url=http://www.fjordfaehren.de/ssf/s_faehrstellen.htm |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=fjordfaehren.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Schweden und Finnland |url=http://www.fjordfaehren.de/ssf/foto/webbilder/kungaelv.htm |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=fjordfaehren.de |archive-date=2023-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228012631/http://www.fjordfaehren.de/ssf/foto/webbilder/kungaelv.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Today, the Jonen ferry in the Netherlands is pulled by a winch on the banks. These cable ferries can be operated electrically without having to provide electricity by rechargeable batteries or an overhead wire. Saving the weight of the engine on board, these ferries can also be operated using less energy.
The longest cable ferry link is [[MV Baynes Sound Connector]] south of Courtenay, British Columbia, Canada with a length of 1961.48 metres.[https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/407955-longest-cable-ferry]
Two or more ferries can be provided in order to increase availability and capacity and as a backup during maintenance, as with the [[Torpoint Ferry]].
==Ownership==
== Ownership ==
The earliest punts were privately owned by local landowners, and charged a toll. As governments started to build roads, they started to build and operate punts as required. Private punts might be bought out, or made to impose more standard tolls.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4834861 |title=ORIGINAL CORRESPONDENCE. |newspaper=[[The Argus (Melbourne)|The Argus]] |location=Melbourne |date=7 April 1856 |access-date=7 June 2012 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
The earliest punts were privately owned by local landowners, and charged a toll. As governments started to build roads, they started to build and operate punts as required. Private punts might be bought out, or made to impose more standard tolls.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4834861 |title=ORIGINAL CORRESPONDENCE. |newspaper=[[The Argus (Melbourne)|The Argus]] |location=Melbourne |date=7 April 1856 |access-date=7 June 2012 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
==Energy requirements==
== Energy requirements ==
The energy needed for operating cable ferries is in general especially small, as the crossing distances are mostly short, the speeds low, and there is almost no maneuvering. Whereas a free ferry is especially inefficient when starting off or moving slowly against a current or wind, a cable ferry is more or less rigidly connected to the ground with side forces held by the cable(s).
The energy needed for operating cable ferries is in general especially small, as the crossing distances are mostly short, the speeds low, and there is almost no maneuvering. Whereas a free ferry is especially inefficient when starting off or moving slowly against a current or wind, a cable ferry is more or less rigidly connected to the ground with side forces held by the cable(s).
As the frictional drag of a displacement hull decreases with about the third power of the speed, even the smallest amount of power can effect movement with enough leverage or if suitably geared down. The majority of the world's cable ferries are indeed manually propelled either with a crank turning a chain wheel or by pulling directly on a cable. For example, the [[Saugatuck Chain Ferry]] taking up to 24 passengers is cranked by a single person at about 0.3 m/s. The former cable ferry at [[Malgas]] in South Africa even carried several cars, pulled by a couple of men at a slow walking speed. Ferries of this size that were hand-operated, such as the [[Reedham Ferry]], have since been motorised in order to reduce the level of hard work and increase the speed. For these and other ferries of up to 20 t or so displacement, typical installed motor power in kilowatts ranges from single figures to low double figures. For example, the 22 meter, 22 tonne [[Pritzerbe Ferry]] has 23 kW installed. This allows comparison with free ferries. The motor ferry "Luise" on the Wannsee near Berlin, of similar tonnage, size and construction, has 290 kW installed.<ref name="part 1">{{cite web |last1=Schmidt |first1=Theo |title=Efficiency of Cable Ferries – Part 1 |url=https://hupi.org/HPeJ/0032/0032.html |website=hupi.org |publisher=Human Power eJournal |access-date=2024-01-07 |ref=hpej}}</ref>
As the power to overcome the frictional drag of a displacement hull decreases with usually more than the third power of the speed, even the smallest amount of power can effect movement with enough leverage or if suitably geared down. The majority of the world's cable ferries are indeed manually propelled either with a crank turning a chain wheel or by pulling directly on a cable. For example, the [[Saugatuck Chain Ferry]] taking up to 24 passengers is cranked by a single person at about 0.3 m/s. The former cable ferry at [[Malgas]] in South Africa even carried several cars, pulled by a couple of men at a slow walking speed. Ferries of this size that were hand-operated, such as the [[Reedham Ferry]], have since been motorised in order to reduce the level of hard work and increase the speed. For these and other ferries of up to 20 t or so displacement, typical installed motor power in kilowatts ranges from single figures to low double figures. For example, the 22 meter, 22 tonne [[Pritzerbe Ferry]] has 23 kW installed. This allows comparison with free ferries. The motor ferry "Luise" on the Wannsee near Berlin, of similar tonnage, size and construction, has 290 kW installed.<ref name="part 1">{{cite web |last1=Schmidt |first1=Theo |title=Efficiency of Cable Ferries – Part 1 |url=https://hupi.org/HPeJ/0032/0032.html |website=hupi.org |publisher=Human Power eJournal |access-date=2024-01-07 |ref=hpej |archive-date=2024-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107121515/https://hupi.org/HPeJ/0032/0032.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
With electric drive the installed power requirements are reduced further. A very low-power installation is in the chain ferry [[Föri]] for up to 75 passengers. It uses battery-supplied twin electric motors. The average power during continuous operation (crossing two minutes and docking one minute) is given as 3 kW in summer and 4 kW in winter with thin ice, thus when moving 4.5 kW in summer and 6 kW in winter.
With electric drive the installed power requirements are reduced further. A very low-power installation is in the chain ferry [[Föri]] for up to 75 passengers. It uses battery-supplied twin electric motors. The average power during continuous operation (crossing two minutes and docking one minute) is given as 3 kW in summer and 4 kW in winter with thin ice, thus when moving 4.5 kW in summer and 6 kW in winter.
Line 56:
Line 59:
With dependable water currents, most cable ferries are or were reaction ferries, [[Reaction ferry#Physical explanation|powered by the current]]. Some of these are or were hybrid ferries with the cable passing through moveable pulleys or belaying points whose location sets the ferry's angle. In order to set off, manual work is required to initially pull the cable and also to maneuver, as described in the referenced video.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Luckmann |first1=Detlev |title=Prahmfähre über die Oste, Baujahr 1911, Oberndorf |url=https://av.tib.eu/media/11533 |website=German National Library of Science and Technology (TIB) |publisher=Institut for the Scientific Film (IWF) (Göttingen) |language=German |format=Video 17 Min. with transcript and article |date=1974}}</ref> Another hybrid seems to be the cable ferry at [[Sendelingsdrift]] with adjustable tethers to a high wire rope and also two outboard motors.
With dependable water currents, most cable ferries are or were reaction ferries, [[Reaction ferry#Physical explanation|powered by the current]]. Some of these are or were hybrid ferries with the cable passing through moveable pulleys or belaying points whose location sets the ferry's angle. In order to set off, manual work is required to initially pull the cable and also to maneuver, as described in the referenced video.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Luckmann |first1=Detlev |title=Prahmfähre über die Oste, Baujahr 1911, Oberndorf |url=https://av.tib.eu/media/11533 |website=German National Library of Science and Technology (TIB) |publisher=Institut for the Scientific Film (IWF) (Göttingen) |language=German |format=Video 17 Min. with transcript and article |date=1974}}</ref> Another hybrid seems to be the cable ferry at [[Sendelingsdrift]] with adjustable tethers to a high wire rope and also two outboard motors.
==Effect on navigation==
== Effect on navigation ==
[[File:Catenaries of a small cable ferry.png|thumb|Possible forces and catenaries for a small cable ferry with chain or wire rope compared.]]
Cables can hinder other navigation or pose a hazard. Whether a risk exists, and to which degree, depends on the situation (nature of body of water and extent of shipping) and on the type of cable(s):
Cables can hinder other navigation or pose a hazard. Whether a risk exists, and to which degree, depends on the situation (nature of body of water and extent of shipping) and on the type of cable(s):
*Overhead wire ropes suspended over shipping height.
*Ropes suspended at operating level, permanently or temporarily.
*Ropes held on the water surface by buoys.
*Cables suspended underwater, permanently or temporarily.
*Ground cables normally resting on the bottom, pulled to the surface near the ferry.
[[File:Catenaries_of_a_small_cable_ferry.png|thumb|Possible forces and catenaries for a small cable ferry with chain or wire rope compared.]]
* Overhead wire ropes suspended over shipping height.
* Ropes suspended at operating level, permanently or temporarily.
* Ropes held on the water surface by buoys.
* Cables suspended underwater, permanently or temporarily.
* Ground cables normally resting on the bottom, pulled to the surface near the ferry.
Only the first type normally presents no risk for other vessels, as evident in the 15 reaction ferries of this type in Switzerland. Suspended cables near the water surface block navigation and are dangerous especially in strong currents and if difficult to see. The ropes of reaction ferries attached to one shore and suspended by buoys block the river on one side of the crossing ferry and can be made highly visible. The greatest risk comes from cables that are held underwater to a lesser degree than anticipated or are not visible at all.
Only the first type normally presents no risk for other vessels, as evident in the 15 reaction ferries of this type in Switzerland. Suspended cables near the water surface block navigation and are dangerous especially in strong currents and if difficult to see. The ropes of reaction ferries attached to one shore and suspended by buoys block the river on one side of the crossing ferry and can be made highly visible. The greatest risk comes from cables that are held underwater to a lesser degree than anticipated or are not visible at all.
Line 73:
Line 76:
Some cable ferry operators warn vessel operators to exercise caution. They may indicate distances to keep clear, special lights, or that the depth of the cable is unknown, both when the ferry is stationary and when it is operating.<ref name="NSW">{{cite web |title=Navigable depth across cable ferry wires |url=https://www.nsw.gov.au/topics/using-waterways/restrictions-and-closures/marine-notices/sy1939-sackville-cable-ferry |website=NSW Government |publisher=NSW Government: Transport for NSW |access-date=3 October 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003002719/https://www.nsw.gov.au/topics/using-waterways/restrictions-and-closures/marine-notices/sy1939-sackville-cable-ferry |archive-date=2023-10-03 |format=Website |date=2023}}</ref>
Some cable ferry operators warn vessel operators to exercise caution. They may indicate distances to keep clear, special lights, or that the depth of the cable is unknown, both when the ferry is stationary and when it is operating.<ref name="NSW">{{cite web |title=Navigable depth across cable ferry wires |url=https://www.nsw.gov.au/topics/using-waterways/restrictions-and-closures/marine-notices/sy1939-sackville-cable-ferry |website=NSW Government |publisher=NSW Government: Transport for NSW |access-date=3 October 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003002719/https://www.nsw.gov.au/topics/using-waterways/restrictions-and-closures/marine-notices/sy1939-sackville-cable-ferry |archive-date=2023-10-03 |format=Website |date=2023}}</ref>
==List of cable ferry routes==
== Routes ==
Current cable ferry routes include:
{{main|List of cable ferry routes}}
===Albania===
*[[Butrint Ferry]], across the [[Vivari Channel]] near [[Butrint, Albania|Butrint]]<ref>[[:de:Vivar-Kanal]]</ref>
===Australia===
{{div col|colwidth=36em}}
*[[Berowra Waters Ferry]], at [[Berowra Waters]] in [[New South Wales]]
*[[Blanchetown Punt]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article47614550 |title=Blanchetown Punt. |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]] |location=Adelaide |date=25 November 1954 |access-date=4 June 2012 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
*[[Bombah Point Ferry]], at [[Bombah Point]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nbnnews.com.au/2019/02/18/bombah-point-ferry-closed/ |title=BOMBAH POINT FERRY CLOSED |publisher=NBN News |last=Mount |first=Stephen |date=2019-02-18 |language=en-AU |access-date=2019-08-30}}</ref>
*[[Cadell Ferry]], across the [[Murray River]] at [[Cadell, South Australia]]<ref name=gswfl>{{cite web | title = Ferry Locations and Operational Status | url = http://www.transport.sa.gov.au/safety/marine/rec_boating/ferry_services_map.asp | publisher = Government of South Australia | access-date = 2008-11-27 |url-status=dead | archive-url = http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090522231256/http://www.transport.sa.gov.au/safety/marine/rec_boating/ferry_services_map.asp | archive-date = 2009-05-22}}</ref>
*[[Daintree River Ferry]], across the [[Daintree River]] in [[Queensland]]
*[[Hibbard Ferry]], across the [[Hastings River]] near [[Port Macquarie, New South Wales|Port Macquarie]], New South Wales<ref name=abcspf>{{cite news | url = http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/08/05/2324144.htm?site=midnorthcoast | title = Council rejects call to change ferry service management | publisher = ABC News|location=Australia | date = 4 August 2008 | access-date = 2008-12-24 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090301051225/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/08/05/2324144.htm?site=midnorthcoast | archive-date = 2009-03-01}}</ref><ref name=hcspf>{{cite web | url = http://www.hastings.nsw.gov.au/www/html/3676-9-april-2008-new-settlement-point-ferry.asp | title = New Settlement Point Ferry | publisher = Port Macquarie – Hastings Council | access-date = 2008-12-24 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090301234426/http://www.hastings.nsw.gov.au/www/html/3676-9-april-2008-new-settlement-point-ferry.asp | archive-date = 2009-03-01 }}</ref>
*[[Lawrence Ferry]], across the [[Clarence River (New South Wales)|Clarence River]] in New South Wales<ref name=rtanswsf>{{cite web | url = http://www.rta.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/index.cgi?action=heritage.show&id=4301081 | title = Speewa Ferry – Murray River | publisher = New South Wales Roads and Traffic Authority | access-date = 2008-11-18 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090301234339/http://www.rta.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/index.cgi?action=heritage.show&id=4301081 | archive-date = 2009-03-01 }}</ref><ref name="NSWRMS" />
*[[Lower Portland Ferry]], across the [[Hawkesbury River]] near the village of [[Lower Portland, New South Wales|Lower Portland]], New South Wales
*[[Lyrup Ferry]], across the Murray River at [[Lyrup, South Australia|Lyrup]], South Australia<ref name="gswfl"/>
*[[Mannum Ferry]], across the Murray River at [[Mannum, South Australia|Mannum]], South Australia (two parallel ferries)<ref name="gswfl"/>
*[[Moggill Ferry]], across the [[Brisbane River]] near [[Ipswich, Queensland|Ipswich]], Queensland<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,23739,24401934-3102,00.html | title = Moggill Ferry master saves man after Brisbane River mishap | work = Courier Mail| date = 2008-09-25 | access-date = 2008-12-09 | first1 = Alex | last1 = Dickinson | first2 = David | last2 = Earley | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080926214058/http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,23739,24401934-3102,00.html | archive-date = 2008-09-26 }}</ref>
*[[Morgan Ferry]], across the Murray River in [[Morgan, South Australia|Morgan]], South Australia<ref name="gswfl"/>
*[[Mortlake Ferry]], across the [[Parramatta River]] in [[Sydney]], New South Wales
*[[Narrung Ferry]], across the Murray River at [[Narrung, South Australia|Narrung]], South Australia<ref name="gswfl"/><ref>{{cite web | title = Walkabout – Meningie | url = http://www.walkabout.com.au/locations/SAMeningie.shtml | publisher = Fairfax Digital | access-date = 2008-11-27 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080722113018/http://walkabout.com.au/locations/SAMeningie.shtml | archive-date = 2008-07-22 }}</ref>
*[[Noosa River Ferry]], across the [[Noosa River]] in Queensland<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.noosacarferries.com/ | title = Noosa North Shore Car Ferries | publisher = Noosa North Shore Car Ferries | access-date = 2008-11-11 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081004093425/http://www.noosacarferries.com/ | archive-date = 2008-10-04 }}</ref>
*[[Purnong Ferry]], across the Murray River in [[Purnong, South Australia|Purnong]], South Australia<ref name="gswfl"/>
*[[Raymond Island#Raymond Island Ferry|Raymond Island Ferry]], chain ferry from [[Paynesville, Victoria|Paynesville]] to [[Raymond Island]] in [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]
*[[Sackville Ferry]], across the Hawkesbury River near the village of [[Sackville, New South Wales|Sackville]], New South Wales
*[[Settlement Point Ferry]], across the Hastings River near Port Macquarie, New South Wales<ref name="abcspf"/><ref name="hcspf"/>
*[[Speewa Ferry]], across the Murray River between New South Wales and Victoria at [[Speewa, Victoria|Speewa]]
*[[Swan Reach Ferry]], across the Murray River in [[Swan Reach, South Australia|Swan Reach]], South Australia<ref name="gswfl"/>
*[[Tailem Bend Ferry]], across the Murray River in [[Tailem Bend, South Australia|Tailem Bend]], South Australia<ref name="gswfl"/>
*[[Ulmarra Ferry]], across the Clarence River in New South Wales<ref name="NSWRMS">{{Cite web |url=https://www.rms.nsw.gov.au/roads/using-roads/vehicular-ferries/index.html |title=Vehicle ferries |author= NSW Roads and Maritime Services|website=Roads and Maritime Services |language=en |access-date=2019-08-30}}</ref>
*[[Waikerie Ferry]], across the Murray River in [[Waikerie, South Australia|Waikerie]], South Australia<ref name="gswfl"/>
*[[Walker Flat Ferry]], across the Murray River in [[Walker Flat, South Australia|Walker Flat]], South Australia<ref name="gswfl"/>
*[[Webbs Creek Ferry]], across the Hawkesbury River in the village of [[Wisemans Ferry, New South Wales|Wisemans Ferry]], New South Wales
*[[Wellington Ferry]], across the Murray River in [[Wellington, South Australia|Wellington]], South Australia<ref name="gswfl"/>
*[[Wisemans Ferry]], across the Hawkesbury River in the village of Wisemans Ferry, New South Wales
*[[Wymah Ferry]], across the Murray River between New South Wales and Victoria
{{div col end}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:DaintreeRiverFerryOct242024 04.jpg|[[Daintree River Ferry]]
File:Small Mannum Ferry.jpg|The Mannum Ferry.
File:Moggill Ferry.jpg|The [[Moggill Ferry]]
File:Wisemans Ferry.jpg|[[Wisemans Ferry]]
</gallery>
===Austria===
*[[Rollfähre Klosterneuburg]], across the [[Danube River]] at [[Klosterneuburg]]
*[[Drahtseilbrücke Ottensheim]], across the [[Danube River]] at [[Ottensheim]]
===Belgium===
*Belgium has about 20 cable ferries.<ref name="veren" /> 7 of them are small manual self-service ones.
===Belize===
*[[Xunantunich Ferry]], across the [[Mopan River]] at [[Xunantunich]]
===Canada===
{{div col|colwidth=36em}}
*[[Adams Lake Cable Ferry]], across [[Adams Lake]] in [[British Columbia]]<ref name=bcifs>{{cite web | url = http://www.th.gov.bc.ca/marine/ferry_schedules.htm | title = Inland Ferry Schedules | publisher = Province of British Columbia | access-date = 2008-11-25 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081216160155/http://www.th.gov.bc.ca/marine/ferry_schedules.htm | archive-date = 2008-12-16 }}</ref>
*[[MV Baynes Sound Connector|Baynes Sound Connector]], across [[Baynes Sound]] from [[Buckley Bay]] to [[Denman Island]] in [[British Columbia]]. The longest cable ferry in the world.<ref name=bcfdenman>{{cite web|website=BC Ferries|url=http://www.bcferries.com/about/projects/cable-ferry.html|title=New Cable Ferry for Buckley Bay-Denman Island Service|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309151925/http://www.bcferries.com/about/projects/cable-ferry.html|archive-date=2016-03-09}}</ref>
*[[Belleisle Bay Ferry]], across [[Belleisle Bay]] in [[New Brunswick]]
*[[Big Bar Ferry]], across the [[Fraser River]] at [[Big Bar, British Columbia|Big Bar]], British Columbia
*[[Bleriot Ferry]], across the [[Red Deer River]] near [[Drumheller]], [[Alberta]]<ref name="abferries">{{cite web|url=http://www.transportation.alberta.ca/1965.htm|title=Government of Alberta Transportation Ferries|publisher=Government of Alberta|access-date=2009-07-03|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090517001049/http://www.transportation.alberta.ca/1965.htm|archive-date=2009-05-17}}</ref>
*[[Clarkboro Ferry]], across the [[South Saskatchewan River]] near [[Saskatoon]], Saskatchewan
*[[C.F. Johnny Paul Ferry]] across [[Southern Indian Lake]] near [[South Indian Lake, Manitoba]]
*[[Country Harbour Ferry]], across [[Country Harbour]] near [[Port Bickerton, Nova Scotia]].
*[[Crowfoot Ferry]], across the [[Bow River]] in Alberta<ref name="abferries"/>
*Ecolos Ferry, across Ottawa River between Clarence-Rockland ON and Thurso QC
*[[Englishtown Ferry]], across the mouth of [[St. Anns Bay]] in Nova Scotia
*[[Estuary Ferry]], across the [[South Saskatchewan River]] near [[Estuary]], [[Saskatchewan]]
*[[Evandale Ferry]], across the [[Saint John River (New Brunswick)|Saint John River]] in [[New Brunswick]]
*[[Finnegan Ferry]], across the [[Red Deer River]] in Alberta<ref name="abferries"/>
*[[Gagetown Ferry]], across the Saint John River in New Brunswick
*[[Tarry's#Glade Ferry|GladeFerry]], across the [[Kootenay River]] in British Columbia<ref name="bcifs"/>
*[[Gondola Point Ferry]], across the [[Kennebecasis River]] in New Brunswick
*[[Hampstead Ferry]], across the Saint John River in New Brunswick
*[[Harrop Cable Ferry]], across [[Kootenay Lake]] in British Columbia<ref name="bcifs"/>
*Howe Island ferries, across the Bateau Channel, St Lawrence River, Ontario
*[[Kennebecasis Island Ferry]], across the [[Kennebecasis River]] in New Brunswick
*[[Klondyke Ferry]], across the [[Athabasca River]] in Alberta<ref name="abferries"/>
*[[LaHave Cable Ferry]], across the [[LaHave River]] in Nova Scotia
*[[Lancer Ferry]], across the [[South Saskatchewan River]] near [[Lancer, Saskatchewan]]
*[[Laval-sur-le-Lac Île-Bizard Ferry]], across the [[Rivière des Prairies]] between [[Montreal]] and [[Laval, Quebec|Laval]], [[Quebec]]
*[[Lemsford Ferry]], across the [[South Saskatchewan River]] near [[Lemsford]], [[Saskatchewan]]
*[[Little Fort Ferry]], across the [[North Thompson River]] in British Columbia<ref name="bcifs"/>
*[[Little Narrows Cable Ferry]], across the Little Narrows of [[Whycocomagh Bay]] in Nova Scotia
*[[Low Bar Ferry]], across the Fraser River at [[High Bar First Nation|High Bar]], British Columbia
*[[Lytton Ferry]], across the Fraser River at [[Lytton, British Columbia|Lytton]], British Columbia
*[[McLure Ferry]], across the North Thompson River in British Columbia<ref name="bcifs"/>
*[[Needles Ferry|Needles Cable Ferry]], across [[Lower Arrow Lake]] in British Columbia
*[[Quyon Ferry]], across Ottawa River between Fitzroy Harbour ON & Quyon, QC
*[[Riverhurst Ferry]], across [[Lake Diefenbaker]], Saskatchewan
*[[Rosevear Ferry]], across the [[McLeod River]] near [[Edson, Alberta]]<ref name="abferries"/>
*Simcoe Island Ferry, between Wolfe Island and Simcoe Island, St Lawrence River, Ontario
*[[Usk Ferry]], across the [[Skeena River]] at [[Usk, British Columbia|Usk]], British Columbia<ref name="bcifs" />
*[[Westfield Ferry]], across the Saint John River in New Brunswick
*Balseo de San Javier, across [[San Pedro River (Chile)|San Pedro River]], [[Los Ríos Region]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.descubrelosrios.cl/ubicaciones/100-mts-balseo-san-javier/|title=100 mts Balseo San Javier – Descubre Los Ríos|website=descubrelosrios.cl|access-date=23 March 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421073518/http://descubrelosrios.cl/ubicaciones/100-mts-balseo-san-javier/|archive-date=21 April 2018}}</ref>
=== Croatia ===
*[[File:Medsave Ferry.jpg|thumb|Medsave cable ferry]]Medsave Ferry, across the Sava River (Medsave–Zaprešić) in Zagreb County, overhead cable
*[[Otočanka Ferry]], across the Sava River (Otok Samoborski–Savski Marof) in Zagreb County, overhead cable
*[[Oborovo]], across the Sava River (Oborovo–Vrbovo Posavsko) in Zagreb County, overhead cable
*[[Martinska ves]], across the Sava River (Dubrovčak Lijevi–Dubrovčak Desni) in Sisak-Moslavina County, overhead cable
*[[Tišina Kaptolska|Tišina]], across the Sava River (Tišina Kaptolska–Tišina Erdedska) in Sisak-Moslavina County, overhead cable
*[[Sunjanka]], across the Sava River (Graduša Posavska–Lukavec Posavski) in Sisak-Moslavina County, overhead cable
*[[Kratečko]], across the Sava River (Kratečko–Sunjsko Selište) in Sisak-Moslavina County, overhead cable
*[[Pitomača Jelkuš Ferry]], across the Drava River, in Virovitica–Podravina County
*[[Pitomača Križnica]], across the Drava River, in Virovitica–Podravina County
*[[Osijek Zoološki vrt]], across the Drava River, Osijek-Baranja County
===Czech Republic===
*[[Dolní Žleb Ferry]], reactive ferry across the [[Elbe]] at [[Dolní Žleb]] near [[Děčín]], lower cable
*Vrané nad Vltavou – Strnady, reactive ferry across the Vltava before Prague, with overhead cable
*Klecánky – Roztoky ferry over the Vltava under Prague, secured by overhead cable
*Máslovice, Dol – Libčice ferry over the Vltava under Prague, secured by lower cable
*Lužec nad Vltavou ferry over the Vltava, secured by overhead cable
*Zlenice – [[Senohraby]] swimming pool, ferry over the Sázava river, overhead security cable installed but usually unused
*Oseček ferry, Elbe river, formerly secured by overhead cable, now without it
*Kazín ferry, Berounka river, 1992–2007 propelled through lower chain, since 2015 unsecured boat
*Nadryby ferry, Berounka river, secured by the overhead cable
*Darová ferry, Berounka river, propelled through the overhead cable
===Denmark===
*[[Østre Ferry]], across [[Isefjord]] between Hammer Bakke and [[Orø]]. Uses cables for steering, but propellers for propulsion.
*[[Udbyhøj Ferry]], across [[Randers Fjord]].
===Estonia===
*[[Kavastu Ferry]], across [[Emajõgi]] in [[Kavastu, Tartu County|Kavastu]] (manual mechanism, more than century old flywheel)
===Finland===
{{div col|colwidth=36em}}
*Ahvionsaari Ferry, from Kiviapaja to Ahvionsaari in Savonlinna
*[[Alassalmi Ferry]], across Alassalmi strait on lake [[Oulujärvi]] between [[Manamansalo]] island and mainland
*[[Arvinsalmi Ferry]], across Arvinsalmi strait between the municipalities of [[Rääkkylä]] and [[Liperi]]
*[[Barösund Ferry]], across Barösund strait between [[Barölandet]] and [[Orslandet]] islands
*[[Bergö Ferry]], in Bergö
*[[Eskilsö Ferry]]
*[[Föri]] in [[Turku]]
*[[Hanhivirta Ferry]], in [[Enonkoski]]
*Haukkasalo Ferry
*[[Hirvisalmi Ferry]], across Hirvisalmi strait between the mainland and [[Paalasmaa]] island in [[Juuka]]
*[[Hämmärönsalmi Ferry]], across Hämmärönsalmi strait (Rimito-Hanka) in [[Rimito]], [[Nådendal]] (part of r. road 1890)
*[[Högsar Ferry]], between [[Högsar]] and [[Storlandet]] islands in [[Nagu]], [[Pargas]] (part of r. road 12019)
*[[Karhu Cable Ferry]], between the mainland and the island of [[Karhu, Ii|Karhu]], [[Ii, Finland|Ii]]
*[[Keistiö Ferry]], between [[Keistiö]] and [[Iniö]] islands in [[Iniö]], [[Pargas]]
*Kietävälänvirta Ferry, between Partalansaari and Viljakansaari in [[Puumala]] (part of road 15176)
*Koivukanta Ferry, to Kesamonsaari in Savonlinna
*Kokonsaari Ferry, from Kesamonsaari to Kokonsaari in Savanlinna
*[[Kivimo Ferry]], between Roslax on mainland [[Houtskär]] and [[Kivimo]] islands in [[Houtskär]], [[Pargas]]
*[[Kokkila Ferry]], between Kokkila on the mainland and [[Angelniemi]] on [[Kimitoön]] (part of r. road 1835)
*Kuparonvirta Ferry, between Hirvensalo and Anttola in [[Mikkeli]] (part of road 15147)
*[[Kyläniemi Ferry]], between Utula and Kyläniemi
*[[Mossala Ferry]], between [[Björkö, Houtskär|Björkö]] and [[Mossala]] islands in [[Houtskär]], [[Pargas]] (part of regional road 12003)
*[[Pellinki Ferry]], between the mainland and the island of [[Pellinki]]
*[[Pettu Ferry]], between [[Pettu]] and [[Utö, Finland|Utö]] islands in [[Finby]], [[Salo, Finland|Salo]]
*[[Pikkarala Ferry]], across [[Oulujoki]] river in Pikkarala, [[Oulu]]
*Potkusalmi Ferry, to Ritosaari in Savonlinna
*[[Puutossalmi Ferry]], in [[Kuopio]]
*Rongonsalmi Ferry, between Viljakansaari and Lieviskä in Puumala, (part of road 15170)
*[[Saverkeit Ferry]], between mainland [[Houtskär]] and [[Västra Saverkeit]] islands in [[Houtskär]], [[Pargas]] (part of r. road 12005)
*[[Skagen Ferry]], between [[Jumo]] and [[Iniö]] islands in [[Iniö]], [[Pargas]] (part of r. road 12230)
*[[Skåldö Ferry]], between [[Degerö, Ekenäs|Degerö]] and [[Skåldö]] islands in [[Ekenäs (Finland)|Ekenäs]], [[Raseborg]]
*[[Tappuvirta Ferry]], Tappuvirrantie
*Tuohisaari Ferry, from Liistonsaari to Tuohisaari in Savonlinna
*[[Vartsala Ferry]], between [[Vartsala]] and [[Kivimaa]] islands in [[Kustavi]] (part of r. road 192)
*[[Våno Ferry]], between [[Våno]] and [[Attu (Pargas)|Attu]] islands in [[Pargas]] (part of r. road 12027)
File:Koivukannan lossi ja jäätie.jpg|Koivukanta ferry in winter and parallel ice road for lighter vehicles
File:Car float - Pikkarala Oulu.jpg|Pikkarala ferry wintering on the shore of Oulujoki.
</gallery>
====Åland====
*[[Björkölinjen]], across Björkösund strait between the islands of Korsö (in [[Kumlinge]] municipality) and Bockholm (in [[Brändö, Åland|Brändö]] m.)
*[[Embarsundlinjen]], across Embarsund strait in [[Föglö]] municipality, between the islands of Finholma and Jyddö
*[[Töftölinjen]], across Prästösund strait between the islands of Töftö (in [[Vårdö]] municipality) and [[Prästö, Åland|Prästö]] (in [[Sund, Åland|Sund]] m.)
*[[Seglingelinjen]], across the strait between the islands of Seglinge and Snäckö (both in Seglinge village in [[Kumlinge]] municipality)
*[[Simskälalinjen]], across the strait between the islands of Alören and Östra Simskäla (both in [[Vårdö]] municipality)
*[[Ängsösundlinjen]], across Ängösund strait between the islands of Lumparland (in [[Lumparland, Åland|Lumparland]] municipality) and Ängö (in [[Vårdö]] m.)
===France===
*[[Bac du Sauvage|Bac du Sauvage Ferry]], across a branch of the [[Rhône]] in the [[Camargue]]
===Gambia===
*Bansang Ferry, across the [[River Gambia]] at [[Bansang]] in the [[Central River Division]]
===Germany===
{{div col|colwidth=36em}}
*[[Aken Ferry]], across the [[Elbe]] at [[Aken (Elbe)|Aken]] in [[Saxony-Anhalt]]
*[[Barby Ferry]], across the Elbe at [[Barby, Germany|Barby]] in [[Saxony-Anhalt]]
*[[Caputh Ferry]], across the [[Havel]] at [[Caputh, Brandenburg|Caputh]] in [[Brandenburg]]
*[[Coswig Ferry]], across the Elbe at [[Coswig, Anhalt|Coswig]] in Saxony-Anhalt
*{{ill|Ellikon–Nack Ferry|de|Rheinfähre Ellikon–Nack}}, across the [[Rhine]] from [[Lottstetten]] in [[Baden-Württemberg]] to [[Marthalen]] in [[Switzerland]]
*[[Ferchland Grieben Ferry]], across the Elbe between [[Ferchland]] and [[Grieben]] in Saxony-Anhalt
*{{ill|Gräpel Cable Ferry|de|Ostefähre Gräpel}}, across the [[Oste]] at [[Gräpel]] in [[Lower Saxony]]
*[[Ketzin Cable Ferry]], across the Havel at [[Ketzin]] in Brandenburg
*[[Kiewitt Ferry]], across the Havel at [[Potsdam]] in Brandenburg
*[[Maintal–Dörnigheim Ferry]], across the [[Main (river)|Main]] near [[Maintal]] in [[Hesse]]
*[[Friesenheimer Insel – Sandhofen Ferry]], across an old arm of the Rhine in [[Mannheim]]
*[[Pritzerbe Ferry]], across the Havel between [[Havelsee]] and [[Kützkow]] in Brandenburg
*[[Rathen Ferry]], across the Elbe at [[Rathen]] in [[Saxony]]
*[[Räbel Ferry]], across the Elbe between [[Räbel]] and [[Havelberg]] in Saxony-Anhalt
*[[Rothenburg Ferry]], across the [[Saale]] at [[Rothenburg, Saxony-Anhalt|Rothenburg]] in Saxony-Anhalt
*[[Sandau Ferry]], across the Elbe at [[Sandau]] in Saxony-Anhalt
*[[Straussee Ferry]], across the [[Straussee]] at [[Strausberg]] in Brandenburg
*[[Teterower See Ferry]], to an island in the [[Teterower See]] in [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]]
*[[Veckerhagen Ferry]], across the [[Weser]] between [[Veckerhagen]] in Hesse and [[Hemeln]] in [[Lower Saxony]]
*[[Westerhüsen Ferry]], across the Elbe at [[Magdeburg]] in Saxony-Anhalt
{{div col end}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Seilfähre Pritzerbe.JPG|The Pritzerbe Ferry
File:Elbefähre Rathen (02).jpg|The Rathen Ferry
</gallery>
===Hong Kong===
[[File:Kam Tin River Inter Islands 2013.jpg|right|thumb|Nam Sang Wai Ferry, Hong Kong]]
*[[Nam Sang Wai Ferry]], at [[Nam Sang Wai]] in northwestern [[New Territories]]
===Hungary===
[[File:Tiszatardos cable ferry.jpg|thumb|left|Cable ferry crossing the river Tisza between Tiszatardos and Tiszalök, Hungary.]]
*One cable ferry across the [[Danube]] between [[Csepel]] and [[Soroksár]], in [[Budapest]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wikimapia.org/1080515/hu/K%25C3%25B6teles-komp-Soroks%25C3%25A1r-%25C3%25A9s-Csepel-k%25C3%25B6z%25C3%25B6tt-csepeli-soroks%25C3%25A1ri-komp|title=Köteles komp Soroksár és Csepel között (csepeli-soroksári komp) – Wikimapia|website=wikimapia.org|access-date=2016-06-02|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221050214/http://wikimapia.org/1080515/hu/K%C3%B6teles-komp-Soroks%C3%A1r-%C3%A9s-Csepel-k%C3%B6z%C3%B6tt-csepeli-soroks%C3%A1ri-komp|archive-date=2016-12-21}}</ref>
*A cable ferry crosses the [[Tisza]] between [[Tiszalök]] and [[Tiszatardos]]
{{clear}}
===Ireland===
*A cable ferry serves Little Island and [[Waterford Castle]] in the [[River Suir]]
===Italy===
*Two cable ferries across the port of [[Cesenatico]], in [[Romagna]]
*One cable ferry across the port of [[Bellaria-Igea Marina]], in Romagna
*An engineless cable ferry ([[Traghetto di Leonardo]]) between [[Imbersago]] ([[Lecco]]) e [[Villa d'Adda]] ([[Bergamo]]), in [[Lombardia]], in the [[Ecomuseo Adda di Leonardo da Vinci]] river museum
*Another "Traghetto di Leonardo" across the [[Tevere]] river, in [[Lazio]], in the [[Riserva Naturale di Nazzano]] natural reserve
===Mexico===
*La Panga del Valsequillo, across Atoyac River in [[Puebla City]], [[Puebla]]
===Mozambique===
[[File:Ferry over Shire River in Mozambique.JPG|thumb|Chain ferry being handcranked in Mozambique]]
*Ferry across [[Shire River]], 37 km south of Malawi's southernmost border
===Netherlands===
[[File:Maasland De Trekschuit cable ferry.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Hand-powered small cable ferry across [[Vlaardingervaart]], [[Maasland]], the Netherlands]]
There are about 150 cable ferries in the Netherlands,.<ref name="veren">{{cite web |url=https://veerponten.nl/type-veren/ |title=List of ferry types in the Netherlands |publisher=Vrienden van de voetveren |language=nl |access-date=2023-12-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531194339/https://veerponten.nl/type-veren/ |archive-date=2023-05-31 }}</ref> About 111 of these are small hand-powered self-service ones and of these 24 use chains.
Some examples:
*Cuijk ferry, across the [[Meuse River|Meuse]] at Cuijk
*Genemuiden ferry, across the Zwarte Water at Genemuiden
*Jonen ferry, across the Walengracht at Jonen, only taking foot passengers and cyclists, winched to the other bank by an electric motor on one of the banks.
*Lexkesveer, across the [[Nederrijn]] near Wageningen, first mentioned in 1426
*[[Oijen Ferry]], across the [[Meuse River|Meuse]] at [[Oijen]]
*[[Wijhe Ferry]], across the [[IJssel]] at [[Wijhe]]
*Wijk bij Duurstede ferry, across the [[Lek (river)|Lek]]. This one uses a floating cable.
{{clear}}
===New Zealand===
*[[Tuapeka Mouth Ferry]], in [[Tuapeka – South Island, on the Clutha River]]
===Norway===
*[[Fjone ferry]], across lake Nisser in [[Nissedal]], [[Telemark]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dittdistrikt.no/aktiviteter/472394/fjoneferja |title=Fjoneferja |access-date=2019-08-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402120403/https://dittdistrikt.no/aktiviteter/472394/fjoneferja |archive-date=2015-04-02}} – Fjone cable ferry, in Norwegian with English summary</ref>
*[[Espevær Ferry]], in [[Bømlo]], [[Hordaland]]
*[[Duesund–Masfjordnes]], in [[Nordhordland]]
*[[Mjånes-Hisarøy]], in [[Gulen (municipality)|Gulen]], [[Sogn og Fjordane]]<ref>{{cite press release | url=https://globenewswire.com/news-release/2014/04/02/623963/10075219/en/Scandinavia-s-First-Lithium-Battery-Electric-Car-Ferry-Completes-Six-Months-of-Winter-Operations-in-the-Norwegian-Fjords.html | title=Scandinavia's First Lithium-Battery Electric Car-Ferry | date=2 April 2014 |access-date=2019-03-04 }}</ref>
===Poland===
{{div col|colwidth=36em}}
*[[Biechowy Ferry]], across the [[Warta]] between [[Biechowy]] and [[Piersk]]<ref>{{cite web | url = https://maps.google.com/maps?q=52.2,18.433333&ll=52.215265,18.434951&spn=0.001818,0.003449&t=h&z=18 | title = Prom rzeczny (52.215265,18.434951) | trans-title = River ferry (52.215265,18.434951)| work = Google Maps | access-date = 2012-01-29}}</ref>
*[[Borusowa Ferry]], across the [[Vistula]] between [[Borusowa]] and [[Nowy Korczyn]] road no. 973<ref>{{cite web | url = https://maps.google.com/maps?q=50.283333,20.8&ll=50.290066,20.801754&spn=0.007581,0.013797&t=h&z=16 | title = Prom rzeczny (50.290066,20.801754) | trans-title = River ferry (50.290066,20.801754) | work = Google Maps | access-date = 2012-01-29}}</ref>
*[[Brody Ferry]], across the [[Oder]] at [[Brody, Zielona Góra County|Brody]] road no. 280<ref>{{cite web | url = https://maps.google.com/maps?q=52.0667,15.4333&ll=52.055176,15.42901&spn=0.003648,0.006899&t=h&z=17 | title = Prom rzeczny (52.055176,15.42901) | trans-title = River ferry (52.055176,15.42901) | work = Google Maps | access-date = 2012-01-29}}</ref>
*[[Brzeg Dolny Ferry]], across the Oder between [[Brzeg Dolny]] and [[Głoska, Lower Silesian Voivodeship|Głoska]]
*[[Ciszyca Ferry]], across the Vistula between [[Tarnobrzeg]] and [[Ciszyca, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship|Ciszyca]] road no. 758
*[[Czchów Ferry]], across the [[Dunajec]] between [[Czchów]] and [[Piaski Drużków]]
*[[Czeszewo Ferry]], across the Warta at [[Czeszewo, Września County|Czeszewo]]
*[[Dębno Ferry]], across the Warta between [[Dębno, Środa Wielkopolska County|Dębno]] and [[Orzechowo, Środa Wielkopolska County|Orzechowo]]
*[[Gniew Ferry]], across the Vistula between [[Gniew]] and [[Janowo, Kwidzyn County|Janowo]] road no. 510
*[[Grzegorzowice Ferry]], across the Oder between [[Grzerorzowice]] and [[Ciechowice]] road no. 421
*[[Janowiec Ferry]], across the Vistula between [[Kazimierz Dolny]] and [[Janowiec]]
*[[Korzeniewo Ferry]], across the Vistula between [[Korzeniewo]] and [[Opalenie]] road no. 232
*[[Kozubów Ferry]], across the Warta between [[Kozubów, Greater Poland Voivodeship|Kozubów]] and [[Osina, Greater Poland Voivodeship|Osina]]
*[[Krzemienna Ferry]], across the [[San River|San]] between [[Krzemienna]] and [[Jabłonica Ruska]]
*[[Milsko Ferry]], across the Oder between [[Milsko, Lubusz Voivodeship|Milsko]] and [[Przewóz, Zielona Góra County|Przewóz]] road no. 282
*[[Nozdrzec Ferry]], across the San between [[Nozdrzec]] and [[Dąbrówka Starzeńska]]
*[[Opatowiec Ferry]], across the Vistula between [[Opatowiec]] and [[Ujście Jezuickie]]
*[[Otfinów Ferry]], across the Dunajec between [[Otfinów]] and [[Pasieka Otfinowska]]
*[[Pogorzelica Ferry]], across the Warta between [[Pogorzelica, Greater Poland Voivodeship|Pogorzelica]] and [[Nowa Wieś Podgórna]]
*[[Połaniec Ferry]], across the Vistula between [[Połaniec]] and [[Gliny Małe]]
*[[Połęcko Ferry]], across the Oder between [[Połęcko]] and [[Chlebowo, Lubusz Voivodeship|Chlebowo]] road no. 138
*[[Pomorsko Ferry]], across the Oder at [[Pomorsko]] road no. 281
*[[Siedliszowice Ferry]], across the Dunajec between [[Siedliszowice]] and [[Wietrzychowice]]
*[[Sławsk Ferry]], across the Warta between [[Sławsk]] and [[Węglewskie Holendry]]
*[[Świniary Ferry]], across the Vistula between [[Baranów Sandomierski]] and [[Świniary Stare|Świniary]] road no. 872
*[[Waki Ferry]], across the Warta at [[Waki, Poland|Waki]]
{{div col end}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Prom na Wiśle Kazimierz Dolny-Janowiec. Ferry in Kazimierz Dolny-Janowiec (Poland - Vistula river).JPG|Ferry in Kazimierz Dolny-Janowiec (Poland – Vistula river)
File:Prom na Wiśle z Gniewu do Janowa. Ferry in Gniew (Poland, Vistula river) (1).jpg|Ferry in Gniew (Poland, Vistula river)
File:Prom Borusowa Wisla River.jpg|High-rope ferry in Borusowa on the Vistula River
</gallery>
=== Portugal ===
[[File:Barca da Amieira - Portugal (52892121885).jpg|thumb|right|Barca da Amieira, in 2023.]]
*'''Barca da Amieira''', across the [[River Tagus]], between mun. [[Mação]] and mun. [[Nisa, Portugal|Nisa]]; part of road n.º 359; next to the [[:pt:Estação Ferroviária de Barca da Amieira-Envendos|namesake train station]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cm-nisa.pt/index.php/imagem/noticias/234-noticias-2019/1754-barca-d-amieira-plataforma-flutuante-rio-tejo | title=Município de Nisa - Barca D' Amieira - Plataforma Flutuante - Rio Tejo }}</ref>
=== Slovakia ===
*[[Perec Ferry]], across the Perec distributary of the river [[Hron]], between [[Starý Tekov]] and [[Nový Tekov]] in [[Levice district]] – Foot ferry, came into use in the late 18th century and ceased operations in 2014, replaced by a bridge.
===South Africa===
[[File:Handbetriebene Fähre P1020854.JPG|thumb|Malgas Ferry on the Breede River, Western Cape, South Africa]]
*[[Malgas Ferry]] for 2-3 cars, 120 m across the [[Breede River]] at [[Malgas]], [[Western Cape]], powered by 2-4 men walking a rope,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fleminger |first1=David |title=Malgas Pontoon |url=https://southafrica.co.za/malgas-pontoon.html |access-date=5 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Malgas Pontoon Ferry |url=https://www.sa-venues.com/things-to-do/westerncape/malgas-pontoon-ferry/ |website=sa-venues.com |access-date=5 January 2024}}</ref> in operation from 1860 to 2019, when it was replaced by a diesel-powered ferry in spite of a petition with over 21000 signatures appealing to save the unique historic crossing.<ref>{{cite web |title=Save Historic Malgas ferry (pont) |url=https://www.theheritageportal.co.za/notice/save-historic-malgas-ferry-pont |website=theheritageportal.co.za |publisher=The Heritage Portal |access-date=5 January 2024 |date=17 October 2019}}</ref>
*Octha Ferry at [[Sendelingsdrift]], for 2 cars, across the Garib (Orange) River to Namibia, guided by tethers on high rope, powered by two outboard motors and possibly the water current.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pontoon at Sendelingsdrift |url=https://www.namahariplaasmark.com/2022/02/pontoon-at-sendelingsdrift-richtersveld.html |website=namahariplaasmark.com |access-date=5 January 2024 |date=10 February 2022}}</ref>
===South Korea===
*[[Abai village]] ferry in [[Sokcho]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/ATR/SI_EN_3_6.jsp?gotoPage=1&cid=2010687|work=Visit Korea|title=Healing Retreat in Sokcho|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920142401/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/ATR/SI_EN_3_6.jsp?gotoPage=1&cid=2010687|archive-date=2016-09-20}}</ref>
===Spain===
*[[Pas de barca de Flix]], across the [[Ebro]] river, in [[Flix, Spain|Flix]], [[Catalonia]]
*[[Pas de barca de Miravet]], across the [[Ebro]] river, in [[Miravet]], [[Catalonia]]
{{clear}}
===Sweden===
{{div col|colwidth=36em}}
*{{ill|Adelsön Ferry|sv|Adelsöleden}}, in [[Mälaren|Lake Mälaren]] from [[Munsö]] to [[Adelsö]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Adelson_farja_2008.JPG | title = File:Adelson farja 2008.JPG | publisher = Wikimedia Commons | access-date = 2009-01-19 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090318044730/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Adelson_farja_2008.JPG | archive-date = 2009-03-18 }}</ref>
*{{ill|Ammerö Ferry|sv|Ammeröleden}}, in [[Lake Revsund]] from [[Ammer, Sweden|Ammer]] to [[Stavre]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trafikverket.se/Farja/Farjeleder/Farjeleder-i-ditt-lan/Farjeleder-i-Jamtlands-lan/Ammeroleden/|title=Ammeröleden|work=Trafikverket|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528143443/http://www.trafikverket.se/Farja/Farjeleder/Farjeleder-i-ditt-lan/Farjeleder-i-Jamtlands-lan/Ammeroleden/|archive-date=2013-05-28}}</ref>
*{{ill|Ängö Ferry|sv|Ängöleden (färjeled)}}, between [[Ängön]] and [[Fruvik]] on [[Bokenäset]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.trafikverket.se/farjerederiet/farjeleder/farjeleder-i-vastra-gotalands-lan/Angoleden/ |title=Ängöleden |publisher=Trafikverket |access-date=2017-09-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916010559/https://www.trafikverket.se/farjerederiet/farjeleder/farjeleder-i-vastra-gotalands-lan/Angoleden/ |archive-date=2017-09-16 }}</ref>
*{{ill|Arnö Ferry|sv|Arnöleden}}, in [[Mälaren|Lake Mälaren]] from [[Oknö]] to [[Arnö]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trafikverket.se/Farja/Farjeleder/Farjeleder-i-ditt-lan/Farjeleder-i-Sodermanlands/Arnoleden/|title=Arnöleden|work=Trafikverket|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627200726/http://www.trafikverket.se/Farja/Farjeleder/Farjeleder-i-ditt-lan/Farjeleder-i-Sodermanlands/Arnoleden/|archive-date=2012-06-27}}</ref>
*{{ill|Avan Ferry|sv|Avanleden}}, across [[Lule River]] from [[Avan, Sweden|Avan]] to [[Norra Sunderbyn]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trafikverket.se/Farja/Farjeleder/Farjeleder-i-ditt-lan/Farjeleder-i-Norrbottens-lan/Avanleden/|title=Avanleden|work=Trafikverket|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604071905/http://www.trafikverket.se/Farja/Farjeleder/Farjeleder-i-ditt-lan/Farjeleder-i-Norrbottens-lan/Avanleden/|archive-date=2013-06-04}}</ref>
*{{ill|Boheden Ferry|sv|Bohedenleden}}, across [[Djupträsket]] from [[Sandudden]] to [[Boheden]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trafikverket.se/Farja/Farjeleder/Farjeleder-i-ditt-lan/Farjeleder-i-Norrbottens-lan/Bohedenleden/|title=Bohedenleden|work=Trafikverket|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219082154/http://www.trafikverket.se/Farja/Farjeleder/Farjeleder-i-ditt-lan/Farjeleder-i-Norrbottens-lan/Bohedenleden/|archive-date=2013-12-19}}</ref>
*{{ill|Bohus Malmön Ferry|sv|Bohus-Malmönleden}}, from [[Malmön]] to [[Roparöbacken]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trafikverket.se/Farja/Farjeleder/Farjeleder-i-ditt-lan/Farjeleder-i-Vastra-Gotaland1/BohusMalmonleden/|title=Bohus Malmönleden|work=Trafikverket|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807225407/http://www.trafikverket.se/Farja/Farjeleder/Farjeleder-i-ditt-lan/Farjeleder-i-Vastra-Gotaland1/BohusMalmonleden/|archive-date=2013-08-07}}</ref>
*[[Bojarkilen Ferry]], across [[Bojarkilen]] in [[Strömstad]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stromstad.se/omkommunen/forvaltningar/tekniska/hamnar/linfarjor/linfarjabojarkilen.500.html |title=Linfärja Bojarkilen |access-date=2019-08-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715002010/http://www.stromstad.se/omkommunen/forvaltningar/tekniska/hamnar/linfarjor/linfarjabojarkilen.500.html |archive-date=2014-07-15}}</ref>
*{{ill|Bolmsö Ferry|sv|Bolmsöleden}}, across [[Bolmen|Lake Bolmen]] from [[Sunnaryd]] to [[Bolmsö]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trafikverket.se/Farja/Farjeleder/Farjeleder-i-ditt-lan/Farjeleder-i-Smaland1/Bolmsoleden/|title=Bolmsöleden|work=Trafikverket|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829102732/http://www.trafikverket.se/Farja/Farjeleder/Farjeleder-i-ditt-lan/Farjeleder-i-Smaland1/Bolmsoleden/|archive-date=2013-08-29}}</ref>
*{{ill|Hamburgsund Ferry|sv|Hamburgsundsleden}}, across [[Hamburgsund]] from [[Hamburgsund]] to [[Hamburgön]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trafikverket.se/Farja/Farjeleder/Farjeleder-i-ditt-lan/Farjeleder-i-Vastra-Gotaland1/Hamburgsundsleden/|title=Hamburgsundsleden|work=Trafikverket|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807225413/http://www.trafikverket.se/Farja/Farjeleder/Farjeleder-i-ditt-lan/Farjeleder-i-Vastra-Gotaland1/Hamburgsundsleden/|archive-date=2013-08-07}}</ref>
*[[Högmarsö Ferry]], from [[Högmarsö]] to [[Svartnö]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hogmarsofarja.se/|title=Högmarsö Färja|author=carita holmberg|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517153709/http://hogmarsofarja.se/|archive-date=2014-05-17}}</ref>
*{{ill|Högsäter Ferry|sv|Högsäterleden}}, across [[Byälven]] from [[Högsäter, Värmland County|Högsäter]] to [[Fryxnäs]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trafikverket.se/Farja/Farjeleder/Farjeleder-i-ditt-lan/Farjeleder-i-Varmlands214/Hogsaterleden/|title=Högsäterleden|work=Trafikverket|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403222100/http://www.trafikverket.se/Farja/Farjeleder/Farjeleder-i-ditt-lan/Farjeleder-i-Varmlands214/Hogsaterleden/|archive-date=2013-04-03}}</ref>
*{{ill|Isö Ferry|sv|Isöleden}}, across [[Storsjön]] from [[Isön]] to [[Norderön]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trafikverket.se/Farja/Farjeleder/Farjeleder-i-ditt-lan/Farjeleder-i-Jamtlands-lan/Isoleden/|title=Isöleden|work=Trafikverket|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806153543/http://www.trafikverket.se/Farja/Farjeleder/Farjeleder-i-ditt-lan/Farjeleder-i-Jamtlands-lan/Isoleden/|archive-date=2013-08-06}}</ref>
*{{ill|Ivö Ferry|sv|Ivöleden}}, across [[Ivö Lake]] between [[Barum (Sweden)|Barum]] and [[Ivö Island]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Linfärjan_Karna,_Ivösjön.jpg | title = File:Linfärjan Karna, Ivösjön.jpg | date = 25 July 2007 | publisher = Wikimedia Commons | access-date = 2009-01-19 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090318044728/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Linf%C3%A4rjan_Karna,_Iv%C3%B6sj%C3%B6n.jpg | archive-date = 2009-03-18 }}</ref>
*{{ill|Kornhall Ferry|sv|Kornhallsleden}}, across the [[Nordre älv]] between [[Kornhall]] and [[Brunnstorpsnäs]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.trafikverket.se/farjerederiet/farjeleder/farjeleder-i-vastra-gotalands-lan/Kornhallsleden/ |title=Kornhallsleden |publisher=Trafikverket |access-date=2017-09-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916010604/https://www.trafikverket.se/farjerederiet/farjeleder/farjeleder-i-vastra-gotalands-lan/Kornhallsleden/ |archive-date=2017-09-16 }}</ref>
*[[Kostersundet Ferry]], across [[Kostersundet]] from [[Koster Islands|Nordkoster]] to [[Koster Islands|Sydkoster]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stromstad.se/omkommunen/forvaltningar/tekniska/hamnar/linfarjor/linfarjakostersundet.501.html|title=Trädfällning inom tätort|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714231255/http://www.stromstad.se/omkommunen/forvaltningar/tekniska/hamnar/linfarjor/linfarjakostersundet.501.html|archive-date=2014-07-14}}</ref>
*{{ill|Lyr Ferry|sv|Lyrleden}}, between the islands of [[Lyr (island)|Lyr]] and [[Orust]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.trafikverket.se/farjerederiet/farjeleder/farjeleder-i-vastra-gotalands-lan/Lyrleden/ |title=Lyrleden |publisher=Trafikverket |access-date=2017-09-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915204231/https://www.trafikverket.se/farjerederiet/farjeleder/farjeleder-i-vastra-gotalands-lan/Lyrleden/ |archive-date=2017-09-15 }}</ref>
*{{ill|Malö Ferry|sv|Malöleden}}, between the islands of [[Malö]] and [[Orust]]<ref name="Sund-Jarenleden">{{cite web |url=https://www.trafikverket.se/farjerederiet/farjeleder/farjeleder-i-vastra-gotalands-lan/SundJarenleden/ |title=Sund-Jarenleden |publisher=Trafikverket |access-date=2017-09-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916182847/https://www.trafikverket.se/farjerederiet/farjeleder/farjeleder-i-vastra-gotalands-lan/SundJarenleden/ |archive-date=2017-09-16 }}</ref>
*{{ill|Rödupp Ferry|sv|Röduppleden}}, across the [[Kalix]] river at [[Rödupp]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.trafikverket.se/farjerederiet/farjeleder/Farjeleder-i-Norrbottens-lan/Roduppleden/ |title=Röduppleden |publisher=Trafikverket |access-date=2017-09-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915204041/https://www.trafikverket.se/farjerederiet/farjeleder/Farjeleder-i-Norrbottens-lan/Roduppleden/ |archive-date=2017-09-15 }}</ref>
*{{ill|Stegeborg Ferry|sv|Stegeborgsleden}}, across the [[Slätbaken]] between [[Slottsholmen]] and [[Norrkrog]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.trafikverket.se/farjerederiet/farjeleder/Farjeleder-i-Ostergotlands-lan/Stegeborgsleden/ |title=Stegeborgsleden |publisher=Trafikverket |access-date=2017-09-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916183230/https://www.trafikverket.se/farjerederiet/farjeleder/Farjeleder-i-Ostergotlands-lan/Stegeborgsleden/ |archive-date=2017-09-16 }}</ref>
*{{ill|Sund-Jaren Ferry|sv|Sund-Jarenleden}}, across the [[Stora Le]] lake<ref name="Sund-Jarenleden"/>
*[[Töreboda Ferry]], across the [[Göta Canal]] in [[Töreboda]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vastsverige.com/en/toreboda/b/42563/The-ferry-Lina-Toreboda |title=The ferry line, Töreboda |publisher=West Sweden Tourist Board |access-date=2017-11-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040450/http://www.vastsverige.com/en/toreboda/b/42563/The-ferry-Lina-Toreboda |archive-date=2017-12-01 }}</ref>
*[[Torpön Ferry]], across [[Sommen|Lake Sommen]] from [[Torpön]] to [[Blåvik]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.torponsfarjelage.se/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=41&layout=blog&Itemid=93&lang=sv|title=Camping, Boende & Hyra stuga i Östergötland av Torpöns Färjeläge}}</ref>
*[[Vaxholmen Ferry]], from the town of [[Vaxholm]] to [[Vaxholm Castle]]
*[[Ytterö Ferry]], from [[Ytterön]] to [[Yttre park]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ytterofarjan.se/index.html|title=Hem|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208112336/http://ytterofarjan.se/index.html|archive-date=2013-12-08}}</ref>
{{div col end}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:LinfärjanSaga.JPG|The Swedish ferry ''Saga'' on the Hamburgsund route. The yellow colour is typical for car ferries in Sweden.
File:Vaxholm 2017-09-08 13.20.35.jpg|The Swedish ferry ''Vaxholmen'' with its destination, Vaxholm Castle, in the Stockholm Archipelago.
</gallery>
===Switzerland===
All reaction ferries:
*{{ill|Basel Ferries|de|Basler Fähren}}, four routes across the [[Rhine]] in the city of [[Basel]]
* Ferry across the Sitter at Bischofszell
*{{ill|Bodenacker Ferry|de|Bodenackerfähre}}, across the Aare
* Ferry across the Doubs [https://www.parcdoubs.ch/de/entdeckungen/kulturelles-erbe/die-faehre-von-tariche at Tariche]
*{{ill|Ellikon–Nack Ferry|de|Rheinfähre Ellikon–Nack}}, across the Rhine from [[Marthalen]] to [[Lottstetten]] in Germany
*{{ill|Fahr Abbey Ferry|de|Fähre Kloster Fahr–Schlieren}}, across the [[Limmat]] river at [[Fahr Abbey]], since 1896.
*{{ill|Ferry Mumpf–Bad Säckingen|de|Fähre Mumpf–Bad Säckingen}} across the Rhine to Germany
* Ferry Reichenbach across the Aare at Zollikofen
* Ferry across the Reuss at Sulz
* Fähre Wolfwil–Wynau across the Aare
* Ferry Zehendermätteli across the Aare near [[Bern]]
*{{ill|Ferry Zurzach-Kadelburg|de|Fähre Zurzach–Kadelburg}}, across the Rhine to Germany
===United Kingdom===
[[File:Cowes Floating Bridge 1.JPG|thumb|The Cowes Floating Bridge loading at East Cowes, on the Isle of Wight in the United Kingdom.]]
{{div col|colwidth=36em}}
*[[Butts Ferry]], across the [[River Exe]] in [[Exeter]], [[Devon]]
*[[Cowes Floating Bridge]], across the [[River Medina]] on the [[Isle of Wight]]
*[[Dartmouth Higher Ferry]], across the [[River Dart]] in Devon
*[[Hampton Ferry (River Avon)|Hampton Ferry]], across the [[River Avon (Warwickshire)|River Avon]] near [[Evesham]] in [[Worcestershire]]
*[[Hampton Loade Ferry]], across the [[River Severn]] in [[Shropshire]] (closed 2016)
*[[King Harry Ferry]], across the [[River Fal]] in [[Cornwall]]
*[[Normanton on Soar#Chain ferry|Normanton-on-Soar Chain Ferry]], across the [[River Soar]] in [[Nottinghamshire]]
*[[Reedham Ferry]], across the [[River Yare]] in [[Norfolk]]
*[[Sandbanks Ferry]], across the entrance to [[Poole Harbour]] in [[Dorset]]
*[[Stratford-upon-Avon chain ferry|Stratford-upon-Avon Ferry]], across the River Avon at [[Stratford-upon-Avon]] in Warwickshire
*[[Symonds Yat#River crossings|Symonds Yat river crossings]], a pair of hand powered ferries across the [[River Wye]] in [[Herefordshire]]
*[[Torpoint Ferry]], across the [[River Tamar]] between Devon and Cornwall.
*[[Trowlock Island Ferry]], a hand powered ferry to [[Trowlock Island]] in the [[River Thames]] in south-western Greater London
*[[Windermere Ferry]], across [[Windermere]] in [[Cumbria]]
{{div col end}}
===United States===
== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=36em}}
*[[Akers Ferry]], across the [[Current River (Missouri)|Current River]] near [[Salem, Missouri|Salem]] in [[Missouri]]
*[[Avoca Island Ferry]], across the intracoastal waterway to Avoca Island near [[Morgan City, Louisiana|Morgan City]] in [[Louisiana]]
*[[Bemus Point, New York|Bemus Point-Stow Ferry]], across [[Chautauqua Lake]] in [[New York (state)|New York]]
*[[Buena Vista Ferry]], across the [[Willamette River]] in [[Oregon]]
*[[Canby Ferry]], across the [[Willamette River]] in [[Oregon]]
*[[Los Ebanos Ferry]], across the [[Rio Grande]] between [[Los Ebanos, Hidalgo County, Texas|Los Ebanos, Texas]] and [[Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, Tamaulipas]]
*[[Elwell Ferry]], across the [[Cape Fear River]] in [[North Carolina]]
*[[Fredericktown Ferry]], closed in 2013 across the [[Monongahela River]] in southwestern [[Pennsylvania]]<ref name=fred>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/17/us/17ferry.html | title=Getting There From Here, Is It Better by the Ferry? | work=The New York Times | first=Sean D. | last=Hamill | date=2009-05-17 | access-date=2010-04-28 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128231509/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/17/us/17ferry.html | archive-date=2012-01-28 }}</ref>
* [[Green River Ferry]], across the [[Green River (Kentucky)|Green River]] in [[Mammoth Cave National Park]]
*[[Hatton Ferry]], across the [[James River]] in [[Virginia]]
*[[Ironton Ferry]], across an arm of [[Lake Charlevoix]] in [[Michigan]]
*[[Howard Landing Ferry|J-Mack Ferry]], across an arm of the [[Sacramento River]] in [[California]]<ref name=jmak>{{cite web | url = http://www.prospermag.com/article/280-157 | title = The Cable Guy – Piloting the Delta's J-Mack ferry beats working for a living | publisher = Prosper Media, LLC | access-date = 2008-12-01 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090304203011/http://www.prospermag.com/article/280-157 | archive-date = 2009-03-04 }}</ref><ref name=cdcvfp>{{cite web | url = http://www.californiadelta.org/ferries.htm | title = Ferries | publisher = California Delta Chambers and Visitor's Bureau | access-date = 2008-12-01 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081209011925/http://www.californiadelta.org/ferries.htm | archive-date = 2008-12-09 }}</ref>
*[[Merrimac Ferry]], across the [[Wisconsin River]] in [[Wisconsin]]
*[[Merry Point Ferry]], across the [[Corrotoman River]] in [[Virginia]]
*[[Parker's Ferry]], across the [[Meherrin River]] in North Carolina
*[[Princeton Ferry]], across the Sacramento River in California<ref name="cdcvfp"/>
* Reed's Ferry, across the Green River northeast of Rochester, KY
* Rochester Ferry, across the Green River in Rochester, KY
*[[Sans Souci Ferry]], across the [[Cashie River]] in North Carolina
*[[Saugatuck Chain Ferry]], across the [[Kalamazoo River]] in Michigan
*[[Sunnybank Ferry]], across the [[Little Wicomico River]] in Virginia
*[[Sycamore Island Ferry]], across the [[Potomac River]] in [[Maryland]]
*[[Fort Ticonderoga Ferry]], across [[Lake Champlain]] between [[Ticonderoga (hamlet), New York|Ticonderoga]], [[New York (state)|New York]] and [[Shoreham, Vermont]]
*[[Upper Ferry (Wicomico River)|Upper Ferry]], across the [[Wicomico River (Maryland eastern shore)|Wicomico River]] in Maryland<ref name=ctc>{{cite book | first = William H | last = Shellenberger | title = Cruising the Chesapeake | publisher = McGraw-Hill Professional | year = 2001 | isbn = 0-07-136371-8 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2AA3z7rFrzUC&q=cable+ferry&pg=PA237| pages = 236–237}}</ref>
*[[Valley View Ferry]], across the [[Kentucky River]] in [[Kentucky]]
*[[Wheatland Ferry]], across the Willamette River in Oregon
*[[White's Ferry]], across the [[Potomac River]] in Maryland
*[[Whitehaven Ferry]], across the Wicomico River at [[Whitehaven, Maryland|Whitehaven]], Maryland<ref name="ctc"/>
*[[Woodland Ferry]], across the [[Nanticoke River]] in [[Delaware]]<ref name="ctc"/>
{{div col end}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Canby Ferry 1.jpg|Canby Ferry
File:White's Ferry on Potomac River.jpg|White's Ferry on the [[Potomac River]]
File:Wheatland Ferry approaching east landing P2326.jpeg|Wheatland Ferry
*[[Chambeshi Ferry]], across the [[Chambeshi River]] near Mbesuma
* {{anl|Cable car (railway)}}
*[[Kabompo Ferry]], across the [[Kabompo River]] 80 km south-east of Kabompo
* {{anl|Funicular}}
*[[Kafue Ferry]], across the [[Kafue River]] 4.5 km west of the [[Zambezi]]
* {{anl|Pontoon (boat)}}
* {{anl|Punt (boat)}}
* {{anl|Pünte}}
* {{anl|Transporter bridge}}
===Zimbabwe===
== References ==
*[[Ekusileni Ferry]], across the [[Insiza River]] downstream of [[Filabusi]]
==See also==
{{refs}}
{{div col|colwidth=23em}}
*[[Aerial tramway]]
*[[Cable car (railway)|Cable car]]
*[[Funicular]]
*[[Pontoon (boat)]]
*[[Punt (boat)]]
*[[Pünte]]
*[[Transporter bridge]]
{{div col end}}
==References==
== External links ==
{{Reflist}}
{{commonscat|Cable ferries}}
==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060529033737/http://www.igreens.org.uk/twyford_ferry_1899.jpg Twyford chain ferry] with unique overhead chain across the [[River Trent]], UK, 1899
*{{commons category-inline|Cable ferries}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081115200920/http://www.gnb.ca/0113/ferries/ferries-e.asp Cable ferries operating in New Brunswick, Canada]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060529033737/http://www.igreens.org.uk/twyford_ferry_1899.jpg Twyford chain ferry] with unique overhead chain across the [[River Trent]], UK, 1899
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081115200920/http://www.gnb.ca/0113/ferries/ferries-e.asp Cable ferries operating in New Brunswick, Canada]
A cable ferry (including the types chain ferry, rope ferry, swing ferry, floating bridge, or punt) is a ferry that is guided (and in many cases propelled) across a river or large body of water by cables connected to both shores. The earliest examples date from the 13th century, and often used either rope or steelchains. These were largely replaced by wire cable by the late 19th century. Cable ferries use relatively little energy, but can hinder other craft.
Cable ferries have probably been used to cross rivers and similar bodies of water since before recorded history. Examples of ferry routes using this technology date back to the 13th century (Hampton Ferry in England).
In 1831 James Meadows Rendel introduced chain ferries worked by steam and in 1832 constructed one crossing the Dart at Dartmouth. Between 1832 and 1836 similar chain ferries were implemented between Torpoint and Saltash across the Tamar, and between Woolston and Southampton across the Itchen. The Woolston Floating Bridge switched from chains to wire ropes between 1878 and 1887 and was replaced by a bridge in 1977.
Cable ferries were particularly prominent in early transportation in the Sacramento Delta of California. Dozens of cable ferries operated on the Columbia River in the US northwest, and most have been rendered obsolete by bridges. A suspended cable ferry for railway cars crossed the American River in Northern California.
Most of the road crossings of the Murray River in South Australia are cable ferries operated by the state government using diesel engines. The platforms at the ends can be moved up or down according to the water level. At one time, cable ferries were a primary means of automobile transportation in New South Wales in Australia. In Tasmania, for a century before 1934, the Risdon Punt at Hobart was the only fixed method of crossing the Derwent River within Hobart city limits.
In the fishing village of Tai O on Lantau Island, Hong Kong, the Tai O Ferry (橫水渡) crossed the Tai O River before a bascule bridge was built.[2]
The largest and busiest cable ferry is the Torpoint Ferry in Plymouth, England. It was first converted to cable operation in 1831 and currently operates 3 ferries, carrying 8000 vehicles per day.[3][4]
The longest cable ferry link is MV Baynes Sound Connector south of Courtenay, British Columbia, Canada with a length of 1961.48 metres.[5]
Cable ferries can be typified by their size and construction, their usage (passenger, animal, vehicle) and requirements (length of crossing, amount of other shipping), their cables (wire rope, chain, or both), and their propulsion (water current, engine, manual).
The choice of cable depends partially on the requirements of the crossing but also on the historical context. For example, the numerous cable ferries across Australian and Canadian rivers seem to use wire rope exclusively, whereas the older crossings across busy tidal rivers in England all use chain. In Germany, several river crossings were originally reaction ferries and later kept a wire rope for holding position but introduced a chain for propulsion.[6]
The reaction ferry uses the power of the river to tack across the current; the powered cable ferry uses engines or electric motors (e.g., the Canby Ferry in the U.S. State of Oregon) to wind itself across; or is hand-operated, such as the Stratford-upon-Avon chain ferry in the UK and the Saugatuck Chain Ferry in Saugatuck, Michigan, United States.
Powered cable ferries use powered wheels or drums on board the vessel to pull itself along by the cables. The chains or wire ropes can be used with a sufficient amount of slack to allow sinking below the surface as the ferry moves away, allowing other vessels to pass without becoming snared or trapped. Chain ferries in strong tidal currents use two chains, those in inland rivers often only one chain on the upstream side. Some cable ferries use a wire rope on the upstream side in order to hold the position and a chain on the downstream side for propulsion.
A special type are electrically powered overhead-cable ferries like Straussee Ferry, which have an onboard propulsion unit and can float free, but are connected to the overhead wire for the power supply, using an electrical cable that slides along the cable as the ferry moves.
A very rare type are cable-ferries that are not propelled by themselves but rather are pulled from land side. An example of such a cable ferry was the Kungälv – Fästningsholmen ferry in Sweden.[7][8] Today, the Jonen ferry in the Netherlands is pulled by a winch on the banks. These cable ferries can be operated electrically without having to provide electricity by rechargeable batteries or an overhead wire. Saving the weight of the engine on board, these ferries can also be operated using less energy.
Two or more ferries can be provided in order to increase availability and capacity and as a backup during maintenance, as with the Torpoint Ferry.
Ownership
The earliest punts were privately owned by local landowners, and charged a toll. As governments started to build roads, they started to build and operate punts as required. Private punts might be bought out, or made to impose more standard tolls.[9]
Energy requirements
The energy needed for operating cable ferries is in general especially small, as the crossing distances are mostly short, the speeds low, and there is almost no maneuvering. Whereas a free ferry is especially inefficient when starting off or moving slowly against a current or wind, a cable ferry is more or less rigidly connected to the ground with side forces held by the cable(s).
As the power to overcome the frictional drag of a displacement hull decreases with usually more than the third power of the speed, even the smallest amount of power can effect movement with enough leverage or if suitably geared down. The majority of the world's cable ferries are indeed manually propelled either with a crank turning a chain wheel or by pulling directly on a cable. For example, the Saugatuck Chain Ferry taking up to 24 passengers is cranked by a single person at about 0.3 m/s. The former cable ferry at Malgas in South Africa even carried several cars, pulled by a couple of men at a slow walking speed. Ferries of this size that were hand-operated, such as the Reedham Ferry, have since been motorised in order to reduce the level of hard work and increase the speed. For these and other ferries of up to 20 t or so displacement, typical installed motor power in kilowatts ranges from single figures to low double figures. For example, the 22 meter, 22 tonne Pritzerbe Ferry has 23 kW installed. This allows comparison with free ferries. The motor ferry "Luise" on the Wannsee near Berlin, of similar tonnage, size and construction, has 290 kW installed.[10]
With electric drive the installed power requirements are reduced further. A very low-power installation is in the chain ferry Föri for up to 75 passengers. It uses battery-supplied twin electric motors. The average power during continuous operation (crossing two minutes and docking one minute) is given as 3 kW in summer and 4 kW in winter with thin ice, thus when moving 4.5 kW in summer and 6 kW in winter.
Side forces from strong water currents or winds are held by the cables, yet when moving introduce extra friction in these that can considerably exceed the water resistance. Also in deep water with heavy chains or long cables not lying on the ground, large tension forces with corresponding friction are created. The world's longest cable crossing, nearly 2 km with the 750 t MV Baynes Sound Connector uses three wire ropes pretensioned with 200 kN. In spite of careful planning, the expected large energy savings compared to the former free ferry are not realised, also due to fouling and a speed of 8.5 knots. 998 kW engine power is installed, in the former 1099 t MV Quinitsa it is 1416 kW.
With dependable water currents, most cable ferries are or were reaction ferries, powered by the current. Some of these are or were hybrid ferries with the cable passing through moveable pulleys or belaying points whose location sets the ferry's angle. In order to set off, manual work is required to initially pull the cable and also to maneuver, as described in the referenced video.[11] Another hybrid seems to be the cable ferry at Sendelingsdrift with adjustable tethers to a high wire rope and also two outboard motors.
Cables can hinder other navigation or pose a hazard. Whether a risk exists, and to which degree, depends on the situation (nature of body of water and extent of shipping) and on the type of cable(s):
Overhead wire ropes suspended over shipping height.
Ropes suspended at operating level, permanently or temporarily.
Ropes held on the water surface by buoys.
Cables suspended underwater, permanently or temporarily.
Ground cables normally resting on the bottom, pulled to the surface near the ferry.
Only the first type normally presents no risk for other vessels, as evident in the 15 reaction ferries of this type in Switzerland. Suspended cables near the water surface block navigation and are dangerous especially in strong currents and if difficult to see. The ropes of reaction ferries attached to one shore and suspended by buoys block the river on one side of the crossing ferry and can be made highly visible. The greatest risk comes from cables that are held underwater to a lesser degree than anticipated or are not visible at all.
Suspended cables (ferry to shore or to water bottom) form catenaries of a shape (entry angle and depth) that depends on the cable weight and amount of tension. Chains are in general rather heavy and can function even with very steep catenaries going to the bottom within very short distances, except very near the shore. As they are also easy to see, the risk to other navigation is usually minimal, as is evident with the 6 or so chain ferries in southern England operating in waters with heavy shipping. In strong water currents, the catenaries become more stretched and chain collisions have occurred. Wire ropes are lighter than chains of the same strength and may be operated under strong tension, both giving rise to shallow catenaries which may be difficult to judge or even see.
Some cable ferry operators warn vessel operators to exercise caution. They may indicate distances to keep clear, special lights, or that the depth of the cable is unknown, both when the ferry is stationary and when it is operating.[12]
Routes
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