Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|US observatory near Barstow, California}} | {{short description|US observatory near Barstow, California}} | ||
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{{Infobox observatory | {{Infobox observatory | ||
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[[File:Photo Goldstone Observatory 1963 - Touring Club Italiano 07 0239.jpg|thumb|Goldstone Observatory in 1963]] | [[File:Photo Goldstone Observatory 1963 - Touring Club Italiano 07 0239.jpg|thumb|Goldstone Observatory in 1963]] | ||
The '''Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex''' ('''GDSCC'''), commonly called the '''Goldstone Observatory''', is a [[satellite ground station]] located in [[Fort Irwin National Training Center|Fort Irwin]]<ref name="irwin"/> in the [[U.S. state]] of [[California]]. Operated by [[NASA]]'s | The '''Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex''' ('''GDSCC'''), commonly called the '''Goldstone Observatory''', is a [[satellite ground station]] located in [[Fort Irwin National Training Center|Fort Irwin]]<ref name="irwin"/> in the [[U.S. state]] of [[California]]. Operated by [[NASA]]'s [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] (JPL), its main purpose is to track and communicate with [[interplanetary spaceflight|interplanetary space missions]]. It is named after Goldstone, California, a nearby gold-mining [[ghost town]].<ref>[http://wikimapia.org/7446818/Goldstone-CA-site Goldstone gold mining]</ref> | ||
The station is one of three<ref>[http://www.gdscc.nasa.gov/?page_id=245 GDSCC Overview] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721193932/http://www.gdscc.nasa.gov/?page_id=245 |date=2015-07-21 }}</ref> satellite communication stations in the [[NASA Deep Space Network|NASA Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN) program’s Deep Space Network]] (DSN), whose mission is to provide the vital two-way communications link that tracks and controls [[interplanetary spaceflight|interplanetary spacecraft]] and receives the images and scientific information they collect. | The station is one of three<ref>[http://www.gdscc.nasa.gov/?page_id=245 GDSCC Overview] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721193932/http://www.gdscc.nasa.gov/?page_id=245 |date=2015-07-21 }}</ref> satellite communication stations in the [[NASA Deep Space Network|NASA Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN) program’s Deep Space Network]] (DSN), whose mission is to provide the vital two-way communications link that tracks and controls [[interplanetary spaceflight|interplanetary spacecraft]] and receives the images and scientific information they collect. The others are the [[Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex]] in [[Spain]] and the [[Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex]] in [[Australia]]. These three stations are located at separations of approximately 120° longitude so that as the Earth rotates a spacecraft will always be in sight of at least one station.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Latifiyan |first=Pouya |date=April 2021 |title=Space Telecommunications, how? |journal=Take off |publisher=[[Civil Aviation Technology College]] |publication-place=[[Tehran]] |volume=1 |pages=15 |via=[[Persian language|Persian]]}}</ref> | ||
The complex includes the Pioneer Deep Space Station (aka DSS 11), which is a U.S. [[National Historic Landmark]]. | The complex includes the Pioneer Deep Space Station (aka DSS 11), which is a U.S. [[National Historic Landmark]]. | ||
==Antennas== | ==Antennas== | ||
Five large [[parabolic antenna|parabolic (dish) antennas]] are located at the Goldstone site to handle the workload, since at any given time the DSN is responsible for maintaining communication with up to 30 spacecraft. | Five large [[parabolic antenna|parabolic (dish) antennas]] are located at the Goldstone site to handle the workload, since at any given time the DSN is responsible for maintaining communication with up to 30 spacecraft. The antennas function similarly to a home [[satellite dish]]. However, since the spacecraft they communicate with are much farther away than the [[communication satellites]] which home satellite dishes use, the signals received are much weaker, requiring a larger aperture antenna to gather enough radio energy to make them intelligible. The largest, a 70-meter (230 ft) [[Cassegrain antenna]], is used for communication with space missions to the outer planets, such as the ''[[Voyager 1|Voyager]]'' spacecraft, which, at 21.5 billion kilometers, is the most distant manmade object from Earth. The radio [[frequency|frequencies]] used for spacecraft communication are in the [[microwave]] part of the radio spectrum; [[S band]] (2.29–2.30 GHz), [[X band]] (8.40–8.50 GHz) and [[Ka band]] (31.8–32.3 GHz). In addition to receiving radio signals from the spacecraft ([[downlink]] signals), the antennas also transmit commands to the spacecraft ([[uplink]] signals) with high power [[radio transmitter]]s (80 kW)<ref name="50DSN">{{cite web |last1=Clements |first1=Michael |title=The Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex |url=https://descanso.jpl.nasa.gov/dsn50th/DSN_Symposium_2-20-14/5_GDSCC.pdf |website=DSN_Symposium_2-20-14 |publisher=descanso.jpl.nasa.gov |access-date=6 July 2022}}</ref> powered by [[klystron]] tubes. | ||
A major goal in the design of the station is to reduce interference with the weak incoming downlink radio signals by natural and manmade [[radio noise]]. The remote [[Mojave Desert]] location was chosen because it is far from manmade sources of radio noise such as motor vehicles. The [[RF front end]]s of the [[radio receiver]]s at the dishes use [[maser|ruby masers]], consisting of a bar of [[synthetic ruby]] cooled by [[liquid helium]] to 4.5 K to minimize the noise introduced by the electronics. | A major goal in the design of the station is to reduce interference with the weak incoming downlink radio signals by natural and manmade [[radio noise]]. The remote [[Mojave Desert]] location was chosen because it is far from manmade sources of radio noise such as motor vehicles. The [[RF front end]]s of the [[radio receiver]]s at the dishes use [[maser|ruby masers]], consisting of a bar of [[synthetic ruby]] cooled by [[liquid helium]] to 4.5 K to minimize the noise introduced by the electronics. | ||
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==History== | ==History== | ||
The Goldstone complex was created in 1958 by the JPL to support the [[Pioneer program]] of deep space exploration probes. | The Goldstone complex was created in 1958 by the JPL to support the [[Pioneer program]] of deep space exploration probes. Its location was determined by two criteria: a bowl-shaped environment was needed and it needed to be distant from terrestrial sources of [[radio interference]]. This site, on the grounds of [[Fort Irwin National Training Center|Fort Irwin]] in the [[Mojave Desert]], was found to meet the criteria. Construction of the first radio telescope, DSS 11 or the Pioneer Deep Space Station, was begun by the [[United States Army]] and taken over by NASA after its creation. It is a {{convert|26|m|ft|adj=on}} parabolic [[Cassegrain antenna]] capable of receiving signals in the 1 to 3 GHz range.<ref name=nhlnom>{{cite web|url={{NHLS url|85002813}}|title=NHL nomination for Pioneer Deep Space Station|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=2018-02-01}}</ref> It was taken out of service in 1981, having been technologically bypassed by later telescopes. It was recognized as a [[National Historic Landmark]] in 1985 for its pioneering role in deep space exploration.<ref name=hist>{{cite web|url=https://www.gdscc.nasa.gov/?page_id=37|title=History of GDSCC|publisher=NASA|access-date=2018-02-01}}</ref> | ||
=="Goldstone has the bird"== | =="Goldstone has the bird"== | ||
It is commonly believed that the first [[United States|American]] satellite, [[Explorer 1]], was confirmed to be in orbit by the use of the phrase "Goldstone has the bird".<ref>{{cite book |title=Countdown for Decision |publisher=G. P. Putnam & Sons |location=New York, New York |first=John B.|last=Medaris |date=1960 | It is commonly believed that the first [[United States|American]] satellite, [[Explorer 1]], was confirmed to be in orbit by the use of the phrase "Goldstone has the bird".<ref>{{cite book |title=Countdown for Decision |publisher=G. P. Putnam & Sons |location=New York, New York |first=John B.|last=Medaris |date=1960 }}</ref> However, Goldstone was not in operation at the time of Explorer 1 and like many oft-repeated quotations it is incorrect. Others claim that the actual phrase was "Gold has it!",<ref>{{cite report|url=https://space.physics.uiowa.edu/plasma-wave/van90/ExplorerSatellites_LudwigOct2004.pdf |title=The First Explorer Satellites |first=George H. |last=Ludwig |date=October 9, 2004|access-date=May 3, 2025|publisher=University of Iowa}}</ref> incorrectly identifying "Gold" as a temporary tracking station at [[Earthquake Valley]], east of [[Julian, California]]. In fact, Gold Station was located at the Air Force Missile Test Center (AFMTC) in Florida and the temporary tracking station at Earthquake Valley was Red Station.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/48745276/Juno-Final-Report-Volume-I-Juno-I-Re-Entry-Test-Vehicles-and-Explorer-Satellites |title=Juno I: Re-entry Test Vehicles and Explorer Satellites |first1=Alan E. |last1=Wolfe |first2=William J. |last2=Truscott|date=September 6, 1960 |page=56|publisher=NASA|access-date=May 3, 2025}}</ref> Probably this detection of the Explorer 1 signal was actually made at the Minitrack station at Brown Field, a US Navy airfield near San Diego. This station was later moved to Goldstone, accounting for the error. | ||
==Complex tours== | ==Complex tours== | ||
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The 70m dish also known as Mars or DSS14 is featured in the opening sequences of the 1968 film ''[[Ice Station Zebra]]''. | The 70m dish also known as Mars or DSS14 is featured in the opening sequences of the 1968 film ''[[Ice Station Zebra]]''. | ||
The Goldstone Facility was prominently featured in Part 1 of ''[[The Incredible Hulk (TV | The Goldstone Facility was prominently featured in Part 1 of ''[[The Incredible Hulk (1978 TV series)|The Incredible Hulk]]'' episode "Prometheus". | ||
''[[A Boy and His Dog (1975 film)]]'' used the facility for the industrial looking entrance sequence to the film's world of "Down Under" according to the director's commentary | ''[[A Boy and His Dog (1975 film)|A Boy and His Dog]]'' used the facility for the industrial looking entrance sequence to the film's world of "Down Under" according to the director's commentary. However, this was not without difficulty - the filming crew had a hard time getting access to the location. | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
Latest revision as of 21:16, 31 December 2025
Template:Short description Template:Use American English Template:Use mdy dates Template:Short descriptionScript error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
The Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex (GDSCC), commonly called the Goldstone Observatory, is a satellite ground station located in Fort Irwin[1] in the U.S. state of California. Operated by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), its main purpose is to track and communicate with interplanetary space missions. It is named after Goldstone, California, a nearby gold-mining ghost town.[2]
The station is one of three[3] satellite communication stations in the NASA Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN) program’s Deep Space Network (DSN), whose mission is to provide the vital two-way communications link that tracks and controls interplanetary spacecraft and receives the images and scientific information they collect. The others are the Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex in Spain and the Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex in Australia. These three stations are located at separations of approximately 120° longitude so that as the Earth rotates a spacecraft will always be in sight of at least one station.[4]
The complex includes the Pioneer Deep Space Station (aka DSS 11), which is a U.S. National Historic Landmark.
Antennas
Five large parabolic (dish) antennas are located at the Goldstone site to handle the workload, since at any given time the DSN is responsible for maintaining communication with up to 30 spacecraft. The antennas function similarly to a home satellite dish. However, since the spacecraft they communicate with are much farther away than the communication satellites which home satellite dishes use, the signals received are much weaker, requiring a larger aperture antenna to gather enough radio energy to make them intelligible. The largest, a 70-meter (230 ft) Cassegrain antenna, is used for communication with space missions to the outer planets, such as the Voyager spacecraft, which, at 21.5 billion kilometers, is the most distant manmade object from Earth. The radio frequencies used for spacecraft communication are in the microwave part of the radio spectrum; S band (2.29–2.30 GHz), X band (8.40–8.50 GHz) and Ka band (31.8–32.3 GHz). In addition to receiving radio signals from the spacecraft (downlink signals), the antennas also transmit commands to the spacecraft (uplink signals) with high power radio transmitters (80 kW)[5] powered by klystron tubes.
A major goal in the design of the station is to reduce interference with the weak incoming downlink radio signals by natural and manmade radio noise. The remote Mojave Desert location was chosen because it is far from manmade sources of radio noise such as motor vehicles. The RF front ends of the radio receivers at the dishes use ruby masers, consisting of a bar of synthetic ruby cooled by liquid helium to 4.5 K to minimize the noise introduced by the electronics.
When not needed for spacecraft communication, the Goldstone antennas are used as sensitive radio telescopes for astronomical research, such as mapping quasars and other celestial radio sources; radar mapping planets, the Moon, comets and asteroids; spotting comets and asteroids with the potential to strike Earth; and the search for ultra-high energy neutrino interactions in the Moon by using large-aperture radio antennas.[6]
History
The Goldstone complex was created in 1958 by the JPL to support the Pioneer program of deep space exploration probes. Its location was determined by two criteria: a bowl-shaped environment was needed and it needed to be distant from terrestrial sources of radio interference. This site, on the grounds of Fort Irwin in the Mojave Desert, was found to meet the criteria. Construction of the first radio telescope, DSS 11 or the Pioneer Deep Space Station, was begun by the United States Army and taken over by NASA after its creation. It is a Script error: No such module "convert". parabolic Cassegrain antenna capable of receiving signals in the 1 to 3 GHz range.[7] It was taken out of service in 1981, having been technologically bypassed by later telescopes. It was recognized as a National Historic Landmark in 1985 for its pioneering role in deep space exploration.[8]
"Goldstone has the bird"
It is commonly believed that the first American satellite, Explorer 1, was confirmed to be in orbit by the use of the phrase "Goldstone has the bird".[9] However, Goldstone was not in operation at the time of Explorer 1 and like many oft-repeated quotations it is incorrect. Others claim that the actual phrase was "Gold has it!",[10] incorrectly identifying "Gold" as a temporary tracking station at Earthquake Valley, east of Julian, California. In fact, Gold Station was located at the Air Force Missile Test Center (AFMTC) in Florida and the temporary tracking station at Earthquake Valley was Red Station.[11] Probably this detection of the Explorer 1 signal was actually made at the Minitrack station at Brown Field, a US Navy airfield near San Diego. This station was later moved to Goldstone, accounting for the error.
Complex tours
The Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex has temporarily suspended tours for the public. However, there is a Visitor Center located in Harvey House, 681 North First Avenue, Barstow, CA 92311. Operating hours are Monday, Wednesday and Fridays from 9AM - 3PM. There is no entry fee and no need to make reservations to stop by the Visitor Center.[12]
In popular culture
The 70m dish also known as Mars or DSS14 is featured in the opening sequences of the 1968 film Ice Station Zebra.
The Goldstone Facility was prominently featured in Part 1 of The Incredible Hulk episode "Prometheus".
A Boy and His Dog used the facility for the industrial looking entrance sequence to the film's world of "Down Under" according to the director's commentary. However, this was not without difficulty - the filming crew had a hard time getting access to the location.
See also
References
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- ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
- ↑ Goldstone gold mining
- ↑ GDSCC Overview Template:Webarchive
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External links
- Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex Website
- JPL's Deep Space Network Now
- JPL: Images of the Deep Space Network Goldstone, California Template:Webarchive
- Historic 'Mars antenna' in Mojave Desert undergoing repairs (Los Angeles Times, October 3, 2010)
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- Pages with script errors
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- Articles using Infobox observatory using locally defined parameters
- Pages with broken file links
- Deep space networks
- Space radars
- Mojave Desert
- Radio telescopes
- Astronomical observatories in California
- Buildings and structures in San Bernardino County, California
- National Historic Landmarks in California
- National Register of Historic Places in San Bernardino County, California
- 1958 establishments in California