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{{short description|Emperor of India from 1806 to 1837}}
{{Short description|Mughal emperor from 1806 to 1837}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
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{{Infobox royalty
{{Infobox royalty
| name        = Akbar II
| name        = Akbar II
| title        = King of Delhi<br/> [[Padishah|Badshah]]<br />[[Mughal emperor|Shahanshah-e-Hind]]
| title        = King of Delhi<br/>[[Padishah|Badshah]]
| image        = Akbar Shah II of India.jpg
| image        = Akbar Shah II of India.jpg
| caption      = Portrait of Akbar Shah II, {{circa|1827}}
| caption      = Portrait of Akbar Shah II, {{circa|1827}}
| succession  = [[Mughal Emperor]]
| succession  = [[Mughal emperor]]
| reign        = 19 November 1806 – 28 September 1837
| reign        = {{Nowrap|19 November 1806 – 28 September 1837}}
| coronation  = 19 November 1806
| coronation  = 19 November 1806
| predecessor  = [[Shah Alam II]]
| predecessor  = [[Shah Alam II]]
Line 17: Line 17:
| birth_place  = [[Mukundpur]], [[Rewa (princely state)|Rewa State]], [[Maratha Confederacy]]
| birth_place  = [[Mukundpur]], [[Rewa (princely state)|Rewa State]], [[Maratha Confederacy]]
| death_date  = {{Death date and age|1837|09|28|1760|04|22|df=yes}}
| death_date  = {{Death date and age|1837|09|28|1760|04|22|df=yes}}
| death_place  = Delhi, [[Mughal Empire]]
| death_place  = Delhi, [[Subah of Delhi]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| spouse      = Mumtaz Mahal<ref name="Majumdar1939">{{cite book | editor = Jatindra Kumar Majumdar | date = 1939 | title = Raja Rammohun Roy and the Last Moghuls: A Selection from Official Records, 1803–1859 | publisher = Art Press | pages = xxxiii| isbn = 9788170410645}}</ref><br>Anwar Mahal<ref name="Congress1958">{{cite book | author = Indian History Congress | date = 1958 | title = Proceedings, Volume 20 | publisher = Indian History Congress | pages = 316}}</ref><br>Lal Bai<ref name="Husain2006">{{cite book | author = Syed Mahdi Husain | date = 2006 | title = Bahadur Shah Zafar and the War of 1857 in Delhi | publisher = Aakar Books | pages = 36 | isbn = 9788187879916}}</ref>
| spouse      = Mumtaz Mahal<ref name="Majumdar1939">{{cite book | editor = Jatindra Kumar Majumdar | date = 1939 | title = Raja Rammohun Roy and the Last Moghuls: A Selection from Official Records, 1803–1859 | publisher = Art Press | pages = xxxiii| isbn = 9788170410645}}</ref><br>Anwar Mahal<ref name="Congress1958">{{cite book | author = Indian History Congress | date = 1958 | title = Proceedings, Volume 20 | publisher = Indian History Congress | pages = 316}}</ref><br>Lal Bai<ref name="Husain2006">{{cite book | author = Syed Mahdi Husain | date = 2006 | title = Bahadur Shah Zafar and the War of 1857 in Delhi | publisher = Aakar Books | pages = 36 | isbn = 9788187879916}}</ref>
| issue        = 14 sons including  
| issue        = 14 sons, including: <br/>{{Unbulleted list|
Mirza Firuz Bakht <br/>[[Bahadur Shah Zafar|Bahadur Shah II]]<br/> Mirza Buland Bakht <br/>
|Mirza Firuz Bakht
[[Mirza Jahangir]]<br/>[[Mirza Jahan Shah]]<br/>[[Mirza Nali]]<br>[[Mirza Babur]]<br/>[[Mirza Salim]]<br/>[[Mirza Nazim Shah]]<br/>Mirza Jahan Khushru<ref name="GREAT ESCAPE OF MIRZA JAHAN KHUSRO SON OF AKBAR SANI – HAJI MUHAMMED ISHAQUE DESCENDANT OF GREAT MUGHALS"> {{cite web| url=http://blog.chughtaimuseum.com/?p=10834| title=GREAT ESCAPE OF MIRZA JAHAN KHUSRO SON OF AKBAR SANI – HAJI MUHAMMED ISHAQUE DESCENDANT OF GREAT MUGHALS| date=15 April 2020}}</ref>
|[[Bahadur Shah Zafar|Bahadur Shah II]]
<br/>8 daughters
|Mirza Buland Bakht
|[[Mirza Jahangir]]
|[[Mirza Jahan Shah]]
|[[Mirza Nali]]
|[[Mirza Babur]]
|[[Mirza Salim]]
|[[Mirza Nazim Shah]]
|Mirza Jahan Khushru<ref name="GREAT ESCAPE OF MIRZA JAHAN KHUSRO SON OF AKBAR SANI – HAJI MUHAMMED ISHAQUE DESCENDANT OF GREAT MUGHALS"> {{cite web| url=http://blog.chughtaimuseum.com/?p=10834| title=GREAT ESCAPE OF MIRZA JAHAN KHUSRO SON OF AKBAR SANI – HAJI MUHAMMED ISHAQUE DESCENDANT OF GREAT MUGHALS| date=15 April 2020}}</ref>
|8 daughters
}}
| full name    = Sultan Ibn Sultan Sahib al-Mufazi Wali Ni'mat Haqiqi Khudavand Mujazi Abu Nasir Mu'in al-Din Muhammad Akbar Shah Pad-Shah Ghazi
| full name    = Sultan Ibn Sultan Sahib al-Mufazi Wali Ni'mat Haqiqi Khudavand Mujazi Abu Nasir Mu'in al-Din Muhammad Akbar Shah Pad-Shah Ghazi
| father      = [[Shah Alam II]]
| father      = [[Shah Alam II]]
Line 35: Line 44:
| burial_place = [[Moti Masjid (Mehrauli)|Moti Masjid]], Delhi, India
| burial_place = [[Moti Masjid (Mehrauli)|Moti Masjid]], Delhi, India
}}
}}
{{Mughal}}


'''Akbar II''' ({{IPA|fa|ak.baɾ}}; 22 April 1760 – 28 September 1837), also known as '''Akbar Shah II''', was the nineteenth [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]] from 1806 to 1837. He was the second son of [[Shah Alam II]] and the father of [[Bahadur Shah II]], who would eventually succeed him and become the last Mughal emperor.
'''Akbar II''' ({{langx|fa|اکبر دوم|rtl=yes}}, {{IPA|fa|ak.baɾ}}; 22 April 1760 – 28 September 1837), also known as '''Akbar Shah II''' ({{langx|fa|اکبر شاه دوم|rtl=yes}}), was the nineteenth [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]] from 1806 to 1837. He was the second son of [[Shah Alam II]] and the father of [[Bahadur Shah II]], who would eventually succeed him and become the last Mughal emperor.


Akbar had little de facto power due to the increasing British influence in India through the [[East India Company]]. He sent [[Ram Mohan Roy]] as an ambassador to Britain and gave him the title of Raja. During his regime, in 1835, the East India Company discontinued calling itself subject of the Mughal Emperor and [[Khutba wa sikka|issuing coins in his name]]. The Persian lines in the company's coins to this effect were deleted.
Akbar had little de facto power due to the increasing British influence in India through the [[East India Company]]. He sent [[Ram Mohan Roy]] as an ambassador to Britain and gave him the title of Raja. During his regime, in 1835, the East India Company discontinued calling itself subject of the Mughal Emperor and [[Khutba wa sikka|issuing coins in his name]]. The Persian lines in the company's coins to this effect were deleted.
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Akbar II was credited with starting the [[Hindu–Muslim unity]] festival [[Phool Walon Ki Sair]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dec 8 |first1=TNN / |title=Akbar, Dara Shikoh had set examples of Hindu-Muslim unity {{!}} Varanasi News – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/akbar-dara-shikoh-had-set-examples-of-hindu-muslim-unity/articleshow/17526760.cms |website=The Times of India |date=8 December 2012 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Akbar and his religious policy |url=http://www.ijssh.org/vol6/660-B00018.pdf}}</ref> His grave lies next to the [[dargah]] of 13th-century Sufi saint [[Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki]] at [[Mehrauli]].
Akbar II was credited with starting the [[Hindu–Muslim unity]] festival [[Phool Walon Ki Sair]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dec 8 |first1=TNN / |title=Akbar, Dara Shikoh had set examples of Hindu-Muslim unity {{!}} Varanasi News – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/akbar-dara-shikoh-had-set-examples-of-hindu-muslim-unity/articleshow/17526760.cms |website=The Times of India |date=8 December 2012 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Akbar and his religious policy |url=http://www.ijssh.org/vol6/660-B00018.pdf}}</ref> His grave lies next to the [[dargah]] of 13th-century Sufi saint [[Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki]] at [[Mehrauli]].


==Early life==
== Early life ==
[[File:Shah Alam II (1759-1806), the blind mughal Emperor, seated on a golden throne..jpg|thumb|upright|left|The crown prince seated next to his blinded father [[Shah Alam II]] (c. 1800)]]
[[File:Shah Alam II (1759-1806), the blind mughal Emperor, seated on a golden throne..jpg|thumb|upright|left|The crown prince seated next to his blinded father [[Shah Alam II]] (c. 1800)]]
Prince Mirza Akbar was born on 22 April 1760 to Emperor [[Shah Alam II]] at [[Mukundpur]], [[Satna]], while his father was in exile. On 2 May 1781, at the [[Red Fort]], the prince was made [[Crown prince]] with the title of ''[[Wali Ahd]] Bahadur'', after the death of his elder brother. In 1782, he was appointed the viceroy of Delhi until 1799. When the [[Rohilla]] leader [[Ghulam Kadir|Ghulam Qadir]] captured Delhi in 1788, the young Prince Mirza Akbar was forced to [[nautch]] dance along with other Mughal princes. He witnessed how the members of the imperial Mughal family were humiliated, as well as starved. When [[Mahmud Shah Bahadur|Shah Jahan IV]] fled, Mirza Akbar was titular Emperor with the title of ''Akbar Shah II'', and was to remain acting emperor even after the reinstatement of his father [[Shah Alam II]], till January 1789.
Prince Mirza Akbar was born on 22 April 1760 to Emperor [[Shah Alam II]] at [[Mukundpur]], [[Satna]], while his father was in exile. On 2 May 1781, at the [[Red Fort]], the prince was made [[Crown prince]] with the title of ''[[Wali Ahd]] Bahadur'', after the death of his elder brother. In 1782, he was appointed the viceroy of Delhi until 1799. When the [[Rohilla]] leader [[Ghulam Kadir|Ghulam Qadir]] captured Delhi in 1788, the young Prince Mirza Akbar was forced to [[nautch]] dance along with other Mughal princes. He witnessed how the members of the imperial Mughal family were humiliated, as well as starved. When [[Mahmud Shah Bahadur|Shah Jahan IV]] fled, Mirza Akbar was titular Emperor with the title of ''Akbar Shah II'', and was to remain acting emperor even after the reinstatement of his father [[Shah Alam II]], till January 1789.


==Reign==
== Reign ==
[[File:Silver Rupee from the Bombay Presidency, struck in the name of Mughal emperor Akbar II, photographed from a personal collection in West Bengal, India, September 17, 2024.jpg|thumb|Silver Rupee from the Bombay Presidency, struck in Ahmedabad, in the name of Mughal emperor Akbar II.]]
[[File:Silver Rupee from the Bombay Presidency, struck in the name of Mughal emperor Akbar II, photographed from a personal collection in West Bengal, India, September 17, 2024.jpg|thumb|Silver Rupee from the Bombay Presidency, struck in Ahmedabad, in the name of Mughal emperor Akbar II.]]
[[File:Silver Rupee of Bhopal State struck in the name of Mughal emperor Muhammad Akbar II, minted in Daulatgarh, having the trident symbol in horizontal position.jpg|thumb|Silver Rupee of the [[Bhopal State]], struck in the name of Mughal emperor Akbar II, minted in Daulatgarh, having the trident symbol in horizontal position.]]
[[File:Silver Rupee of Bhopal State struck in the name of Mughal emperor Muhammad Akbar II, minted in Daulatgarh, having the trident symbol in horizontal position.jpg|thumb|Silver Rupee of the [[Bhopal State]], struck in the name of Mughal emperor Akbar II, minted in Daulatgarh, having the trident symbol in horizontal position.]]
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He is also known to have bestowed the title ''Nawab'' upon the [[Nawab of Tonk]] and [[Nawab of Jaora]].
He is also known to have bestowed the title ''Nawab'' upon the [[Nawab of Tonk]] and [[Nawab of Jaora]].


Akbar II appointed the Bengali reformer Ram Mohan Roy, to appeal against his treatment by the East India Company, conferring on him the title of Raja. Ram Mohan Roy then visited England, as the Mughal envoy to the Court of St. James. Ram Mohan Roy submitted a well-argued memorial on behalf of the Mughal ruler, but to no avail.
Akbar II appointed the Bengali reformer Ram Mohan Roy, to appeal against his treatment by the East India Company, conferring on him the title of Raja. Ram Mohan Roy then visited England, as the Mughal envoy to the [[Court of St James’s]]. Ram Mohan Roy submitted a well-argued memorial on behalf of the Mughal ruler, but to no avail.


The grave of Akbar II lies within a marble enclosure adjoined to the [[Moti Masjid (Mehrauli)|Moti Masjid]] near the [[dargah]] of the 13th century Sufi saint, [[Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki]] at [[Mehrauli]], Delhi. The Mughal emperors [[Bahadur Shah I]], ([[Shah Alam I]]) and [[Shah Alam II]] are also buried here.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Dadlani |first=Chanchal B. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1024165136 |title=From stone to paper : architecture as history in the late Mughal Empire |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-300-23317-9 |location=New Haven [CT] |pages=63 |oclc=1024165136}}</ref>
The grave of Akbar II lies within a marble enclosure adjoined to the [[Moti Masjid (Mehrauli)|Moti Masjid]] near the [[dargah]] of the 13th century Sufi saint, [[Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki]] at [[Mehrauli]], Delhi. The Mughal emperors [[Bahadur Shah I]], ([[Shah Alam I]]) and [[Shah Alam II]] are also buried here.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Dadlani |first=Chanchal B. |title=From stone to paper : architecture as history in the late Mughal Empire |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-300-23317-9 |location=New Haven [CT] |pages=63 |oclc=1024165136}}</ref>


<gallery>
<gallery>
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</gallery>
</gallery>


==Descendants==
== Descendants ==
[[File:India 1835 2 Mohurs (rev).jpg|thumb|275px|An East India Company Double [[Mohur]], struck in 1835, featuring [[Ali]] the lion ([[Sher-e-Ali]]) and the sacred tree of [[Karbala]]]]
[[File:India 1835 2 Mohurs (rev).jpg|thumb|275px|An East India Company Double [[Mohur]], struck in 1835, featuring [[Ali]] the lion ([[Sher-e-Ali]]) and the sacred tree of [[Karbala]]]]


After the mutiny, cousins of [[Mirza Mughal]], son of [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]], son of Akbar II, escaped to neighbouring areas in fear of capture by the British. Prince [[Mirza Mughal]], the heir apparent was himself captured and executed by the British near [[Delhi Gate, Delhi|Delhi gate]]. Many surviving princes settled in various provinces of India, but some settled in [[Burma]], [[Bengal]] and [[Deccanis|Deccan]] since a large number of imperial family members, along with Emperor [[Bahadur Shah II]] were exiled to Rangoon in [[Burma]].
After the mutiny, cousins of [[Mirza Mughal]], son of [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]], son of Akbar II, escaped to neighbouring areas in fear of capture by the British. Prince [[Mirza Mughal]], the heir apparent was himself captured and executed by the British near [[Delhi Gate, Delhi|Delhi gate]]. Many surviving princes settled in various provinces of India, but some settled in [[Burma]], [[Bengal]] and [[Deccanis|Deccan]] since a large number of imperial family members, along with Emperor [[Bahadur Shah II]] were exiled to Rangoon in [[Burma]].


==See also==
== See also ==
* [[Akbar I]]
* [[Akbar I]]
* [[Mirza Nali]]
* [[Mirza Nali]]
Line 86: Line 93:
* [[Mirza Zafar]]
* [[Mirza Zafar]]


==References==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==Bibliography==
== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite journal|last=Whitehead|first=Richard Bertram|author-link=R. B. Whitehead|date=1929|title=Akbar II as Pretender: A Study in Anarchy|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|volume=61 |issue=2|pages=259–272|doi=10.1017/S0035869X00082149 |issn=0035-869X|jstor=25193883|s2cid=163201364 }}
* {{Cite journal|last=Whitehead|first=Richard Bertram|author-link=R. B. Whitehead|date=1929|title=Akbar II as Pretender: A Study in Anarchy|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|volume=61 |issue=2|pages=259–272|doi=10.1017/S0035869X00082149 |issn=0035-869X|jstor=25193883|s2cid=163201364 }}


{{Commons category-inline}}
{{Commons category-inline}}


{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Timurid dynasty]]||1760||1837}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Shah Alam II]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Mughal Emperor]]|years=1806–1837}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Bahadur Shah II]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Mughal Empire}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Akbar Shah Ii}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Akbar Shah Ii}}
[[Category:18th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Emperors of the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Emperors of the Mughal Empire]]

Latest revision as of 13:36, 16 November 2025

Template:Short description Template:Use Indian English Template:Use dmy dates Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

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Akbar II (Template:Langx, Script error: No such module "IPA".; 22 April 1760 – 28 September 1837), also known as Akbar Shah II (Template:Langx), was the nineteenth Mughal emperor from 1806 to 1837. He was the second son of Shah Alam II and the father of Bahadur Shah II, who would eventually succeed him and become the last Mughal emperor.

Akbar had little de facto power due to the increasing British influence in India through the East India Company. He sent Ram Mohan Roy as an ambassador to Britain and gave him the title of Raja. During his regime, in 1835, the East India Company discontinued calling itself subject of the Mughal Emperor and issuing coins in his name. The Persian lines in the company's coins to this effect were deleted.

Akbar II was credited with starting the Hindu–Muslim unity festival Phool Walon Ki Sair.[1][2] His grave lies next to the dargah of 13th-century Sufi saint Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki at Mehrauli.

Early life

File:Shah Alam II (1759-1806), the blind mughal Emperor, seated on a golden throne..jpg
The crown prince seated next to his blinded father Shah Alam II (c. 1800)

Prince Mirza Akbar was born on 22 April 1760 to Emperor Shah Alam II at Mukundpur, Satna, while his father was in exile. On 2 May 1781, at the Red Fort, the prince was made Crown prince with the title of Wali Ahd Bahadur, after the death of his elder brother. In 1782, he was appointed the viceroy of Delhi until 1799. When the Rohilla leader Ghulam Qadir captured Delhi in 1788, the young Prince Mirza Akbar was forced to nautch dance along with other Mughal princes. He witnessed how the members of the imperial Mughal family were humiliated, as well as starved. When Shah Jahan IV fled, Mirza Akbar was titular Emperor with the title of Akbar Shah II, and was to remain acting emperor even after the reinstatement of his father Shah Alam II, till January 1789.

Reign

File:Silver Rupee from the Bombay Presidency, struck in the name of Mughal emperor Akbar II, photographed from a personal collection in West Bengal, India, September 17, 2024.jpg
Silver Rupee from the Bombay Presidency, struck in Ahmedabad, in the name of Mughal emperor Akbar II.
File:Silver Rupee of Bhopal State struck in the name of Mughal emperor Muhammad Akbar II, minted in Daulatgarh, having the trident symbol in horizontal position.jpg
Silver Rupee of the Bhopal State, struck in the name of Mughal emperor Akbar II, minted in Daulatgarh, having the trident symbol in horizontal position.
File:Silver Rupee of Bharatpur state, struck in the name of Mughal emperor Akbar II, Mahe Indrapur Mint.jpg
Silver Rupee of Bharatpur State, struck in the name of Mughal emperor Akbar II, Mahe Indrapur Mint.
File:Jade bowl of akbar shah national museum india.JPG
Jade bowl inscribed with the name of the emperor
File:Tombs of Shah Alam and Akbar II, c1890s.jpg
The tombs of Akbar II and his father Shah Alam II in Zafar Mehal, Mehrauli, Delhi

Emperor Akbar II presided over an empire titularly large but in effect limited to the Red Fort in Delhi alone. The cultural life of Delhi as a whole flourished during his reign. However, his attitude towards East India Company officials, especially Lord Hastings, to whom he refused to grant an audience on terms other than those of subject and sovereign, although honourable to him, increasingly frustrated the British, who regarded him as merely their pensioner. The British therefore reduced his titular authority to 'King of Delhi' in 1835 and the East India Company ceased to act as the mere lieutenants of the Mughal Empire as they did from 1803 to 1835. Simultaneously they replaced Persian text with English text on the company's coins, which no longer carried the emperor's name.

The British encouraged the Nawab of Oudh and the Nizam of Hyderabad to take royal titles to further diminish the Emperor's status and influence. Out of deference, the Nizam did not, but the Nawab of Awadh did so.

He is also known to have bestowed the title Nawab upon the Nawab of Tonk and Nawab of Jaora.

Akbar II appointed the Bengali reformer Ram Mohan Roy, to appeal against his treatment by the East India Company, conferring on him the title of Raja. Ram Mohan Roy then visited England, as the Mughal envoy to the Court of St James’s. Ram Mohan Roy submitted a well-argued memorial on behalf of the Mughal ruler, but to no avail.

The grave of Akbar II lies within a marble enclosure adjoined to the Moti Masjid near the dargah of the 13th century Sufi saint, Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki at Mehrauli, Delhi. The Mughal emperors Bahadur Shah I, (Shah Alam I) and Shah Alam II are also buried here.[3]

Descendants

File:India 1835 2 Mohurs (rev).jpg
An East India Company Double Mohur, struck in 1835, featuring Ali the lion (Sher-e-Ali) and the sacred tree of Karbala

After the mutiny, cousins of Mirza Mughal, son of Bahadur Shah Zafar, son of Akbar II, escaped to neighbouring areas in fear of capture by the British. Prince Mirza Mughal, the heir apparent was himself captured and executed by the British near Delhi gate. Many surviving princes settled in various provinces of India, but some settled in Burma, Bengal and Deccan since a large number of imperial family members, along with Emperor Bahadur Shah II were exiled to Rangoon in Burma.

See also

References

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Bibliography

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Template:Authority control

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