Asplenium: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Genus of ferns in the family Aspleniaceae}}
{{Short description|Genus of ferns in the spleenwort family}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Asplenium trichomanes subsp quadrivalens.jpg
| image = Asplenium trichomanes subsp quadrivalens.jpg
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'''''Asplenium''''' is a [[genus]] of about 700 [[species]] of [[fern]]s, often treated as the only genus in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Aspleniaceae]], though other authors consider ''[[Hymenasplenium]]'' separate, based on [[molecular phylogenetic]] analysis of [[DNA sequence]]s, a different chromosome count, and structural differences in the rhizomes. The [[type species]] for the genus is ''[[Asplenium marinum]]''.
'''''Asplenium''''' is a [[genus]] of about 700 [[species]] of [[fern]]s, often treated as the only genus in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Aspleniaceae]], though other authors consider ''[[Hymenasplenium]]'' separate, based on [[molecular phylogenetic]] analysis of [[DNA sequence]]s, a different chromosome count, and structural differences in the rhizomes. The [[type species]] for the genus is ''[[Asplenium marinum]]''.


The most common vernacular name is '''spleenworts''', applied to the more "typical" species. ''[[Asplenium nidus|A. nidus]]'' and several similar species are called '''[[bird's-nest fern]]s''', the ''Camptosorus'' group is known as '''[[walking fern]]s''', and distinct names are applied to some other particularly well-known species.
The most common vernacular name is '''spleenworts''', applied to the more "typical" species. ''[[Asplenium nidus|A. nidus]]'' and several similar species are called '''[[bird's-nest fern]]s''', the ''Camptosorus'' group is known as '''[[walking fern]]s''', and distinct names are applied to some other particularly well-known species.


== Etymology ==
== Etymology ==
From [[Neo-Latin|New Latin]] ''asplenium'' (“spleenworts”), [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]]'s adjustment of [[Latin]] ''asplenon'' (“spleenwort”), from [[Ancient Greek]] ἄσπληνον (''ásplēnon'', “spleenwort”), from ἀ- (''a-'', “un-”) + σπλήν (''splḗn'', “spleen”) + -ον (''-on'', “-um”), from its use to cure anthrax in livestock.<ref>{{Citation |title=Asplenium |date=2024-11-08 |work=Wiktionary, the free dictionary |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Asplenium |access-date=2025-01-30 |language=en}}</ref>
From [[Neo-Latin|New Latin]] {{Lang|la|asplenium}} ("spleenworts"), [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]]'s adjustment of [[Latin]] {{Lang|la|asplenon}} ("spleenwort"), from [[Ancient Greek]] {{Lang|grc|ἄσπληνον}} ({{Lang|grc-Latn|ásplēnon}}, "spleenwort"), from ἀ- (''a-'', "un-") + {{Lang|grc|σπλήν}} ({{Lang|grc-Latn|splḗn}}, "spleen") + -ον (''-on'', "-um"), from its use to cure anthrax in livestock.<ref>{{Citation |title=Asplenium |date=2024-11-08 |work=Wiktionary, the free dictionary |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Asplenium |access-date=2025-01-30 |language=en}}</ref>


==Taxonomy and genetics==
==Taxonomy and genetics==
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Some of the older classifications elevate the Aspleniaceae to the [[taxonomic rank]] of [[order (biology)|order]] as Aspleniales. The newer classifications place it in the subordinal group called eupolypods within the order [[Polypodiales]]. Within the eupolypods, Aspleniaceae belongs to a [[clade]] informally and provisionally known as eupolypods II.
Some of the older classifications elevate the Aspleniaceae to the [[taxonomic rank]] of [[order (biology)|order]] as Aspleniales. The newer classifications place it in the subordinal group called eupolypods within the order [[Polypodiales]]. Within the eupolypods, Aspleniaceae belongs to a [[clade]] informally and provisionally known as eupolypods II.


It has been found that in some species, the [[chloroplast]] [[plastome|genome]] has [[Introduction to evolution|evolved]] in complex and highly unusual ways. This makes standard [[cladistic]] analyses unsuited to resolve the [[phylogeny]] of that particular group of ferns, and even very sophisticated [[computational phylogenetics]] methods yield little information. In addition to hybridization running rampant in parts of this genus, there are also some species like the [[mother spleenwort]] (''A. bulbiferum'') or ''[[Asplenium viviparum|A. viviparum]]'' which mainly [[asexual reproduction|reproduce asexually]], essentially [[cloning]] themselves over and over again. While most are [[diploid]] or [[tetraploid]], some species (e.g. ''[[Asplenium shuttleworthianum|A. shuttleworthianum]]'') are octoploid.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Lara D. Shepherd, Barbara R. Holland & Leon R. Perrie |year=2008 |title=Conflict amongst chloroplast DNA sequences obscures the phylogeny of a group of ''Asplenium'' ferns |journal=[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution]] |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=176–187 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2008.02.023 |pmid=18462954|bibcode=2008MolPE..48..176S }}</ref>
It has been found that in some species, the [[chloroplast]] [[plastome|genome]] has [[Introduction to evolution|evolved]] in complex and highly unusual ways. This makes standard [[cladistic]] analyses unsuited to resolve the [[phylogeny]] of that particular group of ferns, and even very sophisticated [[computational phylogenetics]] methods yield little information. In addition to hybridization running rampant in parts of this genus, there are also some species like the [[mother spleenwort]] (''A. bulbiferum'') or ''[[Asplenium viviparum|A.&nbsp;viviparum]]'' which mainly [[asexual reproduction|reproduce asexually]], essentially [[cloning]] themselves over and over again. While most are [[diploid]] or [[tetraploid]], some species (e.g. ''[[Asplenium shuttleworthianum|A.&nbsp;shuttleworthianum]]'') are octoploid.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Lara D. Shepherd, Barbara R. Holland & Leon R. Perrie |year=2008 |title=Conflict amongst chloroplast DNA sequences obscures the phylogeny of a group of ''Asplenium'' ferns |journal=[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution]] |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=176–187 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2008.02.023 |pmid=18462954|bibcode=2008MolPE..48..176S }}</ref>


==Uses==
==Uses==
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{{cite wikisource|chapter=Book I|wslink=Ten Books on Architecture|plaintitle=Ten Books on Architecture|last=|first=|year=|publisher=|page=|wspage=|scan=}} </blockquote>
{{cite wikisource|chapter=Book I|wslink=Ten Books on Architecture|plaintitle=Ten Books on Architecture|last=|first=|year=|publisher=|page=|wspage=|scan=}} </blockquote>


A few of these ferns have some economic importance in the [[horticulture]] trade. The [[bird's-nest fern]]s (''[[Asplenium nidus|A. nidus]]'' and several very similar, closely related species) are commonly found for sale as a [[house plant]]. The Australian [[mother spleenwort]] (''A. bulbiferum'') is sometimes available at [[greenhouse]]s, and is of interest, along with the related ''[[Asplenium viviparum|A. viviparum]]'', for the many small bulblets borne on the fronds that may grow into new plants. This characteristic is also shared with the eastern North American [[walking fern]] (''A. rhizophyllum'') and several Mexican species including ''[[Asplenium palmeri|A. palmeri]]''. The [[ebony spleenwort]] ''A. platyneuron'' is also sometimes sold in nurseries as a hardy plant. However, many spleenworts are epipetric or [[Epiphyte|epiphytic]] and difficult to cultivate.
A few of these ferns have some economic importance in the [[horticulture]] trade. The [[bird's-nest fern]]s (''[[Asplenium nidus|A.&nbsp;nidus]]'' and several very similar, closely related species) are commonly found for sale as a [[house plant]]. The Australian [[mother spleenwort]] (''A. bulbiferum'') is sometimes available at [[greenhouse]]s, and is of interest, along with the related ''[[Asplenium viviparum|A.&nbsp;viviparum]]'', for the many small bulblets borne on the fronds that may grow into new plants. This characteristic is also shared with the eastern North American [[walking fern]] (''A.&nbsp;rhizophyllum'') and several Mexican species including ''[[Asplenium palmeri|A.&nbsp;palmeri]]''. The [[ebony spleenwort]] ''A.&nbsp;platyneuron'' is also sometimes sold in nurseries as a hardy plant. However, many spleenworts are epipetric or [[Epiphyte|epiphytic]] and difficult to cultivate.


''Asplenium'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including ''[[Batrachedra bedelliella]]'' which feeds exclusively on ''A. nidus''. For diseases of ''Asplenium'', see [[List of foliage plant diseases (Polypodiaceae)]].
''Asplenium'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including ''[[Batrachedra bedelliella]]'' which feeds exclusively on ''A.&nbsp;nidus''. For diseases of ''Asplenium'', see [[List of foliage plant diseases (Polypodiaceae)]].


==Selected species==
==Selected species==
{{Main article|List of Asplenium species}}
[[File:Asplenium adiantum-nigrum 141007.jpg|thumb|right|[[Black spleenwort]] (''[[Asplenium adiantum-nigrum|A. adiantum-nigrum]]'')]]
[[File:Asplenium adiantum-nigrum 141007.jpg|thumb|right|[[Black spleenwort]] (''[[Asplenium adiantum-nigrum|A. adiantum-nigrum]]'')]]
[[File:Starr 050423-6681 Asplenium aethiopicum.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Asplenium aethiopicum]]'']]
[[File:Starr 050423-6681 Asplenium aethiopicum.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Asplenium aethiopicum]]'']]
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* ''[[Asplenium oligolepidum]]'' <small>C.Chr.</small> (= ''A. lucidum'' <small>''auct. non'' Burm.f., ''sensu'' G.Forst.</small>)<!-- MolPhylogenetEvol48:176. The synonym "A. lucidum" applies to this species and A. oblongifolium. -->
* ''[[Asplenium oligolepidum]]'' <small>C.Chr.</small> (= ''A. lucidum'' <small>''auct. non'' Burm.f., ''sensu'' G.Forst.</small>)<!-- MolPhylogenetEvol48:176. The synonym "A. lucidum" applies to this species and A. oblongifolium. -->
* ''[[Asplenium oligophlebium]]''
* ''[[Asplenium oligophlebium]]''
* ''[[Asplenium onopteris]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]</small> – [[western black spleenwort]], [[Irish spleenwort]] (sometimes included in ''A. adiantum-nigrum'')
* ''[[Asplenium onopteris]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]</small> – [[western black spleenwort]], [[Irish spleenwort]] (sometimes included in ''A.&nbsp;adiantum-nigrum'')
* ''[[Asplenium pacificum]]''
* ''[[Asplenium pacificum]]''
* ''[[Asplenium paleaceum]]'' <small>R.Br.</small> – [[chaffy spleenwort]]
* ''[[Asplenium paleaceum]]'' <small>R.Br.</small> – [[chaffy spleenwort]]
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[[Category:Epiphytes]]
[[Category:Epiphytes]]
[[Category:Fern genera]]
[[Category:Fern genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

Latest revision as of 23:14, 21 November 2025

Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox

Asplenium is a genus of about 700 species of ferns, often treated as the only genus in the family Aspleniaceae, though other authors consider Hymenasplenium separate, based on molecular phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences, a different chromosome count, and structural differences in the rhizomes. The type species for the genus is Asplenium marinum.

The most common vernacular name is spleenworts, applied to the more "typical" species. A. nidus and several similar species are called bird's-nest ferns, the Camptosorus group is known as walking ferns, and distinct names are applied to some other particularly well-known species.

Etymology

From New Latin Script error: No such module "Lang". ("spleenworts"), Linnaeus's adjustment of Latin Script error: No such module "Lang". ("spleenwort"), from Ancient Greek Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang"., "spleenwort"), from ἀ- (a-, "un-") + Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang"., "spleen") + -ον (-on, "-um"), from its use to cure anthrax in livestock.[1]

Taxonomy and genetics

Many groups of species have been separated from Asplenium as segregate genera. These include Camptosorus, Ceterach, Phyllitis, and Tarachia, but these species can form hybrids with other Asplenium species and because of this are usually included in a more broadly defined Asplenium.[2]

Some of the older classifications elevate the Aspleniaceae to the taxonomic rank of order as Aspleniales. The newer classifications place it in the subordinal group called eupolypods within the order Polypodiales. Within the eupolypods, Aspleniaceae belongs to a clade informally and provisionally known as eupolypods II.

It has been found that in some species, the chloroplast genome has evolved in complex and highly unusual ways. This makes standard cladistic analyses unsuited to resolve the phylogeny of that particular group of ferns, and even very sophisticated computational phylogenetics methods yield little information. In addition to hybridization running rampant in parts of this genus, there are also some species like the mother spleenwort (A. bulbiferum) or A. viviparum which mainly reproduce asexually, essentially cloning themselves over and over again. While most are diploid or tetraploid, some species (e.g. A. shuttleworthianum) are octoploid.[3]

Uses

Both the scientific name and the common name "spleenwort" are derived from an old belief, based on the doctrine of signatures, that the fern was useful for ailments of the spleen,[4] due to the spleen-shaped sori on the backs of the fronds. "-wort" is an ancient English term that simply means "plant" (compare German -wurz). The plants were thought to cause infertility in women.[4]

Vitruvius relates the story of the name thus:

... certain pastures in Crete, on each side of the river Pothereus, which separates the two Cretan states of Gnosus and Gortyna. There are cattle at pasture on the right and left banks of that river, but while the cattle that feed near Gnosus have the usual spleen, those on the other side near Gortyna have no perceptible spleen. On investigating the subject, physicians discovered on this side a kind of herb which the cattle chew and thus make their spleen small. The herb is therefore gathered and used as a medicine for the cure of splenetic people. The Cretans call it ἄσπληνον. Script error: No such module "If empty".Script error: No such module "template wrapper".

A few of these ferns have some economic importance in the horticulture trade. The bird's-nest ferns (A. nidus and several very similar, closely related species) are commonly found for sale as a house plant. The Australian mother spleenwort (A. bulbiferum) is sometimes available at greenhouses, and is of interest, along with the related A. viviparum, for the many small bulblets borne on the fronds that may grow into new plants. This characteristic is also shared with the eastern North American walking fern (A. rhizophyllum) and several Mexican species including A. palmeri. The ebony spleenwort A. platyneuron is also sometimes sold in nurseries as a hardy plant. However, many spleenworts are epipetric or epiphytic and difficult to cultivate.

Asplenium species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Batrachedra bedelliella which feeds exclusively on A. nidus. For diseases of Asplenium, see List of foliage plant diseases (Polypodiaceae).

Selected species

Template:Main article

File:Asplenium adiantum-nigrum 141007.jpg
Black spleenwort (A. adiantum-nigrum)
File:Starr 050423-6681 Asplenium aethiopicum.jpg
Asplenium aethiopicum
File:Asplenium australasicum 001.jpg
Crow's-nest fern (A. australasicum), one of the bird's-nest ferns
File:台灣山蘇花 台灣巢蕨 - 蓬萊溪自然生態園區 Asplenium nidus 20220827222839 01.jpg
Asplenium nidus, one of the bird's-nest ferns
File:Asplenium azoricum (Habitus).jpg
Asplenium azoricum
File:Asplenium marinum (aka).jpg
Sea spleenwort (A. marinum)
File:Asplenium septentrionale 070906.jpg
Forked spleenwort (A. septentrionale)
File:Asplenium-viride.jpg
Green spleenwort (A. viride)
File:Asplenium hemionitis sori.jpg
Asplenium hemionitis

See also

References

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