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{{short description|Failure of the eye orbits to separate in two during embryonic development}}
{{Short description|Extreme form of holoprosencephaly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}{{about|the congenital disorder}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}{{about|the congenital disorder}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name = Cyclopia
| name = Cyclopia
| synonyms = Cyclocephaly, synophthalmia
| synonyms = Cyclocephaly, synophthalmia, monophthalmia
| image = Cyclopia fetuses.jpg
| image = Cyclopia fetuses.jpg
| caption = Fetuses with cyclopia
| caption = Fetuses with cyclopia
| pronounce =  
| pronounce =
| field = [[Medical genetics]]
| field = [[Medical genetics]]
| symptoms =  
| symptoms =
| complications =  
| complications =
| onset = During embryonic development
| onset = During embryonic development
| duration = Lifelong
| duration = Lifelong
| types =  
| types =
| causes =  
| causes =
| risks =  
| risks =
| diagnosis =  
| diagnosis =
| differential =  
| differential =
| prevention =  
| prevention =
| treatment =  
| treatment =
| medication =  
| medication =
| prognosis = Invariably Fatal
| prognosis = Invariably fatal
| frequency = 1 in 100,000 births
| frequency = 1 in 100,000 births
| deaths =  
| deaths =
}}
}}
'''Cyclopia''' (named after the Greek mythology characters [[cyclopes]]), also known as '''alobar holoprosencephaly''', is the most extreme form of [[holoprosencephaly]] and is a [[congenital disorder]] (birth defect) characterized by the failure of the embryonic [[prosencephalon]] to properly divide the [[Orbit (anatomy)|orbits]] of the eye into two cavities. Its incidence is 1 in 16,000 in born animals and 1 in 200 in [[miscarriage|miscarried fetuses]].<ref>''Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary'', {{ISBN|0-8036-0654-0}}</ref><ref>[[Armand Marie Leroi|Leroi, Armand Marie]] ''Mutants: On Genetic Variety and the Human Body'', p.73. {{ISBN|978-0142004821}}</ref>
'''Cyclopia''' (named after the Greek mythology characters [[cyclopes]]), also known as '''alobar holoprosencephaly''', is the most extreme form of [[holoprosencephaly]] and is a [[congenital disorder]] (birth defect) characterized by the failure of the embryonic [[prosencephalon]] to properly divide the [[Orbit (anatomy)|orbits]] of the eye into two cavities. Its incidence is 1 in 16,000 in born animals and 1 in 200 in [[miscarriage|miscarried fetuses]].<ref>''Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary'', {{ISBN|0-8036-0654-0}}</ref><ref>[[Armand Marie Leroi|Leroi, Armand Marie]] ''Mutants: On Genetic Variety and the Human Body'', p.73. {{ISBN|978-0142004821}}</ref>


== Signs and symptoms ==
== Signs and symptoms ==
Typically, the nose is either missing or not functional. This deformity (called [[Proboscis (anomaly)|proboscis]]) forms above the center eye and is characteristic of a form of cyclopia called rhinencephaly or rhinocephaly.<ref>Dark, Graham (2007). [http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?rhinocephaly Rhinocephaly]. In [http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?query=&action=Home ''Online Medical Dictionary'']. Retrieved July 23, 2008.</ref> Most such embryos are either naturally [[miscarriage|miscarried]] or are [[stillbirth|stillborn]] upon [[childbirth|delivery]].
Typically, the nose is either missing or not functional. This deformity (called [[Proboscis (anomaly)|proboscis]]) forms above the center eye and is characteristic of a form of cyclopia called rhinencephaly or rhinocephaly.<ref>Dark, Graham (2007). [http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?rhinocephaly Rhinocephaly]. In [http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?query=&action=Home ''Online Medical Dictionary'']. Retrieved July 23, 2008.</ref> Most such embryos are either naturally [[miscarriage|miscarried]] or are [[stillbirth|stillborn]] upon [[childbirth|delivery]].{{cn|date=November 2025}}


Although cyclopia is rare, several cyclopic human babies are preserved in medical museums (e.g. The [[University of Amsterdam|Vrolik Museum]], Amsterdam, Trivandrum Medical College).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amc.uva.nl/index.cfm?pid=2668|title=Vrolik Museum, Department of Anatomy And Embryology, University of Amsterdam|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208132537/http://www.amc.uva.nl/index.cfm?pid=2668|archive-date=2007-12-08}}</ref>
Although cyclopia is rare, several cyclopic human babies are preserved in medical museums (e.g. The [[University of Amsterdam|Vrolik Museum]], Amsterdam, Trivandrum Medical College).<ref>{{cite web |title=Vrolik Museum, Department of Anatomy And Embryology, University of Amsterdam |url=http://www.amc.uva.nl/index.cfm?pid=2668 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208132537/http://www.amc.uva.nl/index.cfm?pid=2668 |archive-date=2007-12-08}}</ref>


Some extreme cases of cyclopia have been documented in farm animals (horses, sheep, pigs, goats, and sometimes chickens). In such cases, the nose and mouth fail to form, or the nose grows from the roof of the mouth, obstructing airflow and resulting in suffocation shortly after birth.<ref name="freakyface">{{cite web|url=http://www.messybeast.com/freak-face.htm |title=Feline Medical Curiosities: Facial Deformities |publisher=Messybeast.com |year=2007 |access-date=2008-11-29}}</ref>
Some extreme cases of cyclopia have been documented in farm animals (horses, sheep, pigs, goats, and sometimes chickens). In such cases, the nose and mouth fail to form, or the nose grows from the roof of the mouth, obstructing airflow and resulting in suffocation shortly after birth.<ref name="freakyface">{{cite web |year=2007 |title=Feline Medical Curiosities: Facial Deformities |url=http://www.messybeast.com/freak-face.htm |access-date=2008-11-29 |publisher=Messybeast.com}}</ref>


== Causes ==
== Causes ==
Genetic defects or toxins can misdirect the embryonic forebrain-dividing process.<ref name="medterms">{{cite web|url=http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=15530|title=Cyclopia definition|work=Medical Dictionary|publisher=MedTerms|access-date=2008-11-29|archive-date=2013-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102213304/http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=15530|url-status=dead}}</ref> One highly [[teratogenic]] alkaloid toxin that can cause cyclopia is [[cyclopamine]] or 2-deoxyjervine, found in the plant ''[[Veratrum californicum]]'' (also known as corn lily or false hellebore). Grazing animals are most likely to ingest this plant and induce cyclopia in offspring. People sometimes accidentally ingest false hellebore while pregnant thinking it is [[hellebore]], which has been suggested as a "natural" treatment for [[vomiting]], [[cramp]]s, and poor circulation – three conditions which may be present in the early stages of pregnancy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teratology.org/members/JMFpresentation/tsld011.htm|title=Teratology Society|access-date=2007-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218093222/http://www.teratology.org/members/JMFpresentation/tsld011.htm|archive-date=2007-12-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> Cyclopia occurs  when [[Holoprosencephaly#Genetics|certain proteins are inappropriately expressed]],<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mutations in the C-terminal domain of Sonic Hedgehog cause holoprosencephaly|journal=Human Molecular Genetics|volume=6|issue=11|pages=1847–1853|author1=Erich Roessler |author2=Elena Belloni |author3= Karin Gaudenz |author4= Fernando Vargas |author5=Stephen W. Scherer |author6= Lap-Chee Tsui |author7=Maximilian Muenke |name-list-style=amp |year=1997|doi=10.1093/hmg/6.11.1847|pmid=9302262|doi-access=free}}</ref> causing the brain to stay whole, rather than developing two distinct hemispheres. This leads to the fetus having one [[Midbrain#Corpora quadrigemina|optic lobe]] and one [[Olfactory bulb|olfactory lobe]], resulting in the eye and nose malformations of cyclopia.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Cyclopia and defective axial patterning in mice lacking Sonic hedgehog gene function|journal=Nature|author1=Chin Chiang |author2=Ying Litingtung |author3=Eric Lee |author4=Keith E. Young |author5=Jeffrey L Corden |author6=Heiner Westphal |author7=Philip A. Beachy | doi=10.1038/383407a0 | volume=383 |issue=6599|pmid=8837770 | pages=407–413|year=1996|bibcode=1996Natur.383..407C|s2cid=4339131}}</ref>
Genetic defects or toxins can misdirect the embryonic forebrain-dividing process.<ref name="medterms">{{cite web |title=Cyclopia definition |url=http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=15530 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102213304/http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=15530 |archive-date=2013-11-02 |access-date=2008-11-29 |work=Medical Dictionary |publisher=MedTerms}}</ref> One highly [[teratogenic]] alkaloid toxin that can cause cyclopia is [[cyclopamine]] or 2-deoxyjervine, found in the plant ''[[Veratrum californicum]]'' (also known as corn lily or false hellebore). Grazing animals are most likely to ingest this plant and induce cyclopia in offspring. People sometimes accidentally ingest false hellebore while pregnant thinking it is [[hellebore]], which has been suggested as a "natural" treatment for [[vomiting]], [[cramp]]s, and poor circulation – three conditions which may be present in the early stages of pregnancy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Teratology Society |url=http://www.teratology.org/members/JMFpresentation/tsld011.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218093222/http://www.teratology.org/members/JMFpresentation/tsld011.htm |archive-date=2007-12-18 |access-date=2007-09-24}}</ref> Cyclopia occurs  when [[Holoprosencephaly#Genetics|certain proteins are inappropriately expressed]],<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Erich Roessler |author2=Elena Belloni |author3=Karin Gaudenz |author4=Fernando Vargas |author5=Stephen W. Scherer |author6=Lap-Chee Tsui |author7=Maximilian Muenke |name-list-style=amp |year=1997 |title=Mutations in the C-terminal domain of Sonic Hedgehog cause holoprosencephaly |journal=Human Molecular Genetics |volume=6 |issue=11 |pages=1847–1853 |doi=10.1093/hmg/6.11.1847 |pmid=9302262 |doi-access=free}}</ref> causing the brain to stay whole, rather than developing two distinct hemispheres. This leads to the fetus having one [[Midbrain#Corpora quadrigemina|optic lobe]] and one [[Olfactory bulb|olfactory lobe]], resulting in the eye and nose malformations of cyclopia.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Chin Chiang |author2=Ying Litingtung |author3=Eric Lee |author4=Keith E. Young |author5=Jeffrey L Corden |author6=Heiner Westphal |author7=Philip A. Beachy |year=1996 |title=Cyclopia and defective axial patterning in mice lacking Sonic hedgehog gene function |journal=Nature |volume=383 |issue=6599 |pages=407–413 |bibcode=1996Natur.383..407C |doi=10.1038/383407a0 |pmid=8837770 |s2cid=4339131}}</ref>


The [[Sonic hedgehog protein]] (SHH) is the gene regulator involved in the separation of the single eye field into two bilateral fields.<ref>{{cite book |last= Carlson |first= Bruce |year= 2014 |title= Human Embryology and Developmental Biology |edition = 5th |publisher= Elsevier |page= 309 |isbn= 978-1-4557-2794-0}}</ref>  
The [[Sonic hedgehog protein]] (SHH) is the gene regulator involved in the separation of the single eye field into two bilateral fields.<ref>{{cite book |last=Carlson |first=Bruce |title=Human Embryology and Developmental Biology |publisher=Elsevier |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-4557-2794-0 |edition=5th |page=309}}</ref>
Although not proven, it is thought that SHH emitted from the prechordal plate suppresses [[Pax6]], which causes the eye field to divide into two. If the SHH gene is mutated, the result is cyclopia, a single eye in the center of the face (Gilbert, 2000).
Although not proven, it is thought that SHH emitted from the prechordal plate suppresses [[Pax6]], which causes the eye field to divide into two. If the SHH gene is mutated, the result is cyclopia, a single eye in the center of the face (Gilbert, 2000).


== Notable cases ==
== Notable cases ==
* A [[United Kingdom|British]] description from 1665 of a [[Colt (horse)|colt]] that appeared to have cyclopia reads:{{Blockquote|text=''First'', That it had no sign of any ''Nose'' in the usual place, nor had it any, in any other place of the Head, unless the double Bagg CC that grew out of the midst of the forehead, were some rudiment of it. ''Next'', That the ''two Eyes'' were united into one ''Double Eye'' which was placed just in the middle of the Brow.<ref>{{cite journal | date = 3 July 1665 | title = Observables upon a Monstrous Head | journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society | volume = 1 | issue = 5 | pages = 85–86 | jstor=101436 | doi=10.1098/rstl.1665.0037| bibcode = 1665RSPT....1...85. | s2cid = 186213738 }}{{gutenberg|28758|Volume 1 – 1666}}</ref>}}
* A [[United Kingdom|British]] description from 1665 of a [[Colt (horse)|colt]] that appeared to have cyclopia reads:{{Blockquote|text=''First'', That it had no sign of any ''Nose'' in the usual place, nor had it any, in any other place of the Head, unless the double Bagg CC that grew out of the midst of the forehead, were some rudiment of it. ''Next'', That the ''two Eyes'' were united into one ''Double Eye'' which was placed just in the middle of the Brow.<ref>{{cite journal |date=3 July 1665 |title=Observables upon a Monstrous Head |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society |volume=1 |issue=5 |pages=85–86 |bibcode=1665RSPT....1...85. |doi=10.1098/rstl.1665.0037 |jstor=101436 |s2cid=186213738}}{{gutenberg|28758 |Volume 1 – 1666}}</ref>}}
* In October 1766, an infant in France was born with cyclopia, living for only a few hours. Reports of the case were made in the ''[[Mercure de France]]'' and an illustration of the infant was made by [[Marie Marguerite Bihéron|Marie Bihéron]]. The case was also mentioned in Volume IV of [[Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon|Buffon]]'s ''L'Histoire Naturelle''.
* In October 1766, an infant in France was born with cyclopia, living for only a few hours. Reports of the case were made in the ''[[Mercure de France]]'' and an illustration of the infant was made by [[Marie Marguerite Bihéron|Marie Bihéron]]. The case was also mentioned in Volume IV of [[Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon|Buffon]]'s ''L'Histoire Naturelle''.
[[File:Cyclopia1793.png|thumb|A Swedish description from 1793 of a newborn with cyclopia]]
[[File:Cyclopia1793.png|thumb|A Swedish description from 1793 of a newborn with cyclopia]]
* On 1 March 1793, a 46-year-old woman in Boalts Torp, [[Glimåkra]], [[Sweden]] gave birth to a child with cyclopia that died after two hours. The child was 35cm long, its face without nose and nostrils, and its lidless eye with no eyebrow sat raised on the middle of its forehead like a large blueberry. The wrists were somewhat crooked as well as the right foot which was completely crooked and bent inwards. It was not clear whether it was a boy or a girl, but it was believed to be the former.<ref>{{cite book|author= <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title= Kyrkbok |location= [[Glimåkra]] |volume= CI:3 |series= 1752–1800 |chapter= Födde |pages= 174–175 |year= 1793 |trans-chapter=Birth |trans-title=[[Parish Register]] |language= sv }}</ref>
* On 1 March 1793, a 46-year-old woman in Boalts Torp, [[Glimåkra]], [[Sweden]] gave birth to a child with cyclopia that died after two hours. The child was 35&nbsp;cm long, its face without nose and nostrils, and its lidless eye with no eyebrow sat raised on the middle of its forehead like a large blueberry. The wrists were somewhat crooked as well as the right foot which was completely crooked and bent inwards. It was not clear whether it was a boy or a girl, but it was believed to be the former.<ref>{{cite book |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Kyrkbok |year=1793 |series=1752–1800 |volume=CI:3 |location=[[Glimåkra]] |pages=174–175 |language=sv |trans-title=[[Parish Register]] |chapter=Födde |trans-chapter=Birth}}</ref>
* In November 1889, reports emerged from [[Umatilla County, Oregon]], of a [[Nez Perce]] child with one eye in the center of the forehead. The child was reportedly healthy and "able to see with ease, and ran about with as much freedom as any of his companions."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Humanities |first=National Endowment for the |date=1889-11-22 |title=The state rights democrat. [volume] (Albany, Linn County, Oregon) 1865-1900, November 22, 1889, Image 3 |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84022644/1889-11-22/ed-1/seq-3/ |access-date=2023-04-30 |issn=2470-9085}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Humanities |first=National Endowment for the |date=1889-11-22 |title=The Corvallis gazette. [volume] (Corvallis, Or.) 1862-1899, November 22, 1889, Image 4 |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84022650/1889-11-22/ed-1/seq-4/ |access-date=2023-04-30 |issn=2472-4416}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Humanities |first=National Endowment for the |date=1889-11-26 |title=The Anaconda standard. [volume] (Anaconda, Mont.) 1889-1970, November 26, 1889, Morning, Image 8 |pages=8 |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84036012/1889-11-26/ed-1/seq-8/ |access-date=2023-04-30 |issn=2163-4483}}</ref> Several individuals tried to locate the child to be put on display, but the tribe had left to hunt in the mountains by the time they arrived.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Humanities |first=National Endowment for the |date=1889-11-28 |title=The Yakima herald. [volume] (North Yakima, W.T. [Wash.]) 1889-1914, November 28, 1889, Image 1 |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn88085523/1889-11-28/ed-1/seq-1/ |access-date=2023-04-30 |issn=2158-4745}}</ref> It is unknown what became of the child.
* In November 1889, reports emerged from [[Umatilla County, Oregon]], of a [[Nez Perce]] child with one eye in the center of the forehead. The child was reportedly healthy and "able to see with ease, and ran about with as much freedom as any of his companions."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Humanities |first=National Endowment for the |date=1889-11-22 |title=The state rights democrat. [volume] (Albany, Linn County, Oregon) 1865-1900, November 22, 1889, Image 3 |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84022644/1889-11-22/ed-1/seq-3/ |access-date=2023-04-30 |issn=2470-9085}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Humanities |first=National Endowment for the |date=1889-11-22 |title=The Corvallis gazette. [volume] (Corvallis, Or.) 1862-1899, November 22, 1889, Image 4 |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84022650/1889-11-22/ed-1/seq-4/ |access-date=2023-04-30 |issn=2472-4416}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Humanities |first=National Endowment for the |date=1889-11-26 |title=The Anaconda standard. [volume] (Anaconda, Mont.) 1889-1970, November 26, 1889, Morning, Image 8 |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84036012/1889-11-26/ed-1/seq-8/ |access-date=2023-04-30 |pages=8 |issn=2163-4483}}</ref> Several individuals tried to locate the child to be put on display, but the tribe had left to hunt in the mountains by the time they arrived.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Humanities |first=National Endowment for the |date=1889-11-28 |title=The Yakima herald. [volume] (North Yakima, W.T. [Wash.]) 1889-1914, November 28, 1889, Image 1 |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn88085523/1889-11-28/ed-1/seq-1/ |access-date=2023-04-30 |issn=2158-4745}}</ref> It is unknown what became of the child.
* On December 28, 2005, a kitten with cyclopia, "Cy", was born in [[Redmond, Oregon|Redmond]], [[Oregon]], [[United States]] and died about one day after birth.<ref name=cy>{{cite web | last = Petty | first = Terrence | title = Not a Hoax, One-Eyed Kitten Had Bizarre Condition | work = Animaldomain | publisher = LiveScience.com | date = January 11, 2006 | url = http://www.livescience.com/animalworld/060111_ap_cyclops_cat.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060203010920/http://www.livescience.com/animalworld/060111_ap_cyclops_cat.html | archive-date = 2006-02-03 | access-date = 2014-03-07 }}</ref>
* On December 28, 2005, a kitten with cyclopia, "Cy", was born in [[Redmond, Oregon]], United States and died about one day after birth.<ref name="cy">{{cite web |last=Petty |first=Terrence |date=January 11, 2006 |title=Not a Hoax, One-Eyed Kitten Had Bizarre Condition |url=http://www.livescience.com/animalworld/060111_ap_cyclops_cat.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060203010920/http://www.livescience.com/animalworld/060111_ap_cyclops_cat.html |archive-date=2006-02-03 |access-date=2014-03-07 |work=Animaldomain |publisher=LiveScience.com}}</ref>
* In 2006, a baby girl in India with cyclopia was born. Her only eye was in the center of her forehead. She did not have a nose and her brain did not separate into two separate hemispheres ([[holoprosencephaly]]).<ref name="Cyclops Baby">{{cite web|title=Cyclops Baby|url=http://www.oddee.com/item_93761.aspx|publisher=Oddee|access-date=1 October 2012|date=2008-02-28}}</ref> The child died one day after her birth.<ref name="Cyclops Baby Born in India Only Survives 1 Day">{{cite web|title=Cyclops Baby Born in India Only Survives 1 Day|url=http://www.aolnews.com/2011/03/24/baby-with-1-eye-and-no-nose-born-in-india-survives-1-day/|publisher=AOL News|access-date=1 October 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919173046/http://www.aolnews.com/2011/03/24/baby-with-1-eye-and-no-nose-born-in-india-survives-1-day/|archive-date=19 September 2012}}</ref>
* In 2006, a baby girl with cyclopia was born in [[Chennai]], India. Her only eye was in the center of her forehead. She did not have a nose and her brain did not separate into two separate hemispheres ([[holoprosencephaly]]).<ref>{{cite web |last=Carney |first=Scott |date=August 10, 2006 |title=Cancer Drug Behind Cyclops Birth? |url=http://www.wired.com/medtech/drugs/news/2006/08/71569 |website=Wired |publisher=Condé Nast Digital |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204151524/http://www.wired.com/medtech/drugs/news/2006/08/71569 |archive-date=December 4, 2011 |access-date=December 11, 2025}}</ref> She died approximately a month after her birth, surviving longer than any known previous case.<ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=September 20, 2006 |title=Mystery of the One-Eyed Child |url=https://www.wired.com/2006/09/mystery-of-the-one-eyed-child/ |website=Wired |publisher=Condé Nast Digital |access-date=December 11, 2025}}</ref>
* In 2011, an [[Albinism|albino]] cyclops shark fetus was discovered in the body of a caught shark in Mexico, with no discernible nose and one giant eye. The unborn fetus was turned over for medical studies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/10/pictures/111013-shark-albino-one-eyed-fetus/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140307095739/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/10/pictures/111013-shark-albino-one-eyed-fetus/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 7, 2014 |title=Pictures: Rare "Cyclops" Shark Found |publisher=News.nationalgeographic.com |date=2011-10-13 |access-date=2014-03-07}}</ref>
* A boy with one eye and no nose was born in India in 2011. The child died one day after his birth.<ref name="Cyclops Baby Born in India Only Survives 1 Day">{{cite web |title=Cyclops Baby Born in India Only Survives 1 Day |url=http://www.aolnews.com/2011/03/24/baby-with-1-eye-and-no-nose-born-in-india-survives-1-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919173046/http://www.aolnews.com/2011/03/24/baby-with-1-eye-and-no-nose-born-in-india-survives-1-day/ |archive-date=19 September 2012 |access-date=1 October 2012 |publisher=AOL News}}</ref>
* On October 10, 2012, a small kitten was born. Its eye was in the center of the forehead and there was no developed nose to be found. The small cat died shortly after it was born. It was nicknamed Cleyed the Cyclops.<ref name=cleyed>{{cite web |title=Viewers pitied Cleyed, the one-eyed kitten |url=http://doubtfulnews.com/2012/10/viewers-pitied-cleyed-the-one-eyed-kitten |access-date=2012-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212015103/http://doubtfulnews.com/2012/10/viewers-pitied-cleyed-the-one-eyed-kitten/ |archive-date=2012-12-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* In 2011, an [[Albinism|albino]] cyclops shark fetus was discovered in the body of a caught shark in Mexico, with no discernible nose and one giant eye. The unborn fetus was turned over for medical studies.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011-10-13 |title=Pictures: Rare "Cyclops" Shark Found |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/10/pictures/111013-shark-albino-one-eyed-fetus/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140307095739/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/10/pictures/111013-shark-albino-one-eyed-fetus/ |archive-date=March 7, 2014 |access-date=2014-03-07 |publisher=News.nationalgeographic.com}}</ref>
* On May 10, 2017, in [[Assam, India]], a black goat was born with one eye and other cyclopia-related facial abnormalities. It was reported to still be alive over a week later, which is unusual for this condition.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.expressen.se/tv/omtalat/geten-har-ett-stort-jatteoga--markliga-cyklopen-vordas-som-helig/ | title=Geten har ett stort jätteöga- märkliga cyklopen vördas som helig | date=28 May 2017 }}</ref>
* On October 10, 2012, a small kitten was born. Its eye was in the center of the forehead and there was no developed nose to be found. The small cat died shortly after it was born. It was nicknamed Cleyed the Cyclops.<ref name="cleyed">{{cite web |title=Viewers pitied Cleyed, the one-eyed kitten |url=http://doubtfulnews.com/2012/10/viewers-pitied-cleyed-the-one-eyed-kitten |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212015103/http://doubtfulnews.com/2012/10/viewers-pitied-cleyed-the-one-eyed-kitten/ |archive-date=2012-12-12 |access-date=2012-10-17}}</ref>
*On September 13, 2018, in [[Mandailing Natal Regency|MandailingNatal]], [[North Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]], a baby with cyclopia was born without a nose and one eye with the weight of 2.4kg (5.3lb) and heart rate under 100 bpm. The child died seven hours after birth.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2018/09/14/07150041/bertahan-hidup-7-jam-bayi-cyclopia-hembuskan-nafas-terakhir | title=Bertahan Hidup 7 Jam, Bayi "Cyclopia" Hembuskan Nafas Terakhir| date=2018-09-14}}</ref>
* On May 10, 2017, in [[Assam, India]], a black goat was born with one eye and other cyclopia-related facial abnormalities. It was reported to still be alive over a week later, which is unusual for this condition.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 May 2017 |title=Geten har ett stort jätteöga- märkliga cyklopen vördas som helig |url=https://www.expressen.se/tv/omtalat/geten-har-ett-stort-jatteoga--markliga-cyklopen-vordas-som-helig/}}</ref>
*On March 16, 2022, a boy was born in [[Al Bayda, Yemen]], with cyclopia. He died 7 hours after birth. He was seen in photos taken by Yemeni journalist Karim Zarai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-19 |title=One-eyed baby born in Yemen dies 7 hours later |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/yemen/one-eyed-baby-born-in-yemen-dies-7-hours-later-1.86570881 |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref>
* On September 13, 2018, in [[Mandailing Natal Regency|Mandailing Natal]], [[North Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]], a baby with cyclopia was born without a nose and one eye with the weight of 2.4kg (5.3lb) and heart rate under 100 bpm. The child died seven hours after birth.<ref>{{cite web |date=2018-09-14 |title=Bertahan Hidup 7 Jam, Bayi "Cyclopia" Hembuskan Nafas Terakhir |url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2018/09/14/07150041/bertahan-hidup-7-jam-bayi-cyclopia-hembuskan-nafas-terakhir}}</ref>
*In March 2024, a pig was born in [[Ilocos Sur]], [[Philippines]], with cyclopia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cyclops pig, isinilang sa Ilocos Sur |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/balitambayan/umg/901009/cyclops-pig-isinilang-sa-ilocos-sur/story/}}</ref>
* On March 16, 2022, a boy was born in [[Al Bayda, Yemen]], with cyclopia. He died 7 hours after birth. He was seen in photos taken by Yemeni journalist Karim Zarai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-19 |title=One-eyed baby born in Yemen dies 7 hours later |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/yemen/one-eyed-baby-born-in-yemen-dies-7-hours-later-1.86570881 |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref>
*On December 21, 2024, a black she-goat was born in [[Shivasatakshi Municipality|Shivasatakshi]], [[Jhapa District|Jhapa]] ([[Nepal]]), with cyclopia.
* In March  2024, a pig was born in [[Ilocos Sur]], [[Philippines]], with cyclopia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cyclops pig, isinilang sa Ilocos Sur |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/balitambayan/umg/901009/cyclops-pig-isinilang-sa-ilocos-sur/story/}}</ref>
* In December 2024, the Korean Society of Perinatology documented a female infant with cyclopia who survived for 8 months on palliative care, which is the longest known to date. The baby girl was born as part of a twin birth, with the other twin being reportedly normal.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Yejun |last2=Yang |first2=Misun |last3=Ahn |first3=So Yoon |last4=Sung |first4=Se In |last5=Chang |first5=Yun Sil |date=2024-12-31 |title=A Case Report of Alobar Holoprosencephaly with Cyclopia and Arrhinia: The Longest-Surviving Infant without Life-Sustaining Interventions |url=https://e-kjp.org/DOIx.php?id=10.14734/PN.2024.35.4.146 |journal=Perinatology |language=en |volume=35 |issue=4 |page=146 |doi=10.14734/PN.2024.35.4.146 |access-date=2025-08-24 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* In November 2025, a [[kitten]] with cyclopia was born on a [[farm]] in [[Vilhena]] (located within the western state of [[Rondônia]] in [[Brazil]]).<ref>{{cite web |website=[[New York Post]] |title=Rare mutant kitten dubbed ‘cyclops cat’ is born with one eye |date=2025-11-10 |url=https://nypost.com/2025/11/10/lifestyle/rare-mutant-kitten-dubbed-cyclops-cat-is-born-with-one-eye/ |last=Cost |first=Ben |archive-date=2025-12-25 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20251225172332/https://nypost.com/2025/11/10/lifestyle/rare-mutant-kitten-dubbed-cyclops-cat-is-born-with-one-eye/ }}</ref>


== Cultural significance ==
== Cultural significance ==


The [[Islamic State]] used photos of babies born with cyclopia in its recruitment campaign. ISIS claimed the photos depicted [[Masih ad-Dajjal]], who according to the Hadith, would have only one eye. Mainstream Islamic scholars consider the prophecy as referring to a one-eyed man, not a cyclops.<ref name="isil">{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/isis-use-picture-cyclops-baby-recruit-fighters-apocalyptic-battle-1465323|title=Isis Use Picture of 'Cyclops Baby' to Recruit Fighters for Apocalyptic Battle|date=13 September 2014 }}</ref> One infant whose image was circulated in 2014 was claimed to be [[Israel|Israeli]], but was actually [[Bolivia|Bolivian]] and from 2008. The baby girl from India born in 2006 (see notable cases above) also had her image used.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Porter |first=Tom |date=2014-09-13 |title=Isis Use Picture of 'Cyclops Baby' to Recruit Fighters for Apocalyptic Battle |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/isis-use-picture-cyclops-baby-recruit-fighters-apocalyptic-battle-1465323 |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=International Business Times UK |language=en}}</ref>
The [[Islamic State]] used photos of babies born with cyclopia in its recruitment campaign. ISIS claimed the photos depicted [[Masih ad-Dajjal]], who according to the Hadith, would have only one eye. Mainstream Islamic scholars consider the prophecy as referring to a one-eyed man, not a cyclops.<ref name="isil">{{cite web |date=13 September 2014 |title=Isis Use Picture of 'Cyclops Baby' to Recruit Fighters for Apocalyptic Battle |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/isis-use-picture-cyclops-baby-recruit-fighters-apocalyptic-battle-1465323}}</ref> One infant whose image was circulated in 2014 was claimed to be [[Israel]]i, but was actually [[Bolivia]]n and from 2008. The baby girl from India born in 2006 (see notable cases above) also had her image used.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Porter |first=Tom |date=2014-09-13 |title=Isis Use Picture of 'Cyclops Baby' to Recruit Fighters for Apocalyptic Battle |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/isis-use-picture-cyclops-baby-recruit-fighters-apocalyptic-battle-1465323 |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=International Business Times UK |language=en}}</ref>


== Gallery ==
== Gallery ==
Line 78: Line 80:
=== Animals ===
=== Animals ===
<gallery>
<gallery>
Les écarts de la nature page20.jpg|[[Cat]], 1775
File:Les écarts de la nature page20.jpg|[[Cat]], 1775
Les écarts de la nature page10.jpg|[[Horse]], 1775
File:Les écarts de la nature page10.jpg|[[Horse]], 1775
Les écarts de la nature page42.jpg|[[Pig]] from [[Martinique]], 1775  
File:Les écarts de la nature page42.jpg|[[Pig]] from [[Martinique]], 1775
ABNORMALITIES; Tabulae ad illustrandam embry Wellcome L0032361.jpg|[[Goat]], 1849
File:ABNORMALITIES; Tabulae ad illustrandam embry Wellcome L0032361.jpg|[[Goat]], 1849
Dog with congenital defects. Lithograph. Wellcome V0022910EBL.jpg|[[Dog]]
File:Dog with congenital defects. Lithograph. Wellcome V0022910EBL.jpg|[[Dog]]
Head of a donkey with a congenitally deformed head. Lithogra Wellcome V0022905EL.jpg|[[Donkey]]
File:Head of a donkey with a congenitally deformed head. Lithogra Wellcome V0022905EL.jpg|[[Donkey]]
Cyclopelamb2.jpg|[[Sheep]] with ''in utero'' [[cyclopamine]] exposure
File:Cyclopelamb2.jpg|[[Sheep]] with ''in utero'' [[cyclopamine]] exposure
BLW Cyclopian Pig.jpg|Pig in [[Hunterian Museum]]
File:BLW Cyclopian Pig.jpg|A pig at the [[Hunterian Museum, Glasgow]]
Chat cyclope - anatomie comparé mnhn Paris.JPG|Cat in [[National Museum of Natural History, France|National Museum of Natural History]]
File:Chat cyclope - anatomie comparé mnhn Paris.JPG|Cat in [[National Museum of Natural History, France|National Museum of Natural History]]
Cyclopic Lissachatina immaculata.JPG|''[[Lissachatina immaculata]]''
File:Cyclopic Lissachatina immaculata.JPG|''[[Lissachatina immaculata]]''
</gallery>
</gallery>


Latest revision as of 12:44, 1 January 2026

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Unsubst".Script error: No such module "about". Template:Infobox medical condition (new) Cyclopia (named after the Greek mythology characters cyclopes), also known as alobar holoprosencephaly, is the most extreme form of holoprosencephaly and is a congenital disorder (birth defect) characterized by the failure of the embryonic prosencephalon to properly divide the orbits of the eye into two cavities. Its incidence is 1 in 16,000 in born animals and 1 in 200 in miscarried fetuses.[1][2]

Signs and symptoms

Typically, the nose is either missing or not functional. This deformity (called proboscis) forms above the center eye and is characteristic of a form of cyclopia called rhinencephaly or rhinocephaly.[3] Most such embryos are either naturally miscarried or are stillborn upon delivery.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Although cyclopia is rare, several cyclopic human babies are preserved in medical museums (e.g. The Vrolik Museum, Amsterdam, Trivandrum Medical College).[4]

Some extreme cases of cyclopia have been documented in farm animals (horses, sheep, pigs, goats, and sometimes chickens). In such cases, the nose and mouth fail to form, or the nose grows from the roof of the mouth, obstructing airflow and resulting in suffocation shortly after birth.[5]

Causes

Genetic defects or toxins can misdirect the embryonic forebrain-dividing process.[6] One highly teratogenic alkaloid toxin that can cause cyclopia is cyclopamine or 2-deoxyjervine, found in the plant Veratrum californicum (also known as corn lily or false hellebore). Grazing animals are most likely to ingest this plant and induce cyclopia in offspring. People sometimes accidentally ingest false hellebore while pregnant thinking it is hellebore, which has been suggested as a "natural" treatment for vomiting, cramps, and poor circulation – three conditions which may be present in the early stages of pregnancy.[7] Cyclopia occurs when certain proteins are inappropriately expressed,[8] causing the brain to stay whole, rather than developing two distinct hemispheres. This leads to the fetus having one optic lobe and one olfactory lobe, resulting in the eye and nose malformations of cyclopia.[9]

The Sonic hedgehog protein (SHH) is the gene regulator involved in the separation of the single eye field into two bilateral fields.[10] Although not proven, it is thought that SHH emitted from the prechordal plate suppresses Pax6, which causes the eye field to divide into two. If the SHH gene is mutated, the result is cyclopia, a single eye in the center of the face (Gilbert, 2000).

Notable cases

  • A British description from 1665 of a colt that appeared to have cyclopia reads:<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

    First, That it had no sign of any Nose in the usual place, nor had it any, in any other place of the Head, unless the double Bagg CC that grew out of the midst of the forehead, were some rudiment of it. Next, That the two Eyes were united into one Double Eye which was placed just in the middle of the Brow.[11]

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  • In October 1766, an infant in France was born with cyclopia, living for only a few hours. Reports of the case were made in the Mercure de France and an illustration of the infant was made by Marie Bihéron. The case was also mentioned in Volume IV of Buffon's L'Histoire Naturelle.
File:Cyclopia1793.png
A Swedish description from 1793 of a newborn with cyclopia
  • On 1 March 1793, a 46-year-old woman in Boalts Torp, Glimåkra, Sweden gave birth to a child with cyclopia that died after two hours. The child was 35 cm long, its face without nose and nostrils, and its lidless eye with no eyebrow sat raised on the middle of its forehead like a large blueberry. The wrists were somewhat crooked as well as the right foot which was completely crooked and bent inwards. It was not clear whether it was a boy or a girl, but it was believed to be the former.[12]
  • In November 1889, reports emerged from Umatilla County, Oregon, of a Nez Perce child with one eye in the center of the forehead. The child was reportedly healthy and "able to see with ease, and ran about with as much freedom as any of his companions."[13][14][15] Several individuals tried to locate the child to be put on display, but the tribe had left to hunt in the mountains by the time they arrived.[16] It is unknown what became of the child.
  • On December 28, 2005, a kitten with cyclopia, "Cy", was born in Redmond, Oregon, United States and died about one day after birth.[17]
  • In 2006, a baby girl with cyclopia was born in Chennai, India. Her only eye was in the center of her forehead. She did not have a nose and her brain did not separate into two separate hemispheres (holoprosencephaly).[18] She died approximately a month after her birth, surviving longer than any known previous case.[19]
  • A boy with one eye and no nose was born in India in 2011. The child died one day after his birth.[20]
  • In 2011, an albino cyclops shark fetus was discovered in the body of a caught shark in Mexico, with no discernible nose and one giant eye. The unborn fetus was turned over for medical studies.[21]
  • On October 10, 2012, a small kitten was born. Its eye was in the center of the forehead and there was no developed nose to be found. The small cat died shortly after it was born. It was nicknamed Cleyed the Cyclops.[22]
  • On May 10, 2017, in Assam, India, a black goat was born with one eye and other cyclopia-related facial abnormalities. It was reported to still be alive over a week later, which is unusual for this condition.[23]
  • On September 13, 2018, in Mandailing Natal, North Sumatra, Indonesia, a baby with cyclopia was born without a nose and one eye with the weight of 2.4kg (5.3lb) and heart rate under 100 bpm. The child died seven hours after birth.[24]
  • On March 16, 2022, a boy was born in Al Bayda, Yemen, with cyclopia. He died 7 hours after birth. He was seen in photos taken by Yemeni journalist Karim Zarai.[25]
  • In March 2024, a pig was born in Ilocos Sur, Philippines, with cyclopia.[26]
  • In December 2024, the Korean Society of Perinatology documented a female infant with cyclopia who survived for 8 months on palliative care, which is the longest known to date. The baby girl was born as part of a twin birth, with the other twin being reportedly normal.[27]
  • In November 2025, a kitten with cyclopia was born on a farm in Vilhena (located within the western state of Rondônia in Brazil).[28]

Cultural significance

The Islamic State used photos of babies born with cyclopia in its recruitment campaign. ISIS claimed the photos depicted Masih ad-Dajjal, who according to the Hadith, would have only one eye. Mainstream Islamic scholars consider the prophecy as referring to a one-eyed man, not a cyclops.[29] One infant whose image was circulated in 2014 was claimed to be Israeli, but was actually Bolivian and from 2008. The baby girl from India born in 2006 (see notable cases above) also had her image used.[30]

Gallery

Humans

Animals

See also

References

<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

  1. ↑ Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary, Template:ISBN
  2. ↑ Leroi, Armand Marie Mutants: On Genetic Variety and the Human Body, p.73. Template:ISBN
  3. ↑ Dark, Graham (2007). Rhinocephaly. In Online Medical Dictionary. Retrieved July 23, 2008.
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".Template:Gutenberg
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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External links

Template:Commonscatinline Template:Medical resources Script error: No such module "Navbox".

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