Dervish: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
imported>Billposer m →Views on Dervishes: corrected language |
imported>Theriocephalus |
||
| Line 6: | Line 6: | ||
{{Sufism}} | {{Sufism}} | ||
''' | A '''dervish''', '''darvesh''', or '''darwīsh''' (from {{langx|fa|درویش|Darvīsh}})<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/Dervish |title=Dervish – Definition and More from the FreeMerriam – Webster Dictionary |publisher=M-w.com |access-date=2012-02-19}}</ref> is a [[Muslims|Muslim]] who seeks salvation through ascetic practices and meditations.<ref name=":2">MacDonald, D.B. (2012). Darwīs̲h̲. In P. Bearman (ed.), ''Encyclopaedia of Islam New Edition Online (EI-2 English)''. Brill. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_1731</nowiki></ref><ref name="EI2" /><ref name="iranica">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/darvis |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |publisher=Iranicaonline.org |year=2011|author=Mansour Shaki |author2=Hamid Algar |title= DARVĪŠ}}</ref> It can refer to an individual or to a member of a [[Sufism|Sufi]] [[Tariqa|order]] (''tariqah'').<ref name="Ebrahim-Hirtenstein 2017">{{cite encyclopedia |author1-last=Ebrahim |author1-first=Alireza |author2-last=Hirtenstein |author2-first=Stephen |year=2017 |title=Darwīsh (Dervish) |translator-last=Brown |translator-first=Keven |editor1-last=Madelung |editor1-first=Wilferd |editor2-last=Daftary |editor2-first=Farhad |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Islamica |location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |doi=10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_035987 |issn=1875-9823}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{citation|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/dervish|title=Dervish|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|quote=Dervish, Arabic darwīsh, any member of a Ṣūfī (Muslim mystic) fraternity, or tariqa.}}</ref><ref name=EI2>{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=MacDonald |author-first=D. B. |year=1965 |title=Darwīs̲h̲ |editor1-last=Bosworth |editor1-first=C. E. |editor1-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor2-last=van Donzel |editor2-first=E. J. |editor2-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel |editor3-last=Heinrichs |editor3-first=W. P. |editor3-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |editor4-last=Lewis |editor4-first=B. |editor5-last=Pellat |editor5-first=Ch. |editor5-link=Charles Pellat |editor6-last=Schacht |editor6-first=J. |editor6-link=Joseph Schacht |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam#2nd edition, EI2|Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition]] |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=2 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_1731 |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4}}</ref> Their focus is on the universal values of love and service, deserting the illusions of ego (''[[nafs]]'') to reach [[God in Islam|God]]. This is usually done by performing a lifestyle which decreases bodily function to a minimum in order to attain what would be called "esoteric knowledge" in Western terminology.<ref>Laut, Jens Peter. "Vielfalt türkischer Religionen." (1996). Spirita pp. 31-32</ref> In most Sufi orders, a dervish is known to practice ''[[dhikr]]'' through physical exertions or religious practices to attain the ecstatic trance to reach God.<ref name=":0" /> Their most popular practice is [[Sama (Sufism)|Sama]], which is associated with the 13th-century mystic [[Rumi]]. | ||
For centuries, this was an individual practice, but in the 12th century, it began to be mostly practiced in [[Fraternity|fraternities]].<ref name=":2" /> The oldest historical fraternity is the [[Qadiriyya|Qadiriyya order]], founded by [[Abdul Qadir Gilani]].<ref name=":2" /> According to Islamic beliefs, each order derives their history from the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Prophet]] [[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad]] and are authorized by [[God]] ([[Allah]]) and taught by the [[Angels in Islam|angel]] [[Gabriel]].<ref name=":2" /> The theology of such fraternities is always based on [[Sufism]] and can vary from [[Quietism (philosophy)|quietism]] to [[Antinomianism|anti-nomianism]].<ref name=":2" /> Those adhering to law are called ''ba-shar'' and those who do not follow law are called ''bi-shar''.<ref name=":2" /> In [[folklore]], dervishes are often credited with the ability to perform [[miracle]]s and ascribed [[supernatural]] powers.<ref>Frederick William ''Hasluck Christianity and Islam Under the Sultans, Band 1'' Clarendon Press 1929 p. 281</ref> | |||
==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
The [[ | The actual etymology of the term is unknown.<ref name="EI2" /> The [[New Persian]] word ''darvīš'' ({{lang|fa|درویش}}) may derive from [[Middle Persian]] ''daryōš'' "poor, needy".<ref name=iranica/> The term has also been constructed from the composition of ''dar'' "door" and ''awiz'' "hanging". referring to someone who "hangs around doors," i.e., begs at the doors.<ref name="EI2" /> However, the term ''daryōš'' contradicts this.<ref name="EI2" /> | ||
These proposed meanings belong to [[folk etymologies]], meaning that the term's meaning was ascribed after it had been established.<ref>Laut, J. P. (2003). Zur Sicht des Islam in der Türkischen Republik bis zum Tode Atatürks. in "Von Zentralasien bis Anatolien Philologische und religionswissenschaftliche Perspektiven auf die türkische Welt Kleine Schriften von Jens Peter Laut Herausgegeben von Gökhan Shilfeler und Hans Nugteren Harrassowitz Verlag pp. 401-405</ref> Furthermore, there is no essential connection between begging and a dervish, and it is also said that a "true dervish" would abstain from begging.<ref>Laut, J. P. (2003). Zur Sicht des Islam in der Türkischen Republik bis zum Tode Atatürks. in "Von Zentralasien bis Anatolien Philologische und religionswissenschaftliche Perspektiven auf die türkische Welt Kleine Schriften von Jens Peter Laut Herausgegeben von Gökhan Shilfeler und Hans Nugteren Harrassowitz Verlag pp. 401-405</ref> | |||
Given the obscure etymologies given in Persian dictionaries, it has been suggested that the term may be of Turco-Buddhist origin and derive from the terms [[dharani]] and ''arvis'' (Old-Turkish), referring to a "specialist in magic", as they are credited as [[folk healer]]s, engaged in healing, performance of miracles, protection spells and more.<ref name=":1">Laut, J. P. (2003). Zur Sicht des Islam in der Türkischen Republik bis zum Tode Atatürks. in "Von Zentralasien bis Anatolien Philologische und religionswissenschaftliche Perspektiven auf die türkische Welt Kleine Schriften von Jens Peter Laut Herausgegeben von Gökhan Shilfeler und Hans Nugteren Harrassowitz Verlag pp. 401-405</ref> Given that the term is mostly used in Central Asian, Turkish, and Persian culture, the meaning of a dervish may root in Turco-Buddhist beliefs, then transferred to Islam, where the meaning of the term was lost.<ref name=":1" /> | |||
==Religious practice== | ==Religious practice== | ||
| Line 15: | Line 21: | ||
Many dervishes are mendicant ascetics who have taken a vow of poverty, unlike [[mullah]]s. The main reason they beg is to learn humility, but dervishes are prohibited to beg for their own good. They have to give the collected money to other poor people. Others work in common professions; Egyptian [[Qadiriyya]] – known in Turkey as Kadiri – are fishermen, for example. | Many dervishes are mendicant ascetics who have taken a vow of poverty, unlike [[mullah]]s. The main reason they beg is to learn humility, but dervishes are prohibited to beg for their own good. They have to give the collected money to other poor people. Others work in common professions; Egyptian [[Qadiriyya]] – known in Turkey as Kadiri – are fishermen, for example. | ||
Some classical writers indicate that the poverty of the dervish is not | A study on dervishes among [[Bedouin|Bedouins]] reveals the process of initiation. It is believed that one does not choose to become a dervish, but is chosen to be one by God.<ref name=":3">Al-Krenawi, Alean, John R. Graham, and Benjamin Maoz. "The healing significance of the Negev's Bedouin Dervish." ''Social Science & Medicine'' 43.1 (1996): 13-21.</ref> This happens by receiving ''[[barakah]]'', which happens during a dream or a conscious encounter with an angel.<ref name=":3" /> Barakah is usually received after an encounter with evil forces, supposedly manifesting in a preceding process of mental suffering.<ref name=":3" /> After receiving divine blessing, the gift might be forfeited if the dervish betrays God.<ref name=":3" /> | ||
Dervishes also work as [[Exorcism in Islam|exorcists]] and healers.<ref name=":3" /> They are believed to be able to detect the presence of evil spirits, such as [[jinn]] and [[Demon|devils]], by means of divine gifts.<ref name=":3" /> The exorcism can include negotiations or confrontations with the spirit in a spiritual world.<ref name=":3" /> | |||
Some classical writers indicate that the poverty of the dervish is not economic. [[Saadi (poet)|Saadi]], for instance, who himself travelled widely as a dervish and wrote extensively about them, says in his ''[[Gulistan of Sa'di|Gulistan]]'': | |||
{{Quotation|Of what avail is frock, or rosary, | {{Quotation|Of what avail is frock, or rosary, | ||
Or clouted garment? Keep thyself but free<br /> | Or clouted garment? Keep thyself but free<br /> | ||
| Line 33: | Line 43: | ||
==Whirling dervishes== | ==Whirling dervishes== | ||
[[File:Whirling dervishes, Rumi Fest 2007.jpg|thumb|180px|right| | [[File:Whirling dervishes, Rumi Fest 2007.jpg|thumb|180px|right|Whirling dervishes, Rumi Fest 2007]] | ||
[[File:Dervishes Avanos.JPG|thumb| | [[File:Dervishes Avanos.JPG|thumb|[[Sama (Sufism)|Sama]] ceremony at the Dervishes Culture Center in [[Avanos]], Turkey]] | ||
{{Main|Sufi whirling}} | {{Main|Sufi whirling}} | ||
The whirling dance or [[Sufi whirling]] that is proverbially associated with dervishes is best known in the West by the practices (performances) of the [[Mevlevi]] | The whirling dance or [[Sufi whirling]] that is proverbially associated with dervishes is best known in the West by the practices (performances) of the [[Turkish people|Turkish]]-origin [[Mevlevi Order]] and is part of a formal ceremony known as the [[Sama (Sufism)|sama]]. It is, however, also practiced by other orders. The Sama is only one of many Sufi ceremonies performed to attain [[religious ecstasy]] (''jadhb'' or ''[[fana (Sufism)|fana]]''). The name ''Mevlevi'' comes from the [[Persian language|Persian-language]] poet [[Rumi]], who was a dervish himself. This practice, though not intended as entertainment, has become a tourist attraction in [[Turkey]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Koentges|first=Chris|title=13 Things The Whirling Dervishes Can Teach You About Spinning Until You're Dizzy Enough To Puke|url=http://veryethnic.wordpress.com/2012/06/29/13-things-the-whirling-dervishes-can-teach-you-about-spinning-until-youre-dizzy-enough-to-puke/|publisher=The Very Ethnic Project|date=2012-06-29}}</ref><ref>B. Ghafurov, "Todjikon", 2 vols., [[Dushanbe]] 1983-5</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rumi {{!}} Biography, Poems, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rumi |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> | ||
==Orders== | ==Orders== | ||
| Line 42: | Line 52: | ||
There are various orders of dervishes, almost all of which trace their origins from various Muslim saints and teachers, especially [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Imam Ali]]. Various orders and suborders have appeared and disappeared over the centuries. Dervishes spread into [[North Africa]], the [[Horn of Africa]], [[Turkey]], [[Anatolia]], the [[Balkans]], the [[Caucasus]], [[Central Asia]], [[Iran]], [[Pakistan]], [[India]], [[Afghanistan]], and [[Tajikistan]]. | There are various orders of dervishes, almost all of which trace their origins from various Muslim saints and teachers, especially [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Imam Ali]]. Various orders and suborders have appeared and disappeared over the centuries. Dervishes spread into [[North Africa]], the [[Horn of Africa]], [[Turkey]], [[Anatolia]], the [[Balkans]], the [[Caucasus]], [[Central Asia]], [[Iran]], [[Pakistan]], [[India]], [[Afghanistan]], and [[Tajikistan]]. | ||
Other dervish groups include the [[ | Other dervish groups include the [[Bektashism|Bektashis]], who were associated with the [[Janissary|janissaries]], and the [[Sanusiyya]] of the [[Maghreb]], which is comparatively orthodox in theology and otherwise orthoprax. Other fraternities and subgroups chant [[āyah|āyat]] (Qur'anic verses), play drums, or whirl in groups, all according to their specific traditions. They practice [[meditation]], as is the case with most of the Sufi orders in [[South Asia]], many of whom owe allegiance to, or were influenced by, the [[Chishti Order]]. Each [[tariqa]] (order) has its own garb and methods of acceptance and initiation, some of which may be rather severe. The form of dervishism practised during the 17th century was centred on esotericism, patience, and [[pacifism]].<ref>Erdoan, Nezih. "Star director as symptom: reflections on the reception of Fatih Akn in the Turkish media." ''New Cinemas: Journal of Contemporary Film'' 7.1 (2009): 27–38.</ref>[[File:Madhist Dervish.jpg|thumb|180px|A [[Mahdist Sudan|Mahdist]] Dervish from Sudan (1899)]] | ||
[[File:Madhist Dervish.jpg|thumb|180px|A [[Mahdist Sudan|Mahdist]] Dervish from Sudan (1899)]] | |||
== In literature == | == In literature == | ||
Various books discussing the lives of Dervishes can be found in Turkish literature. ''[[Death and the Dervish]]'' by [[Meša Selimović]] and ''The Dervish'' by Frances Kazan extensively discussed the life of a Dervish.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Milivojević|first1=Dragan|last2=Selimović|first2=Meša|last3=Rakić|first3=Bogdan|last4=Dickey|first4=Stephen M.|date=1997|title=Death and the Dervish|journal=World Literature Today|volume=71|issue=2|page=418|doi=10.2307/40153187|jstor=40153187|issn=0196-3570}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Frances.|first=Kazan|title=The dervish: a novel|date=2013|publisher=Opus|isbn=978-1-62316-005-0|oclc=946706691}}</ref> | Various books discussing the lives of Dervishes can be found in Turkish literature. ''[[Death and the Dervish]]'' by [[Meša Selimović]] and ''The Dervish'' by Frances Kazan extensively discussed the life of a Dervish.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Milivojević|first1=Dragan|last2=Selimović|first2=Meša|last3=Rakić|first3=Bogdan|last4=Dickey|first4=Stephen M.|date=1997|title=Death and the Dervish|journal=World Literature Today|volume=71|issue=2|page=418|doi=10.2307/40153187|jstor=40153187|issn=0196-3570}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Frances.|first=Kazan|title=The dervish: a novel|date=2013|publisher=Opus|isbn=978-1-62316-005-0|oclc=946706691}}</ref> | ||
Similar works on the subject have been found in other books such as ''Memoirs of a Dervish: Sufis, Mystics and the Sixties'' by Robert Erwin.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Robert|first=Irwin|title=Memoirs of a Dervish: Sufis, Mystics and the Sixties|date=2013|publisher=Profile Books Ltd|isbn=978-1-86197-924-7|oclc=1015811956}}</ref> Majdeddin Ali Bagher Ne'matollahi has said that Sufism is a core of being and bridge between religion and science.{{cn|date=January 2024}} | Similar works on the subject have been found in other books such as ''Memoirs of a Dervish: Sufis, Mystics and the Sixties'' by Robert Erwin.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Robert|first=Irwin|title=Memoirs of a Dervish: Sufis, Mystics and the Sixties|date=2013|publisher=Profile Books Ltd|isbn=978-1-86197-924-7|oclc=1015811956}}</ref> Majdeddin Ali Bagher Ne'matollahi has said that Sufism is a core of being and bridge between religion and science.{{cn|date=January 2024}} | ||
Winston Churchill uses the term in his autobiographical [[My Early Life]]. | |||
== Views on Dervishes == | == Views on Dervishes == | ||
Dervishes and their Sufis practices are accepted by traditional Sunni Muslims but different groups such as [[Deobandi|Deobandis]]and [[Salafi movement|Salafis]] regard various practices of Dervishes as un-Islamic.<ref>Syed, Jawad; Pio, Edwina; Kamran, Tahir; Zaidi, Abbas (2016-11-09). ''Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan''. Springer. {{ISBN|978-1-349-94966-3}}. | Dervishes and their Sufis practices are accepted by traditional Sunni Muslims but different groups such as [[Deobandi|Deobandis]] and [[Salafi movement|Salafis]] regard various practices of Dervishes as un-Islamic.<ref>Syed, Jawad; Pio, Edwina; Kamran, Tahir; Zaidi, Abbas (2016-11-09). ''Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan''. Springer. {{ISBN|978-1-349-94966-3}}. | ||
"They also criticises various practices including sama, qawwali, whirling etc. Whereas Sufis/[http://www.shattariyah.blogspot.com/p/barelvi.html Barelvi] consider their beliefs and practices as mystical practices."</ref> | "They also criticises various practices including sama, qawwali, whirling etc. Whereas Sufis/[http://www.shattariyah.blogspot.com/p/barelvi.html Barelvi] consider their beliefs and practices as mystical practices."</ref> | ||
| Line 115: | Line 115: | ||
[[Category:Religious orders]] | [[Category:Religious orders]] | ||
[[Category:Islamic orders]] | [[Category:Islamic orders]] | ||
[[Category:Turkic mythology]] | |||
Latest revision as of 06:19, 12 December 2025
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "other uses".
_001.jpg){kind=link}
Template:Sidebar with collapsible lists
A dervish, darvesh, or darwīsh (from Template:Langx)[1] is a Muslim who seeks salvation through ascetic practices and meditations.[2][3][4] It can refer to an individual or to a member of a Sufi order (tariqah).[5][6][3] Their focus is on the universal values of love and service, deserting the illusions of ego (nafs) to reach God. This is usually done by performing a lifestyle which decreases bodily function to a minimum in order to attain what would be called "esoteric knowledge" in Western terminology.[7] In most Sufi orders, a dervish is known to practice dhikr through physical exertions or religious practices to attain the ecstatic trance to reach God.[6] Their most popular practice is Sama, which is associated with the 13th-century mystic Rumi.
For centuries, this was an individual practice, but in the 12th century, it began to be mostly practiced in fraternities.[2] The oldest historical fraternity is the Qadiriyya order, founded by Abdul Qadir Gilani.[2] According to Islamic beliefs, each order derives their history from the Prophet Muhammad and are authorized by God (Allah) and taught by the angel Gabriel.[2] The theology of such fraternities is always based on Sufism and can vary from quietism to anti-nomianism.[2] Those adhering to law are called ba-shar and those who do not follow law are called bi-shar.[2] In folklore, dervishes are often credited with the ability to perform miracles and ascribed supernatural powers.[8]
Etymology
The actual etymology of the term is unknown.[3] The New Persian word darvīš (Script error: No such module "Lang".) may derive from Middle Persian daryōš "poor, needy".[4] The term has also been constructed from the composition of dar "door" and awiz "hanging". referring to someone who "hangs around doors," i.e., begs at the doors.[3] However, the term daryōš contradicts this.[3]
These proposed meanings belong to folk etymologies, meaning that the term's meaning was ascribed after it had been established.[9] Furthermore, there is no essential connection between begging and a dervish, and it is also said that a "true dervish" would abstain from begging.[10]
Given the obscure etymologies given in Persian dictionaries, it has been suggested that the term may be of Turco-Buddhist origin and derive from the terms dharani and arvis (Old-Turkish), referring to a "specialist in magic", as they are credited as folk healers, engaged in healing, performance of miracles, protection spells and more.[11] Given that the term is mostly used in Central Asian, Turkish, and Persian culture, the meaning of a dervish may root in Turco-Buddhist beliefs, then transferred to Islam, where the meaning of the term was lost.[11]
Religious practice
Dervishes try to approach God by virtues and individual experience, rather than by religious scholarship.[12] Many dervishes are mendicant ascetics who have taken a vow of poverty, unlike mullahs. The main reason they beg is to learn humility, but dervishes are prohibited to beg for their own good. They have to give the collected money to other poor people. Others work in common professions; Egyptian Qadiriyya – known in Turkey as Kadiri – are fishermen, for example.
A study on dervishes among Bedouins reveals the process of initiation. It is believed that one does not choose to become a dervish, but is chosen to be one by God.[13] This happens by receiving barakah, which happens during a dream or a conscious encounter with an angel.[13] Barakah is usually received after an encounter with evil forces, supposedly manifesting in a preceding process of mental suffering.[13] After receiving divine blessing, the gift might be forfeited if the dervish betrays God.[13]
Dervishes also work as exorcists and healers.[13] They are believed to be able to detect the presence of evil spirits, such as jinn and devils, by means of divine gifts.[13] The exorcism can include negotiations or confrontations with the spirit in a spiritual world.[13]
Some classical writers indicate that the poverty of the dervish is not economic. Saadi, for instance, who himself travelled widely as a dervish and wrote extensively about them, says in his Gulistan: Template:Quotation
Rumi writes in Book 1 of his Masnavi:[14] Template:Quotation
Whirling dervishes
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The whirling dance or Sufi whirling that is proverbially associated with dervishes is best known in the West by the practices (performances) of the Turkish-origin Mevlevi Order and is part of a formal ceremony known as the sama. It is, however, also practiced by other orders. The Sama is only one of many Sufi ceremonies performed to attain religious ecstasy (jadhb or fana). The name Mevlevi comes from the Persian-language poet Rumi, who was a dervish himself. This practice, though not intended as entertainment, has become a tourist attraction in Turkey.[15][16][17]
Orders
There are various orders of dervishes, almost all of which trace their origins from various Muslim saints and teachers, especially Imam Ali. Various orders and suborders have appeared and disappeared over the centuries. Dervishes spread into North Africa, the Horn of Africa, Turkey, Anatolia, the Balkans, the Caucasus, Central Asia, Iran, Pakistan, India, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan.
Other dervish groups include the Bektashis, who were associated with the janissaries, and the Sanusiyya of the Maghreb, which is comparatively orthodox in theology and otherwise orthoprax. Other fraternities and subgroups chant āyat (Qur'anic verses), play drums, or whirl in groups, all according to their specific traditions. They practice meditation, as is the case with most of the Sufi orders in South Asia, many of whom owe allegiance to, or were influenced by, the Chishti Order. Each tariqa (order) has its own garb and methods of acceptance and initiation, some of which may be rather severe. The form of dervishism practised during the 17th century was centred on esotericism, patience, and pacifism.[18]
In literature
Various books discussing the lives of Dervishes can be found in Turkish literature. Death and the Dervish by Meša Selimović and The Dervish by Frances Kazan extensively discussed the life of a Dervish.[19][20] Similar works on the subject have been found in other books such as Memoirs of a Dervish: Sufis, Mystics and the Sixties by Robert Erwin.[21] Majdeddin Ali Bagher Ne'matollahi has said that Sufism is a core of being and bridge between religion and science.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Winston Churchill uses the term in his autobiographical My Early Life.
Views on Dervishes
Dervishes and their Sufis practices are accepted by traditional Sunni Muslims but different groups such as Deobandis and Salafis regard various practices of Dervishes as un-Islamic.[22]
Gallery
-
Dervish Azerbaijani rug, XIX c. Tabriz school, State Museum of Azerbaijan Carpet and Applied Art
-
A Qajar-era Persian dervish, seen here from an 1873 depiction of Tehran's Grand Bazaar
-
An Ottoman Dervish in Istanbul, 1878
-
Dervishes photographed by William H. Rau near Damascus, c. Template:TrimScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
-
A Palestinian Dervish in 1913
-
Muhammad Ahmad al-Mahdi, leader of the Sudanese Dervishes
-
Sufi kashkuls were often made from a coco de mer which ordinary beggars would have difficulty to find
-
Kashkul, or Beggar's Bowl, with Portrait of Dervishes and a Mounted Falconer, A.H. 1280. Brooklyn Museum
-
A Gathering of Dervishes in the Mughal Empire
-
A family of Dervishes, possibly by Antoin Sevruguin (between 1876 and 1925)
-
The dance of the dervishes, Athens
-
Sufi dervishes in Omdurman, Sudan
-
Sayyid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, head of Darawiish
-begging_dervis.png){kind=link}
.jpg){kind=link}
See also
Template:EB9 Poster Template:NIE Poster Template:Sister project
- Derviş, a variant of the spelling
- Dervish movement (Somali) of 1889-1920
- Fakir, Sufi Muslim ascetic
- Qalandariyya Sufi order
Books
- The Tale of the Four Dervishes, 13th-century Persian story collection
- The Mongol Invasion, historical trilogy (1939-1955) by Soviet writer Vasily Yan; the connecting element is a dervish and chronicler
- Death and the Dervish, 1966 novel by Yugoslav writer Meša Selimović
References
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c d e f MacDonald, D.B. (2012). Darwīs̲h̲. In P. Bearman (ed.), Encyclopaedia of Islam New Edition Online (EI-2 English). Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_1731
- ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Laut, Jens Peter. "Vielfalt türkischer Religionen." (1996). Spirita pp. 31-32
- ↑ Frederick William Hasluck Christianity and Islam Under the Sultans, Band 1 Clarendon Press 1929 p. 281
- ↑ Laut, J. P. (2003). Zur Sicht des Islam in der Türkischen Republik bis zum Tode Atatürks. in "Von Zentralasien bis Anatolien Philologische und religionswissenschaftliche Perspektiven auf die türkische Welt Kleine Schriften von Jens Peter Laut Herausgegeben von Gökhan Shilfeler und Hans Nugteren Harrassowitz Verlag pp. 401-405
- ↑ Laut, J. P. (2003). Zur Sicht des Islam in der Türkischen Republik bis zum Tode Atatürks. in "Von Zentralasien bis Anatolien Philologische und religionswissenschaftliche Perspektiven auf die türkische Welt Kleine Schriften von Jens Peter Laut Herausgegeben von Gökhan Shilfeler und Hans Nugteren Harrassowitz Verlag pp. 401-405
- ↑ a b Laut, J. P. (2003). Zur Sicht des Islam in der Türkischen Republik bis zum Tode Atatürks. in "Von Zentralasien bis Anatolien Philologische und religionswissenschaftliche Perspektiven auf die türkische Welt Kleine Schriften von Jens Peter Laut Herausgegeben von Gökhan Shilfeler und Hans Nugteren Harrassowitz Verlag pp. 401-405
- ↑ Jens Peter Laut Vielfalt türkischer Religionen 1996 p. 29 (German)
- ↑ a b c d e f g Al-Krenawi, Alean, John R. Graham, and Benjamin Maoz. "The healing significance of the Negev's Bedouin Dervish." Social Science & Medicine 43.1 (1996): 13-21.
- ↑ The Masnavi: Book One, translated by Jawid Mojaddedi, Oxford World's Classics Series, Oxford University Press, 2004. Template:ISBN, p. 63.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ B. Ghafurov, "Todjikon", 2 vols., Dushanbe 1983-5
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Erdoan, Nezih. "Star director as symptom: reflections on the reception of Fatih Akn in the Turkish media." New Cinemas: Journal of Contemporary Film 7.1 (2009): 27–38.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Syed, Jawad; Pio, Edwina; Kamran, Tahir; Zaidi, Abbas (2016-11-09). Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan. Springer. Template:ISBN. "They also criticises various practices including sama, qawwali, whirling etc. Whereas Sufis/Barelvi consider their beliefs and practices as mystical practices."
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Relevant literature
- Xavier, Merin Shobhana. The Dervishes of the North: Rumi, Whirling, and the Making of Sufism in Canada. University of Toronto Press. 2023.
Template:Sufism terminology Template:Portal bar Template:Authority control