Acesulfame potassium: Difference between revisions
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==Safety== | ==Safety== | ||
The United States [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) approved its general use as a safe [[food additive]] in 1988,<ref name="Kroger_2006">{{cite journal |author1=Kroger, M. |author2=Meister, K. |author3=Kava, R. | title = Low-Calorie Sweeteners and Other Sugar Substitutes: A Review of the Safety Issues | journal = [[Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety]] | year = 2006 | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 35–47 | doi = 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2006.tb00081.x | doi-access = free }}</ref> and maintains that safety assessment, as of | The United States [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) approved its general use as a safe [[food additive]] in 1988,<ref name="Kroger_2006">{{cite journal |author1=Kroger, M. |author2=Meister, K. |author3=Kava, R. | title = Low-Calorie Sweeteners and Other Sugar Substitutes: A Review of the Safety Issues | journal = [[Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety]] | year = 2006 | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 35–47 | doi = 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2006.tb00081.x | doi-access = free }}</ref> and maintains that safety assessment, as of 2025.<ref name="fda">{{cite web |title=Aspartame and Other Sweeteners in Food |url=https://www.fda.gov/food/food-additives-petitions/aspartame-and-other-sweeteners-food |publisher=US Food and Drug Administration |access-date=13 November 2025 |date=27 February 2025}}</ref> | ||
In a 2000 scientific review, the [[European Food Safety Authority]] determined that acesulfame K is safe in typical consumption amounts, and does not increase the risk of diseases.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/out52_en.pdf | title = Opinion - Re-evaluation of acesulfame K with reference to the previous SCF opinion of 1991 | publisher = EU Commission | author = Scientific Committee on Food | work = SCF/CS/ADD/EDUL/194 final | year = 2000 | access-date = 2007-10-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080910124007/http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/out52_en.pdf | archive-date = 2008-09-10 | url-status = dead }}</ref> | |||
==Other sources== | ==Other sources== | ||
Latest revision as of 20:23, 13 November 2025
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| Molar mass | 201.242 |
| Appearance | white crystalline powder |
| Density | 1.81 g/cm3 |
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Acesulfame potassium (Template:IPAc-en,[1] Template:IPAc-en Script error: No such module "Respell".[2] or Template:IPAc-en[1]), also known as acesulfame K or Ace K, is a synthetic calorie-free sugar substitute (artificial sweetener) often marketed under the trade names Sunett and Sweet One. In the European Union, it is known under the E number (additive code) E950.[3] It was discovered accidentally in 1967 by German chemist Karl Clauss at Hoechst AG (now Nutrinova).[4] Acesulfame potassium is the potassium salt of 6-methyl-1,2,3-oxathiazine-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide. It is a white crystalline powder with molecular formula Template:Chem/link and a molecular weight of 201.24 g/mol.[5]
Properties
Acesulfame K is 200 times sweeter than sucrose (common sugar), as sweet as aspartame, about two-thirds as sweet as saccharin, and one-third as sweet as sucralose. Like saccharin, it has a slightly bitter aftertaste, especially at high concentrations. Kraft Foods patented the use of sodium ferulate to mask acesulfame's aftertaste.[6] Acesulfame K is often blended with other sweeteners (usually sucralose or aspartame). These blends are reputed to give a more sucrose-like taste whereby each sweetener masks the other's aftertaste, or exhibits a synergistic effect by which the blend is sweeter than its components.[7] Acesulfame potassium has a smaller particle size than sucrose, allowing for its mixtures with other sweeteners to be more uniform.[8]
Unlike aspartame, acesulfame K is stable under heat, even under moderately acidic or basic conditions, allowing it to be used as a food additive in baking, or in products that require a long shelf life. Although acesulfame potassium has a stable shelf life, it can eventually degrade to acetoacetamide, which is toxic in high doses.[9] In carbonated drinks, it is almost always used in conjunction with another sweetener, such as aspartame or sucralose. It is also used as a sweetener in protein shakes and pharmaceutical products,[10] especially chewable and liquid medications, where it can make the active ingredients more palatable. The acceptable daily intake of acesulfame potassium is listed as 15 mg/kg/day.[11]
Acesulfame potassium is widely used in the human diet and excreted by the kidneys. It thus has been used by researchers as a marker to estimate to what degree swimming pools are contaminated by urine.[12]
Other names for acesulfame K are potassium acesulfamate, potassium salt of 6-methyl-1,2,3-oxothiazin-4(3H)-one-2,3-dioxide, and potassium 6-methyl-1,2,3-oxathiazine-4(3H)-one-3-ate-2,2-dioxide.
Effect on body weight
Acesulfame potassium provides a sweet taste with no caloric value. There is no high-quality evidence that using acesulfame potassium as a sweetener affects body weight or body mass index (BMI).[13][14][15]
Discovery
Acesulfame potassium was developed after the accidental discovery of a similar compound (5,6-dimethyl-1,2,3-oxathiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide) in 1967 by Karl Clauss and Harald Jensen at Hoechst AG.[16][17] After accidentally dipping his fingers into the chemicals with which he was working, Clauss licked them to pick up a piece of paper.[18] Clauss is the inventor listed on a United States patent issued in 1975 to the assignee Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft for one process of manufacturing acesulfame potassium.[19] Subsequent research showed a number of compounds with the same basic ring structure had different levels of sweetness. 6-methyl-1,2,3-oxathiazine-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide had particularly favourable taste characteristics and was relatively easy to synthesize, so it was singled out for further research, and received its generic name (acesulfame-K) from the World Health Organization in 1978.[16] Acesulfame potassium first received approval for table top use in the United States in 1988.[11]
Safety
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved its general use as a safe food additive in 1988,[20] and maintains that safety assessment, as of 2025.[21]
In a 2000 scientific review, the European Food Safety Authority determined that acesulfame K is safe in typical consumption amounts, and does not increase the risk of diseases.[22]
Other sources
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References
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- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ United States Patent 5,336,513 (expired in 2006)
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- ↑ Mullarney, M.; Hancock, B.; Carlson, G.; Ladipo, D.; Langdon, B. "The powder flow and compact mechanical properties of sucrose and three high-intensity sweeteners used in chewable tablets". Int. J. Pharm. 2003, 257, 227–236.
- ↑ Findikli, Z.; Zeynep, F.; Sifa, T. Determination of the effects of some artificial sweeteners on human peripheral lymphocytes using the comet assay. Journal of toxicology and environmental health sciences 2014, 6, 147–153.
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- ↑ a b Whitehouse, C.; Boullata, J.; McCauley, L. "The potential toxicity of artificial sweeteners". AAOHN J. 2008, 56, 251–259, quiz 260.
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- ↑ <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>Template:Citation/make link, Clauss, K., "Process for the manufacture of 6-methyl-3,4-dihydro-1,2,3-oxathiazine-4-one-2,2-dioxide", issued Script error: No such module "auto date formatter".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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External links
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- Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives evaluation monograph of Acesulfame Potassium Template:Webarchive
- FDA approval of Acesulfame Potassium
- FDA approval of Acesulfame Potassium as a General Purpose Sweetener in Food
- Elmhurst College, Illinois Virtual ChemBook Acesulfame K
- Discovery News Sweeteners Linger in Groundwater
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