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{{Short description|Korean descendant of the Chinese Buddhist school of Tiantai}}
{{Short description|Korean descendant of the Chinese Buddhist school of Tiantai}}
{{Korean Buddhism}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
[[file:Uicheon.jpg|thumb|Uicheon, the founder of the Korean Tiantai school]]
[[file:Uicheon.jpg|thumb|Uicheon, the founder of the Korean Tiantai school]]
{{Infobox Korean name|
{{Infobox Korean name/auto
hangul=천태종|
|hangul=^천태종
hanja={{lang|ko|天台宗}}|
|hanja=天台宗
rr=Cheontae|
}}
mr=Ch'ŏnt'ae}}


'''Cheontae''' is the [[Korea]]n descendant of the [[Chinese Buddhist]] school [[Tiantai]]. Tiantai was introduced to Korea a couple of times during earlier periods, but was not firmly established until the time of  [[Uicheon]] (1055-1101) who established Cheontae in [[Goryeo]] as an independent school.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Buswell|editor1-first=Robert Jr|editor2-last=Lopez|editor2-first=Donald S. Jr.|editor1-link=Robert Buswell Jr.|editor2-link=Donald S. Lopez, Jr.|title=Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism.|date=2013|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, NJ|pages=912–913|isbn=9780691157863}}</ref>
'''Cheontae''' ({{lang|ko|천태}}, also known as the '''Korean Buddhist Cheontae sect''' {{lang|ko|대한불교천태종}}) is the Korean branch of the Chinese [[Tiantai]] school, which was founded in 594 by the monk [[Zhiyi]] (智顗) during the [[Sui dynasty]]. Though Tiantai teachings were introduced to Korea earlier, it was during the [[Goryeo]] period that Cheontae was established as an independent school by Daegak Guksa [[Uicheon]] (1055–1101), a royal prince and Buddhist scholar.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Buswell|editor1-first=Robert Jr|editor2-last=Lopez|editor2-first=Donald S. Jr.|editor1-link=Robert Buswell Jr.|editor2-link=Donald S. Lopez, Jr.|title=Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism.|date=2013|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, NJ|pages=912–913|isbn=9780691157863}}</ref><ref name="Global - Chontae sect in Goryeo">[[s:Global Encyclopedia of the World/Korean history/Development of medieval society/Aristocratic society and ungoverned regimes/Aristocratic culture#Cheontae religion in Goryeo|Korean history > Development of medieval society > Aristocratic society and ungoverned regimes > Aristocratic culture > Cheontae religion in Goryeo]], ''Global Encyclopedia of the World''</ref>


Due to Uicheon's influence, it came to be a major force in the world of [[Korean Buddhism|Goryeo Buddhism]]. After he returned from [[Song China]] in 1086, Uicheon sought to ease conflict between the doctrinal Gyo ({{lang|ko|教}}) schools and [[Korean Seon|Seon]] ({{lang|ko|禪}}) schools, believing that the Cheontae doctrine would be effective to this end.  Cheontae doctrine holds the [[Lotus Sutra]] as the peak of the [[Buddha]]'s teachings, and postulates the following:
==Philosophy==


* All things are empty and without essential [[reality]].
Uicheon sought to bridge the gap between the doctrinal ([[Gyo]] 教) and meditative ([[Korean Seon|Seon]] 禪) schools by promoting Cheontae teachings, which emphasize the [[Lotus Sutra]] as the culmination of the [[Buddha]]'s teachings. Central to Cheontae doctrine are three key insights:
* All things have a [[Samvriti|provisional reality]].
* All phenomena are fundamentally empty.
* All things are both absolutely unreal and provisionally real at once.
* All phenomena have provisional or conventional existence.
* All things are simultaneously empty and provisionally real.


In accordance with the Cheontae doctrine, all experiences in the sensory world are in fact expressions of Buddhist law ([[Dharma]]), and therefore contain the key to [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|enlightenment]]. This explains the extravagant altars and the [[Polychrome|colorful dynamism]] found at Seon temples using [[Dancheong]] coloring, differing from the austere and monochromatic aesthetic of the [[Zen]] school, intellectually predominant in Japan from the [[Kamakura period]] onwards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://iguide.travel/Guinsa|title=Guinsa}}</ref>
This philosophy teaches that everyday sensory experiences are expressions of the [[Dharma]] and pathways to [[enlightenment in Buddhism|enlightenment]]. These views are reflected in Korean temple aesthetics, such as the use of colorful [[Dancheong]] decorative painting, which contrasts with the minimalist style favored by Japanese [[Zen]] traditions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://iguide.travel/Guinsa|title=Guinsa}}</ref>


Cheontae as a school has been largely absorbed into the [[Jogye]] Seon tradition, but an independent Cheontae school has been revived and has an estimated 2 million adherents.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbtour.net/ecb_web/ecb_tour/ew_package_v?id=00224 |title= 충북관광허브사이트|website=www.cbtour.net |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050218153114/http://www.cbtour.net/ecb_web/ecb_tour/ew_package_v?id=00224 |archive-date=February 18, 2005}}</ref> The school's headquarters are at [[Guinsa]] in [[Chungcheongbuk-do]], near [[Danyang County|Danyang]]. The school also funds and operates the Buddhist university, [[Geumgang University]].
==History==
 
During the Goryeo period, Cheontae gained institutional recognition, coexisting with the [[Jogye sect]] (曹溪宗). The major Zen temples were collectively known as the [[Five Mountain Zen Schools]] (Gusan Seonmun), and the Buddhist landscape was organized under the "Five Orders and Two Schools" (五派二宗), namely the Jogye and Cheontae sects.<ref name="Global - Tendai sect in Goryeo" />
 
In the [[Joseon Dynasty]], Cheontae influence waned. In 1407, King Sejong attempted to reunify various Buddhist schools, and by 1424 the Cheontae tradition was absorbed into the [[Chongnam sect]] (摠南宗) and later into the Seon-dominated Buddhist structure known as '''Seon-Gyo Yangjong''' (禪敎兩宗), meaning "Two Schools of Seon and Doctrinal Buddhism".<ref name="Global - Tendai Buddhism in Korea" />
 
Cheontae re-emerged in the modern period under {{nihongo|Park Sangwol|朴上月}}, also known as [[Sangwol Wongak Daejo]], who established the contemporary Korean Buddhist Cheontae Order. The sect considers [[Zhiyi]], [[Uicheon]], and Park Sangwol as its spiritual forebears.
 
The order's headquarters are located at [[Guinsa]] Temple in [[Chungcheongbuk-do]], near [[Danyang County|Danyang]], and it also operates [[Geumgang University]], a Buddhist university.
 
As of 2015, the sect's Supreme Patriarch (''Jongjeong'' 宗正) is Venerable Daesongsa Kim Do-yong. The Korean Buddhist Cheontae Order estimates its membership at approximately 1.67 to 2 million adherents.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbtour.net/ecb_web/ecb_tour/ew_package_v?id=00224 |title= 충북관광허브사이트|website=www.cbtour.net |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050218153114/http://www.cbtour.net/ecb_web/ecb_tour/ew_package_v?id=00224 |archive-date=18 February 2005}}</ref>
 
==Temples==
The '''Guinsa Temple''' (救仁寺) of the Korean Buddhist Tendai sect is in Danyang-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do, and is built using a different concrete structure, which is different from the usual Buddhist temples.
===Number of temples by region===
====Korea====
* [[Seoul]] : 6 temples including Gwanmunsa Temple
* [[Busan Metropolitan City]] : 5 temples including Samgwangsa Temple
* [[Incheon Metropolitan City]] : 1 temple including Hwangnyongsa Temple
* [[Daegu Metropolitan City]]: 2 temples including Daeseongsa Temple
* [[Daejeon Metropolitan City]]: 2 temples including Gwangsu Temple
* [[Gwangju Metropolitan City]]: 1 temple including Geumgwangsa Temple
* [[Ulsan Metropolitan City]]: 2 temples including Jeonggwangsa Temple
* [[Gyeonggi-do]] : 19 temples including Daegwangsa Temple (with one branch
)
* [[Gangwon Province, South Korea|Gangwon-do]] : 32 temples including Samwonsa (including 2 pagodas
)
* [[Chungcheongbuk-do]] : 10 temples including Myeongjangsa Temple
* [[Chungcheongnam-do]] : 9 temples, including Raeunsa and Mansu-sa
* [[Gyeongsangbuk-do]] : 37 temples including Hwanghae-sa Temple (including 2 pagodas)
* [[Gyeongsangnam-do]] : 19 temples including Wonheungsa Temple and Samhaksa Temple
* [[Jeolla-do]] : 5 temples including Manwolsa Temple
* [[Jeju Special Self-Governing Province]]: 2 temples including Haeunda Temple
 
Total: 152 temples (as of 2017)
 
====Overseas====
* Canada: Peace Temple
* Denmark: Gogwangsa Temple
* Australia: Namjangsa Temple
 
Total: 3 temples (as of 2019)
 
== Foundation Corporation ==
The '''Foundation Corporation of the Korean Buddhist Cheontae Order''' ({{lang|ko|대한불교천태종}}, ''Daehan Bulgyo Cheontaejong'') promotes the ideals of patriotic Buddhism, engaged Buddhism, and popular Buddhism. It aims to spread the teachings of the Buddha by realizing the path of ''sanggu bodhi''—the aspiration to attain enlightenment through both mind and body<ref>''Buddhism'': Striving to attain the path with one's mind and body. [類義語] 上求.</ref>—and to guide all sentient beings, a practice referred to as ''descending sentient beings'' or the embodiment of the Great Bodhisattva Mind.<ref>''Buddhism'': Descending sentient beings. This is called the Great Bodhisattva Mind. [類義語] 下化冥闇.</ref>
 
The corporation was officially established on 16 April 1991 under the jurisdiction of the [[Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism (South Korea)|Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism]] of the Republic of Korea. Its mission is to promote personal spiritual development and the realization of a Buddhist nation by encouraging all Koreans to practice the Dharma and cultivate a noble and healthy national spirit.
 
The administrative office is located at 132–1, Baekjari, Yeongchun-myeon, Danyang-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea.
 
=== Major Projects ===
* Conducting education and academic research related to the propagation and transmission of Korean Tendai Buddhism.
* Maintenance and management of religious properties, including temples, monasteries, and related facilities.
* Operation of social welfare programs such as nursing homes and orphanages.
* Translation of Buddhist scriptures and publication of religious literature.
* Protection, education, and training of monastics.
* Cultural initiatives to develop and promote Korean Buddhist heritage.
* Planning and promotion of Buddhist events and public outreach activities.
* Any other activities deemed necessary to fulfill the foundation's objectives.


==See also==
==See also==

Latest revision as of 05:49, 14 September 2025

Template:Short description Template:Korean Buddhism Template:Use dmy dates

File:Uicheon.jpg
Uicheon, the founder of the Korean Tiantai school

Template:Infobox Korean name/auto

Cheontae (Script error: No such module "Lang"., also known as the Korean Buddhist Cheontae sect Script error: No such module "Lang".) is the Korean branch of the Chinese Tiantai school, which was founded in 594 by the monk Zhiyi (智顗) during the Sui dynasty. Though Tiantai teachings were introduced to Korea earlier, it was during the Goryeo period that Cheontae was established as an independent school by Daegak Guksa Uicheon (1055–1101), a royal prince and Buddhist scholar.[1][2]

Philosophy

Uicheon sought to bridge the gap between the doctrinal (Gyo 教) and meditative (Seon 禪) schools by promoting Cheontae teachings, which emphasize the Lotus Sutra as the culmination of the Buddha's teachings. Central to Cheontae doctrine are three key insights:

  • All phenomena are fundamentally empty.
  • All phenomena have provisional or conventional existence.
  • All things are simultaneously empty and provisionally real.

This philosophy teaches that everyday sensory experiences are expressions of the Dharma and pathways to enlightenment. These views are reflected in Korean temple aesthetics, such as the use of colorful Dancheong decorative painting, which contrasts with the minimalist style favored by Japanese Zen traditions.[3]

History

During the Goryeo period, Cheontae gained institutional recognition, coexisting with the Jogye sect (曹溪宗). The major Zen temples were collectively known as the Five Mountain Zen Schools (Gusan Seonmun), and the Buddhist landscape was organized under the "Five Orders and Two Schools" (五派二宗), namely the Jogye and Cheontae sects.[4]

In the Joseon Dynasty, Cheontae influence waned. In 1407, King Sejong attempted to reunify various Buddhist schools, and by 1424 the Cheontae tradition was absorbed into the Chongnam sect (摠南宗) and later into the Seon-dominated Buddhist structure known as Seon-Gyo Yangjong (禪敎兩宗), meaning "Two Schools of Seon and Doctrinal Buddhism".[5]

Cheontae re-emerged in the modern period under Script error: No such module "Nihongo"., also known as Sangwol Wongak Daejo, who established the contemporary Korean Buddhist Cheontae Order. The sect considers Zhiyi, Uicheon, and Park Sangwol as its spiritual forebears.

The order's headquarters are located at Guinsa Temple in Chungcheongbuk-do, near Danyang, and it also operates Geumgang University, a Buddhist university.

As of 2015, the sect's Supreme Patriarch (Jongjeong 宗正) is Venerable Daesongsa Kim Do-yong. The Korean Buddhist Cheontae Order estimates its membership at approximately 1.67 to 2 million adherents.[6]

Temples

The Guinsa Temple (救仁寺) of the Korean Buddhist Tendai sect is in Danyang-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do, and is built using a different concrete structure, which is different from the usual Buddhist temples.

Number of temples by region

Korea

)

  • Gangwon-do : 32 temples including Samwonsa (including 2 pagodas

)

Total: 152 temples (as of 2017)

Overseas

  • Canada: Peace Temple
  • Denmark: Gogwangsa Temple
  • Australia: Namjangsa Temple

Total: 3 temples (as of 2019)

Foundation Corporation

The Foundation Corporation of the Korean Buddhist Cheontae Order (Script error: No such module "Lang"., Daehan Bulgyo Cheontaejong) promotes the ideals of patriotic Buddhism, engaged Buddhism, and popular Buddhism. It aims to spread the teachings of the Buddha by realizing the path of sanggu bodhi—the aspiration to attain enlightenment through both mind and body[7]—and to guide all sentient beings, a practice referred to as descending sentient beings or the embodiment of the Great Bodhisattva Mind.[8]

The corporation was officially established on 16 April 1991 under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism of the Republic of Korea. Its mission is to promote personal spiritual development and the realization of a Buddhist nation by encouraging all Koreans to practice the Dharma and cultivate a noble and healthy national spirit.

The administrative office is located at 132–1, Baekjari, Yeongchun-myeon, Danyang-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea.

Major Projects

  • Conducting education and academic research related to the propagation and transmission of Korean Tendai Buddhism.
  • Maintenance and management of religious properties, including temples, monasteries, and related facilities.
  • Operation of social welfare programs such as nursing homes and orphanages.
  • Translation of Buddhist scriptures and publication of religious literature.
  • Protection, education, and training of monastics.
  • Cultural initiatives to develop and promote Korean Buddhist heritage.
  • Planning and promotion of Buddhist events and public outreach activities.
  • Any other activities deemed necessary to fulfill the foundation's objectives.

See also

References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Korean history > Development of medieval society > Aristocratic society and ungoverned regimes > Aristocratic culture > Cheontae religion in Goryeo, Global Encyclopedia of the World
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  5. ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Buddhism: Striving to attain the path with one's mind and body. [類義語] 上求.
  8. ↑ Buddhism: Descending sentient beings. This is called the Great Bodhisattva Mind. [類義語] 下化冥闇.

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External links

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