-graphy: Difference between revisions
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* [[Photography]] – the art, practice or occupation of taking and printing photographs. | * [[Photography]] – the art, practice or occupation of taking and printing photographs. | ||
** [[Astrophotography]] – the photography or imaging of astronomical objects | ** [[Astrophotography]] – the photography or imaging of astronomical objects | ||
** [[Chronophotography]] – the photographic technique which captures a number of phases of movements | |||
** [[Heliography]] – an early photographic process, based on the hardening of [[bitumen]] in sunlight | |||
** [[Rephotography]] – the act of photographing the same site twice, with a time lag between the two images | ** [[Rephotography]] – the act of photographing the same site twice, with a time lag between the two images | ||
** [[Telephotography]] – the sending of photographs by telegraph, telephone or radio | ** [[Telephotography]] – the sending of photographs by telegraph, telephone or radio | ||
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=== Printing === | === Printing === | ||
* [[Cerography]] – a [[printmaking]] technique using a layer of wax over a metal substrate | |||
* [[Collagraphy]] – In [[printmaking]], a fine art technique in which [[collage]] materials are used as ink-carrying imagery on a printing plate. | * [[Collagraphy]] – In [[printmaking]], a fine art technique in which [[collage]] materials are used as ink-carrying imagery on a printing plate. | ||
* [[Flexography]] – a printing process using a flexible relief plate | * [[Flexography]] – a printing process using a flexible relief plate | ||
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* [[Vitreography]] – in printmaking, a fine art technique that uses glass printing matrices | * [[Vitreography]] – in printmaking, a fine art technique that uses glass printing matrices | ||
* [[Xerography]] – the means of copying documents | * [[Xerography]] – the means of copying documents | ||
* [[Zincography]] – a planographic printing process that used zinc plates | |||
=== Writing === | === Writing === | ||
* [[Cacography]] – bad handwriting or spelling | * [[Cacography]] – bad handwriting or spelling | ||
* [[Calligraphy]] – the art of fine handwriting | * [[Calligraphy]] – the art of fine handwriting | ||
* [[Chorography]] – the art of describing or mapping a region or district | |||
* [[Dittography]] – accidental repetition of letters or words when copying text | * [[Dittography]] – accidental repetition of letters or words when copying text | ||
* [[Garshunography]] – the use of the script of one language to write utterances of another language which already has a script associated with it; also known as allography or heterography | * [[Garshunography]] – the use of the script of one language to write utterances of another language which already has a script associated with it; also known as allography or heterography | ||
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* [[Stenography]] – the art of writing in shorthand. | * [[Stenography]] – the art of writing in shorthand. | ||
== | == Archival and compilatory lists == | ||
{{See also|Bibliography#Non-book_material}} | {{See also|Bibliography#Non-book_material}} | ||
* [[Bibliography]] – a list of [[Writing|writings]], typically those used or considered by an author in preparing a particular work or research. | * [[Bibliography]] – a list of [[Writing|writings]], typically those used or considered by an author in preparing a particular work or research. | ||
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== Fields of study == | == Fields of study == | ||
* [[Ampelography]] – the field of [[botany]] concerned with the identification and classification of [[grapevine]]s | |||
* [[Cartography]] – the study and making of maps. | * [[Cartography]] – the study and making of maps. | ||
* [[Chromatography]] – a chemical [[laboratory technique]] for the [[Separation process|separation]] of a [[mixture]] | * [[Chromatography]] – a chemical [[laboratory technique]] for the [[Separation process|separation]] of a [[mixture]] | ||
** [[Electrochromatography]] | ** [[Electrochromatography]] | ||
* [[Cryptography]] – the study of securing information | * [[Cryptography]] – the study of securing information | ||
* [[Crystallography]] – the study of crystals | * [[Crystallography]] – the study of crystals | ||
* [[Dactylography]] – the study of fingerprints for identification | * [[Dactylography]] – the study of fingerprints for identification | ||
* [[Demography]] – the study of the characteristics of human populations, such as size, growth, density, distribution, and vital statistics | * [[Demography]] – the study of the characteristics of human populations, such as size, growth, density, distribution, and vital statistics | ||
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* [[Geography]] – study of the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of the [[Earth]]. | * [[Geography]] – study of the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of the [[Earth]]. | ||
** [[Anthropogeography]] – study of human society's interactions and relationships with the environment. | ** [[Anthropogeography]] – study of human society's interactions and relationships with the environment. | ||
** [[Biogeography]] – study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time | |||
** [[Oceanography]] – exploration and scientific study of the ocean and its phenomena. | ** [[Oceanography]] – exploration and scientific study of the ocean and its phenomena. | ||
** [[Orography]] – the study of mountains. | ** [[Orography]] – the study of mountains. | ||
** [[Physiography]] – study of the processes and patterns in the Earth's environment. | ** [[Physiography]] – study of the processes and patterns in the Earth's environment. | ||
** [[Stratigraphy]] — a branch of [[geology]] concerned with the study of rock layers (strata) and layering (stratification) | ** [[Stratigraphy]] — a branch of [[geology]] concerned with the study of rock layers (strata) and layering (stratification) | ||
*** [[Lithostratigraphy]] — a sub-discipline of stratigraphy | |||
*** [[Stratigraphy (archaeology)]] — study of archaeological [[sedimentation]] for dating purposes | *** [[Stratigraphy (archaeology)]] — study of archaeological [[sedimentation]] for dating purposes | ||
* [[Historiography]] – study of the methods of historians | * [[Historiography]] – study of the methods of historians | ||
* [[Holography]] – study and mapping of computer project imaged called Holograms for interactive and assisted computations. | * [[Holography]] – study and mapping of computer project imaged called Holograms for interactive and assisted computations. | ||
* [[Hydrography]] – measurement and description of any waters. | * [[Hydrography]] – measurement and description of any waters. | ||
* [[Keraunography]] – the belief that lightning, when striking an object, can leave markings which constitute a photographic image of surrounding objects | |||
* [[Monograph|Monography]] – the study of a single specialized subject of the aspect of a subject. | * [[Monograph|Monography]] – the study of a single specialized subject of the aspect of a subject. | ||
* [[wikt:pathography|Pathography]] – study of the history of an individual or community with regard to the influence of a physical or mental condition. | * [[wikt:pathography|Pathography]] – study of the history of an individual or community with regard to the influence of a physical or mental condition. | ||
* [[Polarography]] – a type of [[voltammetry]] | |||
* [[Reprography]] – reproduction of graphics through mechanical or electrical means. | * [[Reprography]] – reproduction of graphics through mechanical or electrical means. | ||
* [[Topography]] – the study of Earth's surface shape and features or those of planets, moons and asteroids. | * [[Topography]] – the study of Earth's surface shape and features or those of planets, moons and asteroids. | ||
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* [[Mammography]] – an x-ray method used to examine the breast for detection of early-stage cancer and other diseases. | * [[Mammography]] – an x-ray method used to examine the breast for detection of early-stage cancer and other diseases. | ||
* [[Urography]] – an examination with an x-ray to evaluate the kidneys, ureters and bladder. | * [[Urography]] – an examination with an x-ray to evaluate the kidneys, ureters and bladder. | ||
* [[Venography]] – a test that uses | * [[Venography]] – a test that uses an x-ray moving pictures of blood in the veins of the legs and pelvis. | ||
* [[Medical ultrasound|Ultrasonography]] – a test that uses energy sound waves to observe tissues and organs. | * [[Medical ultrasound|Ultrasonography]] – a test that uses energy sound waves to observe tissues and organs. | ||
Latest revision as of 16:19, 15 December 2025
Template:Short descriptionTemplate:Italic titleTemplate:Redirect-distinguish Template:Sister project
The English suffix -graphy denotes either a field of study or a manner of writing or representation. It derives from the French Script error: No such module "Lang"., which in turn comes from the Latin Script error: No such module "Lang"., itself a transliteration of the Greek Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "lang".).
Because -graphy begins with a consonant, it is usually joined to a combining form that provides the linking vowel Template:Linktext (e.g. photo- + -graphy). This follows the pattern of neo-classical word formation, in which new English words are built from Greek and Latin elements in imitation of Greek compound and derivative structures.[1]
Arts and communication
- Biography – an account of a person's life
- Autobiography – biography of a person written by themselves
- Autobiogeography – a self-referential map or other geographic document created by the subject
- Hagiography – biography of a saint or an ecclesiastical leader
- Metabiography – the study of how biographies are shaped by the temporal, geographical, institutional, intellectual, and ideological contexts of their authors
- Photobiography – biography told primarily through photographs, often accompanied by brief textual commentary
- Psychobiography – biographical study that interprets a subject's life and behavior through psychological theory or analysis
- Autobiography – biography of a person written by themselves
- Choreography – the art of creating and arranging dances or ballets.
- Cinematography – the art of making lighting and camera choices when recording photographic images for the cinema
- Floriography – the language of flowers
- Iconography – the art of interpreting the content by icons.
- Klecksography – the art of making images from inkblots.
- Lexicography – the study lexicons and the art of compiling dictionaries.
- Photography – the art, practice or occupation of taking and printing photographs.
- Astrophotography – the photography or imaging of astronomical objects
- Chronophotography – the photographic technique which captures a number of phases of movements
- Heliography – an early photographic process, based on the hardening of bitumen in sunlight
- Rephotography – the act of photographing the same site twice, with a time lag between the two images
- Telephotography – the sending of photographs by telegraph, telephone or radio
- Pornography – the practice, occupation and result of producing sexually arousing imagery or words.
- Pyrography – the art of decorating wood or other materials with burn marks
- Reprography – the reproduction of graphics through mechanical or electrical means
- Scenography – the art of theatrical design and stage scenery
- Tasseography – a divination or fortune-telling method that interprets patterns in tea leaves
- Telegraphy – the long-distance transmission of messages
- Typography – the art and techniques of type design.
- Videography – the art and techniques of filming video.
- Vitrography – a method of using laser beams to create three-dimensional images or designs inside solid glass
Printing
- Cerography – a printmaking technique using a layer of wax over a metal substrate
- Collagraphy – In printmaking, a fine art technique in which collage materials are used as ink-carrying imagery on a printing plate.
- Flexography – a printing process using a flexible relief plate
- Geomontography – a printing method, used primarily for the production of maps
- Hectography – a duplicating process using gelatin plates
- Lithography – a planographic printing technique
- Chromolithography – a method for making multi-colour prints in lithography
- Photolithography – the method for microfabrication in electronics manufacturing.
- Mimeography – a duplicating process using stencils
- Serigraphy – a printmaking technique that uses a stencil made of fine synthetic material through which ink is forced
- Vitreography – in printmaking, a fine art technique that uses glass printing matrices
- Xerography – the means of copying documents
- Zincography – a planographic printing process that used zinc plates
Writing
- Cacography – bad handwriting or spelling
- Calligraphy – the art of fine handwriting
- Chorography – the art of describing or mapping a region or district
- Dittography – accidental repetition of letters or words when copying text
- Garshunography – the use of the script of one language to write utterances of another language which already has a script associated with it; also known as allography or heterography
- Haplography – accidental omission of repeated letters when writing
- Ideography – the use of symbols to represent a concept or idea.
- Orthography – the rules of correct writing.
- Palaeography – the study of historical handwriting
- Phonography – representation of sounds by written symbols; also known as Pitman shorthand
- Pictography – the use of pictographs
- Pseudepigraphy – falsely attributed writings
- Psychography – a claimed psychic ability allowing a person to produce written words without consciously writing
- Steganography – the art of writing hidden messages
- Stenography – the art of writing in shorthand.
Archival and compilatory lists
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- Bibliography – a list of writings, typically those used or considered by an author in preparing a particular work or research.
- Metabibliography – bibliography of bibliographies.
- Discography – a list of recorded music, or other sound recordings/auditory media.
- Filmography – a list of films, documentaries, or other visual media.
- Ludography (or gameography) – a list of games, specifically video games.
- Webography (or webliography or arachniography) – a list of websites, or URLs
Fields of study
- Ampelography – the field of botany concerned with the identification and classification of grapevines
- Cartography – the study and making of maps.
- Chromatography – a chemical laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture
- Cryptography – the study of securing information
- Crystallography – the study of crystals
- Dactylography – the study of fingerprints for identification
- Demography – the study of the characteristics of human populations, such as size, growth, density, distribution, and vital statistics
- Epigraphy – the study of written inscriptions on hard surfaces.
- Ethnography – the study of cultures and cultural phenomena.
- Geography – study of the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of the Earth.
- Anthropogeography – study of human society's interactions and relationships with the environment.
- Biogeography – study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time
- Oceanography – exploration and scientific study of the ocean and its phenomena.
- Orography – the study of mountains.
- Physiography – study of the processes and patterns in the Earth's environment.
- Stratigraphy — a branch of geology concerned with the study of rock layers (strata) and layering (stratification)
- Lithostratigraphy — a sub-discipline of stratigraphy
- Stratigraphy (archaeology) — study of archaeological sedimentation for dating purposes
- Historiography – study of the methods of historians
- Holography – study and mapping of computer project imaged called Holograms for interactive and assisted computations.
- Hydrography – measurement and description of any waters.
- Keraunography – the belief that lightning, when striking an object, can leave markings which constitute a photographic image of surrounding objects
- Monography – the study of a single specialized subject of the aspect of a subject.
- Pathography – study of the history of an individual or community with regard to the influence of a physical or mental condition.
- Polarography – a type of voltammetry
- Reprography – reproduction of graphics through mechanical or electrical means.
- Topography – the study of Earth's surface shape and features or those of planets, moons and asteroids.
- Zoography – the study of animal description and their habits; descriptive zoology.
Astronomy
- Areography – the study and mapping of the physical features of the planet Mars
- Cosmography – the study and making of maps of the universe or cosmos
- Selenography – the study and mapping of the physical features of the Moon
- Uranography – the study and mapping of stars and space objects
Imaging techniques
- Radiography – an imaging technique that uses X-rays, other ionizing radiation, or non-ionizing radiation to visualize the internal structure of an object
- Autoradiography – a photographic record of radiation from a radioactive source made by placing it close to a photographic emulsion[2]Template:Rp
- Thermography – a technique that records infrared radiation emitted from an object's surface to generate a temperature distribution image
- Tomography – three-dimensional imaging
Medical tests
- Angiography – a medical imaging technique used to visualize the inside, or lumen, of blood vessels and organs of the body, particularly the arteries and the heart chambers
- Cholangiography – imaging of bile ducts
- Electroencephalography – recording of voltages from the brain
- Electromyography – a technique for evaluating and recording the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles[2]Template:Rp
- Mammography – an x-ray method used to examine the breast for detection of early-stage cancer and other diseases.
- Urography – an examination with an x-ray to evaluate the kidneys, ureters and bladder.
- Venography – a test that uses an x-ray moving pictures of blood in the veins of the legs and pelvis.
- Ultrasonography – a test that uses energy sound waves to observe tissues and organs.
See also
References
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Further reading
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