Ali Abdullah Saleh: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 12:45, 15 November 2025

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Script error: No such module "infobox".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Template:Ali Abdullah Saleh series Ali Abdullah SalehTemplate:Efn (21 March 1947Template:Efn Template:Snd4 December 2017) was a Yemeni military officer and politician who served as the first president of the Republic of Yemen from the Yemeni unification in 1990 until his resignation in 2012, following the Yemeni revolution.^[1] Previously, he had served as the fifth and last President of the Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen), from July 1978 to 22 May 1990, after the assassination of President Ahmad al-Ghashmi.^[2] al-Ghashmi had earlier appointed Saleh as military governor in Taiz.^[3]

Saleh developed deeper ties with Western powers, especially the United States, during the war on terror. Subsequently, evidence emerged that Islamic terrorism may have been used and encouraged by Ali Abdullah Saleh in order to win Western support and for disruptive politically motivated attacks.^[4]^[5] In 2011, in the wake of the Arab Spring, which spread across North Africa and the Middle East (including Yemen), Saleh's time in office became increasingly precarious, until he was eventually ousted as president in 2012. He was succeeded by Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi, who had been serving as vice president since 1994, and acting president since 2011.^[6]

Himself a Zaydi Shia Muslim, Saleh openly allied with the Houthis (Ansar Allah) in May 2015 during the Yemeni civil war,^[7] in which a protest movement and subsequent insurgency succeeded in capturing Yemen's capital, Sanaa, causing President Hadi to resign and flee the country. In December 2017, he declared his withdrawal from his coalition with the Houthis and instead sided with his former enemies – Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and President al-Hadi.^[8]

On 4 December 2017, during a battle between Houthi and Saleh supporters in Sanaa, the Houthis accused Saleh of treason, and he was killed by a Houthi sniper.^[9]^[10] Reports were that Saleh was killed while trying to flee his compound in a car; however, this was denied by his party officials, who said he was executed at his house.^[11]^[12]^[13]

Early life

Ali Abdullah Saleh Affash was born on 21 March 1947^[14]^[15] to a poor Zaydi family^[16]^[17] in Beit al-Ahmar village^[18] (Red House village)^[19] from the Sanhan (Script error: No such module "Lang".) clan (Sanhan District), whose territories lie some 20 kilometers southeast of Sanaa, then capital of the northern Kingdom of Yemen. Saleh's father, Abdallah Saleh died after he divorced Ali Abdullah's mother when Saleh was still young.^[17]^[20] His mother later remarried her deceased former husband's brother, Muhammad Saleh, who soon became Saleh's mentor and stepfather.^[20] Saleh's brother Mohammed was a major general and had three children: Yahya, Tareq, and Ammar, who all served under Saleh during his rule.^[21]

Saleh's cousin, Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar from the Al Ahmar family, which is also part of the Sanhan clan is often confused with the same-named leading family of the Hashid tribe, with which the Sanhan clan was an ally.^[18] The Hashid tribe, in turn, belongs to the larger Yemeni parent group, the Kahlan tribe. The clans Sanhan and Khawlan are said to be related.^[18]

Ali Abdallah Saleh married Asama Saleh in 1964.^[22]

Military career and rise to the presidency

Saleh received his primary education at Ma'alama village before leaving to join the Royal (North Yemeni) Armed Forces in 1958 as an infantry soldier and was admitted to the Royal Military Academy in 1960.^[17]^[23] Three years later, in 1963, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in armoured corps.^[23] He participated in the Nasserist-inspired military coup of 1962, which was instrumental in the removal of King Muhammad al-Badr and the establishment of the Yemen Arab Republic, beside that he wasn't an Nasserist. During the North Yemen Civil War, he attained the rank of major by 1969. He received further training as a staff officer in the Higher Command and staff C Course in Iraq, between 1970 and 1971, and was promoted to lieutenant colonel. He became a full colonel in 1976 and was given command of a mechanised brigade. In 1977, the President of North Yemen, Ahmad al-Ghashmi, appointed him as military governor of Taiz.^[18]

After al-Ghashmi was assassinated on 24 June 1978, Colonel Saleh was appointed to be a member of the four-man provisional presidency council and deputy to the general staff commander.^[18]^[23] On 17 July 1978, Saleh was elected by the parliament to be the president of the Yemen Arab Republic, while simultaneously holding the positions of chief of staff and commander-in-chief of the armed forces.^[23]

Governance in the Middle East and North Africa: A Handbook describes Saleh as being neither from a "sheikhly family" nor a "large or important tribe" either, but instead rising to power through "his own means", and creating a patronage system with his family at the top.^[24] His seven brothers were placed "in key positions", and later he relied on "sons, daughters, sons-in-law and nephews".^[24] Beneath the positions occupied by his extended family, Saleh "relied heavily on the loyalty" of two tribes, his own Sanhan tribe and the Hamdan San'a tribe of his mentor, the late president al-Ghashmi.^[24] The New York Times Middle Eastern correspondent Robert F. Worth described Saleh as reaching an understanding with powerful feudal "big sheikhs" to become "part of a Mafia-style spoils system that substituted for governance".^[25] Robert Worth accused Saleh of exceeding the aggrandisement of other Middle Eastern strongmen by managing to "rake off tens of billions of dollars in public funds for himself and his family" despite the extreme poverty of his country.^[26]

North Yemen presidency

On 10 August 1978, Saleh ordered the execution of 30 officers who were charged with being part of a conspiracy against his rule.^[18] Saleh was promoted to major general in 1980, elected as the secretary-general of the General People's Congress party on 30 August 1982, and re-elected president of the Yemen Arab Republic in 1983.^[23]

The People's Constituent Assembly, which had been created somewhat earlier, selected Col. Ali Abdullah Saleh as al-Ghashmī’s successor. Despite early public skepticism and a serious coup attempt in late 1978, Saleh managed to conciliate most factions, improve relations with Yemen's neighbours, and resume various programs of economic and political development and institutionalization. More firmly in power in the 1980s, he created the political organization that was to become known as his party, the General People's Congress (GPC), and steered Yemen into the age of oil.

In the late 1980s, Saleh was under considerable international pressure to permit his country's Jewish citizens to travel freely to places abroad. Passports were eventually issued to them, which facilitated their unrestricted travel.

Unified Yemen presidency

File:Qaddafi and saleh 1990.jpg

Libyan leader Gaddafi and Saleh in May 1990

The decline of the Soviet Union severely weakened the status of South Yemen, a communist-originated state, and, in 1990,^[27] the North and South agreed to unify after years of negotiations. The South accepted Saleh as President of the unified country, while Ali Salim al-Beidh served as the Vice President and a member of the Presidential Council.^[28]^[29]

After Iraq lost the Gulf War, Yemeni workers were deported from Kuwait by the restored government.^[30]

In the 1993 parliamentary election, the first held after unification, Saleh's General People's Congress won 122 of 301 seats.^[31] South disagreeing with their party's third place position, started a brief civil-war until 1994 when Saleh's army ended the insurgency.^[6]

Terrorist links

Around 1994, jihadists from Ayman al-Zawahiri's Egyptian Islamic Jihad attempted to regroup in Yemen following a harsh crackdown in Egypt. In this, they were tacitly supported by the regime of Ali Abdullah Saleh, as he found them useful in his fight against southern separatists in the civil war of 1994.^[32] After using Islamic militants to repress the separatist Yemeni Socialist Party and keep the country under his rule, Saleh turned a blind eye to their activities and allowed their sympathizers to work in his intelligence services.^[33]

Military promotion

On 24 December 1997, Parliament approved Saleh's promotion to the rank of field marshal,^[18]^[23] making him the highest-ranking military officer in Yemen.^[18]

1999 election

He became Yemen's first directly elected president in the 1999 presidential election, winning 96.2% of the vote.^[31]Template:Rp The only other candidate, Najeeb Qahtan Al-Sha'abi, who was the son of Qahtan Muhammad al-Shaabi, the former president of South Yemen. Though a member of Saleh's General People's Congress (GPC) party, Najeeb ran as an independent.^[34]

After the 1999 elections, the Parliament passed a law extending presidential terms from five to seven years, extending parliamentary terms from four to six years, and creating a 111-member, presidentially-appointed council of advisors with legislative power.^[23] This move prompted Freedom House to downgrade their rating of political freedom in Yemen from 5 to 6.^[35]

2006 election

File:Ali Abdullah Saleh.jpg

Saleh and George W. Bush in 2007

In July 2005, during the 27th-anniversary celebrations of his presidency, Saleh announced that he would "not contest the [presidential] elections" in September 2006. He expressed hope that "all political parties – including the opposition and the General People's Congress – find young leaders to compete in the elections because we have to train ourselves in the practice of peaceful succession."^[36] However, in June 2006, Saleh changed his mind and accepted his party's nomination as the presidential candidate of the GPC, saying that when he initially decided not to contest the elections his aim was "to establish ground for a peaceful transfer of power", and that he was now, however, bowing to the "popular pressure and appeals of the Yemeni people." Political analyst Ali Saif Hasan said that he had been "sure [President Saleh] would run as a presidential candidate. His announcement in July 2005 – that he would not run – was exceptional and unusual." Mohammed al-Rubai, head of the opposition supreme council, said the president's decision "show[ed] that the president wasn't serious in his earlier decision. I wish he hadn't initially announced that he would step down. There was no need for such farce."^[34]In the 2006 presidential election, held on 20 September, Saleh won with 77.2% of the vote. His main rival, Faisal bin Shamlan, received 21.8%.^[23]^[37] Saleh was sworn in for another term on 27 September 2006.^[38]

In December 2005, Saleh stated in a nationally televised broadcast that only his personal intervention had prevented a U.S. occupation of the southern port of Aden after the 2000 USS Cole bombing, stating "By chance, I happened to be down there. If I hadn't been, Aden would have been occupied as there were eight U.S. warships at the entrance to the port."^[39] However, transcripts from the United States Senate Committee on Armed Services stated that no other warships were in the vicinity at the time.^[40]

Colluding with terrorists

File:Dmitry Medvedev 25 February 2009-1.jpg

Saleh with Russian President Dmitry Medvedev in Moscow, 2009

After 9/11, Saleh sided with America in the war on terror. Following the mysterious "escape" of Al Qaeda convicts in Yemeni custody during the 2006 Yemen prison escape, Saleh demanded more American money and support in order to catch the fugitives.^[33]

In an investigative documentary allegations were made that Saleh's government supported and directly helped Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP).^[5]

An informant for the National Security Bureau (NSB) and Political Security Organization (PSO) made these allegations.

Hani Muhammad Mujahid, 38, told Al Jazeera that "many Al-Qaeda leaders were under the complete control of Ali Abdullah Saleh", "Ali Abdullah Saleh turned Al-Qaeda into an organized criminal gang. He was not only playing with the West. He was playing with the entire world".

Richard Barrett, who was with Britain's MI6 intelligence agency before becoming director of the Al-Qaeda Monitoring Team for the UN, described Mujahid's story of his background in Afghanistan, his return to Yemen and his involvement with AQAP as "credible". The attack on the U.S. Embassy in 2008 was funded by Saleh's nephew and Al Qaeda leaders had close relationships with him. The informant also gave critical intelligence on terrorist movements, attacks and leaders but no action was taken.

Ousted from the presidency

Protests

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File:Anti Ali Abdullah Saleh protest in Sanaa.webm

Anti-Saleh protest in Sanaa

In early 2011, following the Tunisian revolution which resulted in the overthrow of the long-time Tunisian president, Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, opposition parties attempted to do the same in Yemen. Opposition elements started leading protests and demanding that Saleh end his three-decade-long rule because of the perceived lack of democratic reform, widespread corruption and human rights abuses carried out by him and his allies.^[41]Script error: No such module "Unsubst".^[42] His net worth was estimated to be between 32 and 64 billion dollars with his money spread across multiple accounts in Europe and abroad.^[43]

On 2 February 2011, facing a major national uprising, Saleh announced that he would not seek re-election in 2013, but would serve out the remainder of his term.^[44] In response to government violence against protesters, eleven MPs of Saleh's party resigned on 23 February.^[45] By 5 March, this number had increased to 13, as well as the addition of two deputy ministers.^[46]

On 10 March 2011, Saleh announced a referendum on a new constitution, separating the executive and legislative powers.^[47] On 18 March, at least 52 people were killed and over 200 injured by government forces when unarmed demonstrators were fired upon in the university square in Sana'a. The president claimed that his security forces were not at the location, and blamed local residents for the massacre.^[48]Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

On 7 April 2011, the United States diplomatic cables leak reported the plans of Hamid al-Ahmar, the Islah Party leader, prominent businessman, and de facto leader of Yemen's largest tribal confederation claiming that he would organize popular demonstrations throughout Yemen aimed at removing President Saleh from power.^[49]

On 23 April 2011, facing massive nationwide protests, Saleh agreed to step down under a 30-day transition plan in which he would receive immunity from criminal prosecution.^[50]^[51] He stated that he planned to hand power over to his vice president, Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi as part of the deal.^[52]

On 18 May 2011, he agreed to sign a deal with opposition groups, stipulating that he would resign within a month;^[53] On 23 May, Saleh refused to sign the agreement, leading to renewed protests and the withdrawal of the Gulf Cooperation Council from mediation efforts in Yemen.^[54]

Assassination attempt and resignation

On 3 June 2011, Saleh was injured in a bomb attack on his presidential compound. Multiple C-4 explosive charges were planted inside the mosque and one exploded when the president and major members of his government were praying.^[29] The explosion killed four bodyguards and former prime minister, Abdul Aziz Abdul Ghani (who died later of his wounds), deputy prime ministers, the head of the parliament, the governor of Sanaa, and many more.^[40] Saleh suffered burns and shrapnel injuries, but survived, a result that was confirmed by an audio message he sent to state media in which he condemned the attack, but his voice clearly revealed that he was having difficulty in speaking.^[55] Government officials tried to downplay the attack by saying he was lightly wounded. The next day he was taken to a military hospital in Saudi Arabia for treatment.^[55] According to U.S. government officials, Saleh suffered a collapsed lung and burns on about 40 per cent of his body.^[56] A Saudi official said that Saleh had undergone two operations: one to remove the shrapnel and a neurosurgery on his neck.^[57]

On 4 June 2011, Vice President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi was appointed as acting president, while Saleh remained the president of Yemen.^[58]

File:Halfbrother.jpg

Ali Abdullah Saleh and his half-brother in 2011

On 7 July 2011, Saleh appeared for his first live television appearance since his injury. He appeared badly burned and his arms were both bandaged. In his speech, he welcomed power-sharing but stressed it should be "within the framework of the constitution and in the framework of the law".^[59] On 19 September 2011, he was pictured without bandages, meeting King Abdullah.^[60]

On 23 September 2011, Yemeni state television announced that Saleh had returned to the country after three months amid increasing turmoil in a week that saw increased gun battles on the streets of Sana'a and more than 100 deaths.^[61]

Saleh said on 8 October 2011, in comments broadcast on Yemeni state television, that he would step down "in the coming days". The opposition expressed skepticism, however, and a government minister said Saleh meant that he would leave power under the framework of a Gulf Cooperation Council initiative to transition toward democracy.^[62]

On 23 November 2011, Saleh flew to Riyadh in neighbouring Saudi Arabia to sign the Gulf Cooperation Council plan for political transition, which he had previously spurned. Upon signing the document, he agreed to legally transfer the office and powers of the presidency to his deputy, Vice President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi.^[29] The agreement also led to the formation of a government divided by Saleh's political party (GPC) and the JMP.^[63]

It was reported that Saleh had left Yemen on 22 January 2012 for medical treatment in New York City.^[64] He arrived in the United States six days later.^[65] After his deputy Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi won the 2012 Yemeni presidential election on 21 February 2012 running unopposed, Saleh formally ceded power to him and stepped down as the President of Yemen on 25 February 2012, pledging to support efforts to "rebuild" the country still reeling from months of violence.^[66]

Post-presidency

In February 2013, Saleh opened a museum documenting his 33 years in power, located in a wing of the Al Saleh Mosque in Sanaa.^[40] One of the museum's central display cases exhibits a pair of burnt trousers that Saleh was wearing at the time of his assassination attempt in June 2011.^[29] Other displays include fragments of shrapnel that were taken out of his body during his hospital treatment in Saudi Arabia, as well as various gifts given to Saleh by kings, presidents and world leaders over the course of his rule.^[67]

Later that year, in October, the United Nations Special Envoy to Yemen, Jamal Benomar said that Saleh and his son have the right to run in the next Yemeni presidential election, as the 2011 deal does not cover political incapacitation.^[68]

Saleh was a behind-the-scenes leader of the Houthi takeover in Yemen led by Zaydi Houthi forces. Tribesmen and government forces loyal to Saleh joined the Houthis in their march to power.^[69] The United Nations Security Council imposed sanctions on Saleh in 2014, accusing him of threatening peace and obstructing Yemen's political process, subjecting him to a global travel ban and an asset freeze.^[70] On 28 July 2016, Saleh and the Houthi rebels announced a formal alliance to fight the Saudi-led military coalition, run by a Supreme Political Council of 10 members – made up of five members from Saleh's General People's Congress, and five from the Houthis.^[71] The members were sworn in on 14 August 2016.^[72]

Death

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Houthi spokesperson Mohamed Abdel Salam stated that his group had spotted messages between the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Saleh three months before his death. He told the Qatari channel Al-Jazeera that there was communication between Saleh, the UAE and a number of other countries such as Russia and Jordan through encrypted messages.^[73] The alliance between Saleh and the Houthi broke down in late 2017,^[74] with armed clashes occurring between former allies in Sana'a from 28 November.^[75] Saleh declared his split from the Houthis in a televised statement delivered on 2 December, calling on his supporters to take back the country^[76] and expressed his openness to a dialogue with the Saudi Arabian-led coalition.^[74]

On 4 December 2017, Saleh's house in Sana'a was assaulted by fighters of the Houthi movement, according to residents.^[77] Saleh was killed on his way to Marib while trying to flee into Saudi-controlled territories after a rocket-propelled grenade struck and disabled his vehicle in an ambush and he was subsequently shot in the head by a Houthi sniper, something his party denied.^[78] The Houthis published a video allegedly depicting Saleh's body with a gunshot wound to the head.^[79]^[80] His death was confirmed by a senior aide to Saleh, and also by Saleh's nephew.^[29]^[40] His death has been described by The Economist as an embarrassment in a string of Saudi foreign policy failures under Mohammad bin Salman.^[81]

Saleh's home was captured by Houthis before he fled. Officials of his party General People's Congress, while confirming his death, stated that a convoy he and other party officials were travelling in was attacked by Houthis as they fled towards his hometown Sanhan. Houthi leader Abdul Malik al-Houthi meanwhile celebrated Saleh's death and called it "the day of the fall of the treasonous conspiracy". He also stated that his group had "no problem" with the GPC or its members. Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi offered condolences for Saleh's death and called for an uprising against the Houthis.^[82] The Houthis accused the UAE of dragging Saleh to "this humiliating fate."^[83]

On 9 December 2017, he was buried in Sana'a, according to an official.^[84] A Houthi commander reported that the burial was held in strict conditions with no more than 20 people attending.^[85]

In popular culture

The Chinese 2018 movie Operation Red Sea is about the conflict in Yewaire, a country loosely based on Yemen,^[86] with a coup launched by General Sharaf, who was based on Saleh but never made an appearance.

Honours

National honours

Template:Country data Yemen: Grand Master with Collar of the Order of Unification^[87]

Foreign honours

Template:Country data Cuba: Medal of the Order of José Martí^[88]
Template:Country data Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: First Class of the Order of the Grand Conqueror^[89]
Template:Country data Tunisia: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Seventh of November
Template:Country data United Arab Emirates: Collar of the Order of Zayed^[90]
Template:Country data Two Sicilies Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (defunct honour)
- Template:Flagicon Two Sicilian Royal Family: Recipient of the Two Sicilian Royal Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George Benemerenti Medal, 1st Class^[87]
- Template:Flagicon Two Sicilian Royal Family: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Francis I^[87]

Wealth

The UN Sanctions Panel said that by 2012 Saleh had amassed a fortune worth $32–60 billion hidden in at least twenty countries, making him one of the richest people in the world. Saleh was gaining $2 billion a year from 1978 to 2012, mainly through illegal methods, such as embezzlement, extortion and theft of funds from Yemen's fuel subsidy programs.^[91]^[92]

Personal life

He was married to Asma Saleh in 1964, at the age of seventeen. The couple have seven sons, including the eldest Ahmed Saleh (born 1972), former commander of the Republican Guard, once considered a potential successor to his father, and Khaled.

His half-brother, General Mohamed Saleh al-Ahmar was commander of the Yemeni Air Force.

Notes

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References

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External links

Template:Sister project Template:Sister project

President Ali Abdullah Saleh official Yemen government website
Ali Abdullah Saleh Template:C-SPAN
Template:Aljazeeratopic
Template:JPosttopic
Template:NYTtopic
Timeline: Saleh's 32-year rule in Yemen, Reuters, 22 March 2011
In Yemen, onetime foes united in opposing President Saleh, Sudarsan Raghavan in Sanaa, The Washington Post, 25 March 2011
Profile: Yemen's Ali Abdullah Saleh, BBC News, 23 April 2011

Template:S-end Template:YemenPresidents Template:Yemeni Civil War (2015)Template:Arab Spring Template:YemenPres Template:Authority control

Political offices
Preceded by Template:Delink question hyphen-minus Template:S-bef/filter Template:S-bef/filter Template:S-bef/filter Template:S-bef/filter Template:S-bef/filter Template:S-bef/filter Template:S-bef/filter Template:S-bef/filter Template:S-bef/filter Template:S-bef/check	President of North Yemen 1978–1990 Template:S-ttl/check	Template:S-aft/check Succeeded by Template:Delink question hyphen-minus Template:S-aft/filter Template:S-aft/filter Template:S-aft/filter Template:S-aft/filter Template:S-aft/filter Template:S-aft/filter Template:S-aft/filter Template:S-aft/filter Template:S-aft/filter as President of Yemen
Preceded by Template:Delink question hyphen-minus Template:S-bef/filter Template:S-bef/filter Template:S-bef/filter Template:S-bef/filter Template:S-bef/filter Template:S-bef/filter Template:S-bef/filter Template:S-bef/filter Template:S-bef/filter as President of North Yemen Template:S-bef/check	President of Yemen styled Chairman of the Presidential Council until 1994 1990–2012 Template:S-ttl/check	Template:S-aft/check Succeeded by Template:Delink question hyphen-minus Template:S-aft/filter Template:S-aft/filter Template:S-aft/filter Template:S-aft/filter Template:S-aft/filter Template:S-aft/filter Template:S-aft/filter Template:S-aft/filter Template:S-aft/filter
Preceded by Template:Delink question hyphen-minus Template:S-bef/filter Template:S-bef/filter Template:S-bef/filter Template:S-bef/filter Template:S-bef/filter Template:S-bef/filter Template:S-bef/filter Template:S-bef/filter Template:S-bef/filter as President of South Yemen Template:S-bef/check
Party political offices
New political party	Chairman of the General People's Congress 1982–2017 Disputed by Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi starting 2015 Reason for dispute: Yemeni Civil War (2014–present) Template:S-ttl/check	Template:S-aft/check Succeeded by Template:Delink question hyphen-minus Template:S-aft/filter Template:S-aft/filter Template:S-aft/filter Template:S-aft/filter Template:S-aft/filter Template:S-aft/filter Template:S-aft/filter Template:S-aft/filter Template:S-aft/filter

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[27] Interview of Ali Abdallah Saleh with Eric Rouleau in Sanaa in the early 1990s, eng, Calames, Sound Archives Center, MMSH, http://calames.abes.fr/pub/ms/Calames-202404181618354315

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[41] Yemen: Protests intensify after arrest of journalist Tawakkol Karman Template:Webarchive, Global Post, 23 January 2011.

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[46] Yemen MPs quit ruling party Template:Webarchive, Al Jazeera, 3 March 2011.

[47] 'New constitution for Yemen' Template:Webarchive. Al Jazeera, 10 March 2011

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|President of Yemen, 1978 to 2012}}
+{{Short description|President of Yemen from 1978 to 2012}}
-{{family name hatnote|lang=Arabic|Al-Ahmar}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
 {{Infobox officeholder
 | honorific-prefix    = [[Field Marshal]]
@@ Line 12: / Line 11: @@
 | primeminister       = {{ubl|[[Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas]]|[[Muhammad Said al-Attar]]|[[Abdul Aziz Abdul Ghani]]|[[Faraj Said Bin Ghanem]]|[[Abd Al-Karim Al-Iryani]]|[[Abdul Qadir Bajamal]]|[[Ali Muhammad Mujawar]]|[[Mohammed Basindawa]]}}
 | predecessor         = ''{{ubl|Office established; {{hanging indent|Himself as [[President of the Yemen Arab Republic|President of North&nbsp;Yemen]]}}|{{hanging indent|Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas as [[President of South&nbsp;Yemen]]}}}}''
-| successor           = [[Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi]]
+| successor           = [[Abdrabbuh Mansour Hadi]]
 | vicepresident       = {{ubl|[[Ali Salem al Beidh]]|[[Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi]]}}
 | office2             = 4th [[President of the Yemen Arab Republic|President of North Yemen]]
@@ Line 26: / Line 25: @@
 | office3             = Chairman of the [[General People's Congress (Yemen)|General People's Congress]]
 | term_start3         = 24 August 1982<ref name=herzan2003>{{cite book|last=Al Yemeni|first=Ahmed A. Hezam|title=The Dynamic of Democratisation – Political Parties in Yemen|year=2003|publisher=Toennes Satz + Druck GmbH|isbn=3-89892-159-X|url=http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/01459.pdf|access-date=11 February 2023|archive-date=29 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029060419/http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/01459.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
-| term_end3           = 4 December 2017<br>[[Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)|Disputed]] with Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi starting 21 October 2015<ref>{{cite news |author1=Asharq al-Awsat |author2=Muhammad Ali Mohsen |title=The People's Congress meets with Hadi in Riyadh and nominates him as president after Saleh is dismissed |url=https://aawsat.com/home/article/479906/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6-%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AD%D9%87-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8B%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%84-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD |access-date=11 February 2023 |work=[[Asharq Al-Awsat]] |date=22 October 2015 |location=[[Riyadh, Saudi Arabia]] and [[Aden, Yemen]] |language=ar |archive-date=11 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211012545/https://aawsat.com/home/article/479906/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6-%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AD%D9%87-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8B%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%84-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Tawfeek al-Ganad |title=Weak and Divided, the General People's Congress Turns 40 |url=https://sanaacenter.org/publications/analysis/18710 |website=Sana'a Center For Strategic Studies |access-date=11 February 2023 |location=[[Sanaa]] |date=20 September 2022 |archive-date=11 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211012308/https://sanaacenter.org/publications/analysis/18710 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+| term_end3           = 4 December 2017<br>[[Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)|Disputed]] with Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi starting 21 October 2015<ref>{{cite news |author1=Asharq al-Awsat |author2=Muhammad Ali Mohsen |title=The People's Congress meets with Hadi in Riyadh and nominates him as president after Saleh is dismissed |url=https://aawsat.com/home/article/479906/المؤتمر-الشعبي-يجتمع-بهادي-في-الرياض-ويرشحه-رئيسًا-بعد-عزل-صالح |access-date=11 February 2023 |work=[[Asharq Al-Awsat]] |date=22 October 2015 |location=[[Riyadh, Saudi Arabia]] and [[Aden, Yemen]] |language=ar |archive-date=11 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211012545/https://aawsat.com/home/article/479906/المؤتمر-الشعبي-يجتمع-بهادي-في-الرياض-ويرشحه-رئيسًا-بعد-عزل-صالح |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Tawfeek al-Ganad |title=Weak and Divided, the General People's Congress Turns 40 |url=https://sanaacenter.org/publications/analysis/18710 |website=Sana'a Center For Strategic Studies |access-date=11 February 2023 |location=[[Sanaa]] |date=20 September 2022 |archive-date=11 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211012308/https://sanaacenter.org/publications/analysis/18710 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 | predecessor3        = ''Party established''
 | successor3          = [[Sadeq Amin Abu Rass]]
@@ Line 64: / Line 63: @@
 }}
 {{Ali Abdullah Saleh series}}
-'''Ali Abdullah Saleh Affash'''{{Efn|{{langx|ar|علي عبدالله صالح عفاش|translit=ʿAlī ʿAbdullāh Ṣāliḥ ʿAffāsh}}}} (21 March 1947<ref group="note">There is a dispute as to Saleh's date of birth, some saying that it was on 21 March 1942. See: {{cite book |last=Downing |first=Terry Reese |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YtfyBo4CrY0C&pg=PA293 |title=Martyrs in Paradise |date=1 November 2009 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4490-0881-9}} However, by Saleh's own confession (an interview recorded in a YouTube video), he was born in 1947.</ref>{{Snd}}4 December 2017) was a Yemeni military officer and politician who served as the first [[President of Yemen|president of the Republic of Yemen]] from the [[Yemeni unification]] in 1990 until his resignation in 2012, following the [[Yemeni revolution]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Riedel |first=Bruce |date=18 December 2017 |title=Who are the Houthis, and why are we at war with them? |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/markaz/2017/12/18/who-are-the-houthis-and-why-are-we-at-war-with-them/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163411/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/markaz/2017/12/18/who-are-the-houthis-and-why-are-we-at-war-with-them/ |archive-date=12 June 2018 |access-date=12 June 2018 |work=Brookings |language=en-US}}</ref> Previously, he had served as the fifth and last [[President of the Yemen Arab Republic]] (North Yemen), from July 1978 to 22 May 1990, after the assassination of President [[Ahmad al-Ghashmi]].<ref name="google12">{{cite web |title=AFP: Yemen's Saleh formally steps down after 33 years |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iqhKKOqo6XDujeTI_yaD4B0CcyVA?docId=CNG.12cc0199ecc6457c2d2a25874218f73d.691 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525115035/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iqhKKOqo6XDujeTI_yaD4B0CcyVA?docId=CNG.12cc0199ecc6457c2d2a25874218f73d.691 |archive-date=25 May 2012 |access-date=3 March 2012}}</ref> al-Ghashmi had earlier appointed Saleh as military governor in [[Taiz]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aziz |first1=Mr Sajid |date=28 July 2015 |title=Yemen Conundrum |url=http://www.journal.ciss.org.pk/index.php/ciss-insight/article/view/154 |journal=CISS Insight Journal |volume=3 |issue=1&2 |pages=P65–78 |access-date=12 November 2023}}</ref>
+'''Ali Abdullah Saleh'''{{efn|{{langx|ar|علي عبدالله صالح عفاشه|translit=ʿAlī ʿAbdullāh Ṣāliḥ ʿAffāsh}}}} (21 March 1947{{efn|There is a dispute as to Saleh's date of birth, some saying that it was on 21 March 1942. See: {{cite book |last=Downing |first=Terry Reese |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YtfyBo4CrY0C&pg=PA293 |title=Martyrs in Paradise |date=1 November 2009 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4490-0881-9}} However, by Saleh's own confession (an interview recorded in a YouTube video), he was born in 1947.}}{{Snd}}4 December 2017) was a Yemeni military officer and politician who served as the first [[President of Yemen|president of the Republic of Yemen]] from the [[Yemeni unification]] in 1990 until his resignation in 2012, following the [[Yemeni revolution]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Riedel |first=Bruce |date=18 December 2017 |title=Who are the Houthis, and why are we at war with them? |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/markaz/2017/12/18/who-are-the-houthis-and-why-are-we-at-war-with-them/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163411/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/markaz/2017/12/18/who-are-the-houthis-and-why-are-we-at-war-with-them/ |archive-date=12 June 2018 |access-date=12 June 2018 |work=Brookings |language=en-US}}</ref> Previously, he had served as the fifth and last [[President of the Yemen Arab Republic]] (North Yemen), from July 1978 to 22 May 1990, after the assassination of President [[Ahmad al-Ghashmi]].<ref name="google12">{{cite web |title=AFP: Yemen's Saleh formally steps down after 33 years |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iqhKKOqo6XDujeTI_yaD4B0CcyVA?docId=CNG.12cc0199ecc6457c2d2a25874218f73d.691 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525115035/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iqhKKOqo6XDujeTI_yaD4B0CcyVA?docId=CNG.12cc0199ecc6457c2d2a25874218f73d.691 |archive-date=25 May 2012 |access-date=3 March 2012}}</ref> al-Ghashmi had earlier appointed Saleh as military governor in [[Taiz]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aziz |first1=Mr Sajid |date=28 July 2015 |title=Yemen Conundrum |url=http://www.journal.ciss.org.pk/index.php/ciss-insight/article/view/154 |journal=CISS Insight Journal |volume=3 |issue=1&2 |pages=P65–78 |access-date=12 November 2023}}</ref>
-Saleh developed deeper ties with [[Western powers]], especially the [[United States]], during the [[War on Terror]]. Subsequently, evidence emerged that [[Islamic terrorism]] may have been used and encouraged by Ali Abdullah Saleh in order to win Western support and for disruptive politically motivated attacks.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/8570319/Yemen-defector-says-terror-crisis-was-manufactured-to-win-western-support.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/8570319/Yemen-defector-says-terror-crisis-was-manufactured-to-win-western-support.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Yemen defector says terror crisis was manufactured to win western support|last=Spencer|first=Richard|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=11 June 2011|access-date=25 February 2019|issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="america.aljazeera.com">{{Cite web|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/6/4/informant-claims-former-yemen-leader-worked-with-al-qaeda.html|title=Informant claims former Yemen leader's regime worked with Al-Qaeda|website=america.aljazeera.com|access-date=25 February 2019|archive-date=26 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226045937/http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/6/4/informant-claims-former-yemen-leader-worked-with-al-qaeda.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2011, in the wake of the [[Arab Spring]], which spread across [[North Africa]] and the [[Middle East]] (including Yemen), Saleh's time in office became increasingly precarious, until he was eventually ousted as president in 2012. He was succeeded by [[Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi]], who had been serving as vice president since 1994, and acting president since 2011.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Yemen |url=https://www.exteriores.gob.es/Documents/FichasPais/YEMEN_FICHA%20PAIS.pdf |publisher=Oficina de Información Diplomática del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, Unión Europea y Cooperación}}</ref>
+Saleh developed deeper ties with [[Western powers]], especially the [[United States]], during the [[war on terror]]. Subsequently, evidence emerged that [[Islamic terrorism]] may have been used and encouraged by Ali Abdullah Saleh in order to win Western support and for disruptive politically motivated attacks.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/8570319/Yemen-defector-says-terror-crisis-was-manufactured-to-win-western-support.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/8570319/Yemen-defector-says-terror-crisis-was-manufactured-to-win-western-support.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Yemen defector says terror crisis was manufactured to win western support|last=Spencer|first=Richard|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=11 June 2011|access-date=25 February 2019|issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="america.aljazeera.com">{{Cite web|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/6/4/informant-claims-former-yemen-leader-worked-with-al-qaeda.html|title=Informant claims former Yemen leader's regime worked with Al-Qaeda|website=america.aljazeera.com|access-date=25 February 2019|archive-date=26 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226045937/http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/6/4/informant-claims-former-yemen-leader-worked-with-al-qaeda.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2011, in the wake of the [[Arab Spring]], which spread across [[North Africa]] and the [[Middle East]] (including Yemen), Saleh's time in office became increasingly precarious, until he was eventually ousted as president in 2012. He was succeeded by [[Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi]], who had been serving as vice president since 1994, and acting president since 2011.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Yemen |url=https://www.exteriores.gob.es/Documents/FichasPais/YEMEN_FICHA%20PAIS.pdf |publisher=Oficina de Información Diplomática del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, Unión Europea y Cooperación}}</ref>
 Himself a [[Zaydism|Zaydi]] [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslim]], Saleh openly allied with the [[Houthi movement|Houthis]] (Ansar Allah) in May 2015 during the [[Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)|Yemeni civil war]],<ref name="http://www.aljazeera.com2">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/05/cloneofcloneofcloneofstrikes-yemen-saada-breach--150510143647004.html|title=Yemen's Saleh declares alliance with Houthis|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=27 May 2015|archive-date=28 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528014027/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/05/cloneofcloneofcloneofstrikes-yemen-saada-breach--150510143647004.html|url-status=live}}</ref> in which a protest movement and subsequent insurgency succeeded in [[Houthi takeover in Yemen|capturing Yemen's capital]], [[Sanaa]], causing President Hadi to resign and flee the country. In December 2017, he declared his withdrawal from his coalition with the Houthis and instead sided with his former enemies – [[Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen|Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates]] and President al-Hadi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/12/houthi-media-ali-abdullah-saleh-killed-sanaa-171204123328290.html|title=Yemen: Ex-President Ali Abdullah Saleh killed|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=4 December 2017|archive-date=19 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519214814/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/12/houthi-media-ali-abdullah-saleh-killed-sanaa-171204123328290.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
-On 4 December 2017, during [[Battle of Sanaa (2017)|a battle]] between Houthi and Saleh supporters in Sanaa, the Houthis accused Saleh of treason, and he was killed by a Houthi [[sniper]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-yemen-ali-abdullah-saleh-20171204-story.html|title=Deposed strongman Ali Abdullah Saleh killed after switching sides in Yemen's war|first=Zayd|last=Ahmed|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=5 December 2017|access-date=7 December 2020|archive-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204180132/https://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-yemen-ali-abdullah-saleh-20171204-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Yemen's ousted president 'killed by rebels' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/yemen-rebel-leader-former-president-killed-ali-abdullah-saleh-fighting-saudi-arabia-crisis-conflict-latest-a8090721.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241204091445/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/yemen-rebel-leader-former-president-killed-ali-abdullah-saleh-fighting-saudi-arabia-crisis-conflict-latest-a8090721.html |archive-date=2024-12-04 |access-date=2024-12-15 |work=The Independent |language=en-GB}}</ref> Reports were that Saleh was killed while trying to flee his compound in a car; however, this was denied by his party officials, who said he was executed at his house.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-yemen-security-saleh-insight/the-last-hours-of-yemens-saleh-idUSKBN1E20YY|title=The last hours of Yemen's Saleh|first=Noah|last=Browning|newspaper=Reuters|date=8 December 2017|access-date=18 October 2018|archive-date=21 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921133916/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-yemen-security-saleh-insight/the-last-hours-of-yemens-saleh-idUSKBN1E20YY|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/12/analysis-yemens-ex-president-salehs-killing-revenge-171204135213663.html|title=Analysis: Yemen's ex-president Saleh's killing was 'revenge'|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=4 December 2017|archive-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204153242/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/12/analysis-yemens-ex-president-salehs-killing-revenge-171204135213663.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/12/04/middleeast/yemen-former-president-ali-abdullah-saleh-killed-intl/index.html|title=Yemen's former President Saleh killed in Sanaa|author=Hakim Almasmari, Tamara Qiblawi and Hilary Clarke|access-date=4 December 2017|publisher=CNN|archive-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204143108/http://www.cnn.com/2017/12/04/middleeast/yemen-former-president-ali-abdullah-saleh-killed-intl/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
+On 4 December 2017, during [[Battle of Sanaa (2017)|a battle]] between Houthi and Saleh supporters in Sanaa, the Houthis accused Saleh of treason, and he was killed by a Houthi [[sniper]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-yemen-ali-abdullah-saleh-20171204-story.html|title=Deposed strongman Ali Abdullah Saleh killed after switching sides in Yemen's war|first=Zayd|last=Ahmed|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=5 December 2017|access-date=7 December 2020|archive-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204180132/https://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-yemen-ali-abdullah-saleh-20171204-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Yemen's ousted president 'killed by rebels' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/yemen-rebel-leader-former-president-killed-ali-abdullah-saleh-fighting-saudi-arabia-crisis-conflict-latest-a8090721.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204091445/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/yemen-rebel-leader-former-president-killed-ali-abdullah-saleh-fighting-saudi-arabia-crisis-conflict-latest-a8090721.html |archive-date=2024-12-04 |access-date=2024-12-15 |work=The Independent |language=en-GB}}</ref> Reports were that Saleh was killed while trying to flee his compound in a car; however, this was denied by his party officials, who said he was executed at his house.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-yemen-security-saleh-insight/the-last-hours-of-yemens-saleh-idUSKBN1E20YY|title=The last hours of Yemen's Saleh|first=Noah|last=Browning|newspaper=Reuters|date=8 December 2017|access-date=18 October 2018|archive-date=21 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921133916/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-yemen-security-saleh-insight/the-last-hours-of-yemens-saleh-idUSKBN1E20YY|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/12/analysis-yemens-ex-president-salehs-killing-revenge-171204135213663.html|title=Analysis: Yemen's ex-president Saleh's killing was 'revenge'|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=4 December 2017|archive-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204153242/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/12/analysis-yemens-ex-president-salehs-killing-revenge-171204135213663.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/12/04/middleeast/yemen-former-president-ali-abdullah-saleh-killed-intl/index.html|title=Yemen's former President Saleh killed in Sanaa|author=Hakim Almasmari, Tamara Qiblawi and Hilary Clarke|access-date=4 December 2017|publisher=CNN|archive-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204143108/http://www.cnn.com/2017/12/04/middleeast/yemen-former-president-ali-abdullah-saleh-killed-intl/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
 ==Early life==
@@ Line 107: / Line 106: @@
 On 24 December 1997, Parliament approved Saleh's promotion to the rank of [[field marshal]],<ref name="aps" /><ref name="presidentsaleh.gov.ye" /> making him the highest-ranking military officer in Yemen.<ref name="aps" />
+=== 1999 election ===
 He became Yemen's first directly elected president in [[1999 Yemeni presidential election|the 1999 presidential election]], winning 96.2% of the vote.<ref name="elections" />{{rp|310}} The only other candidate, [[Najeeb Qahtan Al-Sha'abi]], who was the son of [[Qahtan Muhammad al-Shaabi]], the former president of [[South Yemen]]. Though a member of Saleh's [[General People's Congress (Yemen)|General People's Congress]] (GPC) party, Najeeb ran as an independent.<ref name="REVERSAL">{{cite news |title=In eleventh-hour reversal, President Saleh announces candidacy |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=27058 |agency=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]] |date=25 June 2006 |access-date=14 December 2010 |archive-date=5 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105080112/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=27058 |url-status=live }}</ref>
-=== 1999 election ===
 After the 1999 elections, the Parliament passed a law extending presidential terms from five to seven years, extending parliamentary terms from four to six years, and creating a 111-member, presidentially-appointed council of advisors with legislative power.<ref name="presidentsaleh.gov.ye"/> This move prompted [[Freedom House]] to downgrade their rating of political freedom in Yemen from 5 to 6.<ref name=FH>{{cite web|url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/inc/content/pubs/fiw/inc_country_detail.cfm?country=2424&pf|title=Freedom in the World – Yemen (2002)|year=2002|publisher=Freedom House|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321210215/http://www.freedomhouse.org/inc/content/pubs/fiw/inc_country_detail.cfm?country=2424&pf|archive-date=21 March 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>
@@ Line 120: / Line 119: @@
 === Colluding with terrorists ===
 [[File:Dmitry Medvedev 25 February 2009-1.jpg|thumb|225x225px|Saleh with Russian President [[Dmitry Medvedev]] in Moscow, 2009]]
-After 9/11, Saleh sided with America in the [[War on Terror]]. Following the mysterious "escape" of [[Al-Qaeda|Al Qaeda]] convicts in Yemeni custody during the [[2006 Yemen prison escape]], Saleh demanded more American money and support in order to catch the fugitives.<ref name=":0" />
+After 9/11, Saleh sided with America in the [[war on terror]]. Following the mysterious "escape" of [[Al-Qaeda|Al Qaeda]] convicts in Yemeni custody during the [[2006 Yemen prison escape]], Saleh demanded more American money and support in order to catch the fugitives.<ref name=":0" />
 In an investigative documentary allegations were made that Saleh's government supported and directly helped Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula ([[Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula|AQAP]]).<ref name="america.aljazeera.com"/>
@@ Line 144: / Line 143: @@
 ===Assassination attempt and resignation===
-On 3 June 2011, Saleh was injured in a bomb attack on his presidential compound. Multiple [[C-4 (explosive)|C-4 explosive]] charges were planted inside the mosque and one exploded when the president and major members of his government were praying.<ref name="Reutersobit"/> The explosion killed four bodyguards and former prime minister, [[Abdul Aziz Abdul Ghani]] (who died later of his wounds), deputy prime ministers, head of the parliament, governor of Sanaa and many more.<ref name="CNNobit"/> Saleh suffered burns and shrapnel injuries, but survived, a result that was confirmed by an audio message he sent to state media in which he condemned the attack, but his voice clearly revealed that he was having difficulty in speaking.<ref name="AA2011"/> Government officials tried to downplay the attack by saying he was lightly wounded. The next day he was taken to a military hospital in Saudi Arabia for treatment.<ref name="AA2011">{{cite news |title=Wounded Yemeni president in Saudi Arabia |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/06/201164164346765100.html |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=5 June 2011 |access-date=23 November 2011 |archive-date=17 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117230628/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/06/201164164346765100.html |url-status=live }}</ref> According to U.S. government officials, Saleh suffered a collapsed lung and burns on about 40 per cent of his body.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sources: Yemeni head Saleh has collapsed lung, burns over 40% of body|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/meast/06/07/yemen.unrest/|publisher=CNN|date=7 June 2011|access-date=7 June 2011|archive-date=15 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215123800/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/meast/06/07/yemen.unrest/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A Saudi official said that Saleh had undergone two operations: one to remove the shrapnel and a [[neurosurgery]] on his neck.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.catholic.org/international/international_story.php?id=41673 |title=Yemeni president flees nation for medical treatment |access-date=7 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222003824/http://www.catholic.org/international/international_story.php?id=41673 |archive-date=22 February 2014 }}</ref>
+On 3 June 2011, Saleh was injured in a bomb attack on his presidential compound. Multiple [[C-4 (explosive)|C-4 explosive]] charges were planted inside the mosque and one exploded when the president and major members of his government were praying.<ref name="Reutersobit"/> The explosion killed four bodyguards and former prime minister, [[Abdul Aziz Abdul Ghani]] (who died later of his wounds), deputy prime ministers, the head of the parliament, the governor of Sanaa, and many more.<ref name="CNNobit"/> Saleh suffered burns and shrapnel injuries, but survived, a result that was confirmed by an audio message he sent to state media in which he condemned the attack, but his voice clearly revealed that he was having difficulty in speaking.<ref name="AA2011"/> Government officials tried to downplay the attack by saying he was lightly wounded. The next day he was taken to a military hospital in Saudi Arabia for treatment.<ref name="AA2011">{{cite news |title=Wounded Yemeni president in Saudi Arabia |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/06/201164164346765100.html |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=5 June 2011 |access-date=23 November 2011 |archive-date=17 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117230628/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/06/201164164346765100.html |url-status=live }}</ref> According to U.S. government officials, Saleh suffered a collapsed lung and burns on about 40 per cent of his body.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sources: Yemeni head Saleh has collapsed lung, burns over 40% of body|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/meast/06/07/yemen.unrest/|publisher=CNN|date=7 June 2011|access-date=7 June 2011|archive-date=15 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215123800/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/meast/06/07/yemen.unrest/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A Saudi official said that Saleh had undergone two operations: one to remove the shrapnel and a [[neurosurgery]] on his neck.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.catholic.org/international/international_story.php?id=41673 |title=Yemeni president flees nation for medical treatment |access-date=7 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222003824/http://www.catholic.org/international/international_story.php?id=41673 |archive-date=22 February 2014 }}</ref>
-On 4 June 2011, Vice President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi was appointed as acting president, while Saleh remained the President of Yemen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.aljazeera.net/liveblog/yemen-jun-4-2011-2332|title=Al-Hadi acting President of Yemen|publisher=Blogs.aljazeera.net|date=4 June 2011|access-date=5 June 2011|archive-date=27 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127180754/http://blogs.aljazeera.net/liveblog/yemen-jun-4-2011-2332|url-status=live}}</ref>
+On 4 June 2011, Vice President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi was appointed as acting president, while Saleh remained the president of Yemen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.aljazeera.net/liveblog/yemen-jun-4-2011-2332|title=Al-Hadi acting President of Yemen|publisher=Blogs.aljazeera.net|date=4 June 2011|access-date=5 June 2011|archive-date=27 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127180754/http://blogs.aljazeera.net/liveblog/yemen-jun-4-2011-2332|url-status=live}}</ref>
-[[File:Halfbrother.jpg|thumb|Ali Abdullah Saleh and his brother in 2011]]
+[[File:Halfbrother.jpg|thumb|Ali Abdullah Saleh and his half-brother in 2011]]
 On 7 July 2011, Saleh appeared for his first live television appearance since his injury. He appeared badly burned and his arms were both bandaged. In his speech, he welcomed power-sharing but stressed it should be "within the framework of the constitution and in the framework of the law".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14072324|work=BBC News|title=Yemen President Ali Abdullah Saleh appears on TV|date=7 July 2011|access-date=20 June 2018|archive-date=21 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121080445/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14072324|url-status=live}}</ref> On 19 September 2011, he was pictured without bandages, meeting [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia|King Abdullah]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/1752|title=Yemeni Protests Continue after Saleh Signs Deal|access-date=18 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019041318/https://english.al-akhbar.com/node/1752|archive-date=19 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
@@ Line 156: / Line 155: @@
 On 23 November 2011, Saleh flew to [[Riyadh]] in neighbouring [[Saudi Arabia]] to sign the Gulf Cooperation Council plan for political transition, which he had previously spurned. Upon signing the document, he agreed to legally transfer the office and powers of the presidency to his deputy, Vice President [[Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi]].<ref name="Reutersobit"/> The agreement also led to the formation of a government divided by Saleh's political party (GPC) and the JMP.<ref name=resigns>{{cite news|last=Finn|first=Tom|title=Yemen president quits after deal in Saudi Arabia|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/nov/23/yemen-president-quits?intcmp=239|newspaper=The Guardian|date=23 November 2011|access-date=17 December 2016|archive-date=30 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330101754/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/nov/23/yemen-president-quits?intcmp=239|url-status=live}}</ref>
-It was reported that Saleh had left Yemen on 22 January 2012 for medical treatment in [[New York City]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/23/world/middleeast/yemeni-president-leaves-heading-for-us.html?_r=1&hp|title=Yemen Leader Leaves for Medical Care in New York|author=Laura Kasinof|newspaper=The New York Times|date=22 January 2012|access-date=26 February 2017|archive-date=29 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429202759/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/23/world/middleeast/yemeni-president-leaves-heading-for-us.html?_r=1&hp|url-status=live}}</ref> He arrived in the United States six days later.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/APb4ea7b8f7c1848d199ea4d68ceb356dc|title=Official: Yemen president in US for treatment|date=28 January 2012|work=The Wall Street Journal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012012316/https://www.wsj.com/articles/APb4ea7b8f7c1848d199ea4d68ceb356dc|archive-date=12 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> After his deputy Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi won the [[2012 Yemeni presidential election]] on 21 February 2012 running unopposed, Saleh formally ceded power to him and stepped down as the President of Yemen on 25 February 2012, pledging to support efforts to "rebuild" the country still reeling from months of violence.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-17177720</ref>
+It was reported that Saleh had left Yemen on 22 January 2012 for medical treatment in [[New York City]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/23/world/middleeast/yemeni-president-leaves-heading-for-us.html?_r=1&hp|title=Yemen Leader Leaves for Medical Care in New York|author=Laura Kasinof|newspaper=The New York Times|date=22 January 2012|access-date=26 February 2017|archive-date=29 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429202759/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/23/world/middleeast/yemeni-president-leaves-heading-for-us.html?_r=1&hp|url-status=live}}</ref> He arrived in the United States six days later.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/APb4ea7b8f7c1848d199ea4d68ceb356dc|title=Official: Yemen president in US for treatment|date=28 January 2012|work=The Wall Street Journal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012012316/https://www.wsj.com/articles/APb4ea7b8f7c1848d199ea4d68ceb356dc|archive-date=12 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> After his deputy Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi won the [[2012 Yemeni presidential election]] on 21 February 2012 running unopposed, Saleh formally ceded power to him and stepped down as the President of Yemen on 25 February 2012, pledging to support efforts to "rebuild" the country still reeling from months of violence.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-17177720 | title=Yemen's president Ali Abdullah Saleh cedes power | work=BBC News | date=27 February 2012 }}</ref>
 ==Post-presidency==
@@ Line 167: / Line 166: @@
 ==Death==
 {{see also|Battle of Sanaa (2017)}}
-Houthi spokesperson Mohamed Abdel Salam stated that his group had spotted messages between the [[United Arab Emirates]] (UAE) and Saleh three months before his death. He told the [[Qatar]]i channel [[Al Jazeera Arabic|Al-Jazeera]] that there was communication between Saleh, the [[UAE]] and a number of other countries such as [[Russia]] and [[Jordan]] through encrypted messages.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://alkhaleejonline.net/articles/1512415225521026500/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD-%D9%88%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B8%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84-3-%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1/|title=الحوثيون: رصدنا رسائل بين صالح وأبوظبي قبل 3 شهور|trans-title=Houthis: We detected messages between Saleh and Abu Dhabi 3 months ago|date=4 December 2017|work=Al Khaleej|language=ar|access-date=5 December 2017|archive-date=15 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615111140/http://alkhaleejonline.net/articles/1512415225521026500/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD-%D9%88%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B8%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84-3-%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1/|url-status=live}}</ref> The alliance between Saleh and the Houthi broke down in late 2017,<ref name="AJ_H-S">{{cite news|author=Faisal Edroos|title=How did Yemen's Houthi-Saleh alliance collapse?|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/12/yemen-houthi-saleh-alliance-collapse-171204070831956.html|access-date=4 December 2017|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=4 December 2017|archive-date=19 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519214826/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/12/yemen-houthi-saleh-alliance-collapse-171204070831956.html|url-status=live}}</ref> with armed clashes occurring between former allies in Sana'a from 28 November.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/violence-escalates-sanaa-saleh-loyalists-battle-houthis/|title=Violence escalates in Sanaa as Saleh loyalists battle Houthis|date=2 December 2017|author=Leith Fadel|publisher=Al Masdar News|access-date=4 December 2017|archive-date=19 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519120403/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/violence-escalates-sanaa-saleh-loyalists-battle-houthis/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Saleh declared his split from the [[Houthi movement]] in a televised statement delivered on 2 December, calling on his supporters to take back the country<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X11lC8BDI44&lc=z22ojlzyepngupa04acdp433zvtxdtdhhktlzvwbsr1w03c010c.1512423183560266| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/X11lC8BDI44| archive-date=17 November 2021 | url-status=live|title=Yemen: Conflict intensifies between former rebel allies|publisher=Al Jazeera English|date=3 December 2017|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and expressed his openness to a dialogue with the [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen|Saudi Arabian-led coalition]].<ref name="AJ_H-S"/>
+Houthi spokesperson Mohamed Abdel Salam stated that his group had spotted messages between the [[United Arab Emirates]] (UAE) and Saleh three months before his death. He told the [[Qatar]]i channel [[Al Jazeera Arabic|Al-Jazeera]] that there was communication between Saleh, the [[UAE]] and a number of other countries such as [[Russia]] and [[Jordan]] through encrypted messages.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://alkhaleejonline.net/articles/1512415225521026500/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD-%D9%88%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B8%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84-3-%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1/|title=الحوثيون: رصدنا رسائل بين صالح وأبوظبي قبل 3 شهور|trans-title=Houthis: We detected messages between Saleh and Abu Dhabi 3 months ago|date=4 December 2017|work=Al Khaleej|language=ar|access-date=5 December 2017|archive-date=15 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615111140/http://alkhaleejonline.net/articles/1512415225521026500/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD-%D9%88%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B8%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84-3-%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1/|url-status=live}}</ref> The alliance between Saleh and the Houthi broke down in late 2017,<ref name="AJ_H-S">{{cite news|author=Faisal Edroos|title=How did Yemen's Houthi-Saleh alliance collapse?|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/12/yemen-houthi-saleh-alliance-collapse-171204070831956.html|access-date=4 December 2017|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=4 December 2017|archive-date=19 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519214826/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/12/yemen-houthi-saleh-alliance-collapse-171204070831956.html|url-status=live}}</ref> with armed clashes occurring between former allies in Sana'a from 28 November.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/violence-escalates-sanaa-saleh-loyalists-battle-houthis/|title=Violence escalates in Sanaa as Saleh loyalists battle Houthis|date=2 December 2017|author=Leith Fadel|publisher=Al Masdar News|access-date=4 December 2017|archive-date=19 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519120403/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/violence-escalates-sanaa-saleh-loyalists-battle-houthis/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Saleh declared his split from the [[Houthis]] in a televised statement delivered on 2 December, calling on his supporters to take back the country<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X11lC8BDI44&lc=z22ojlzyepngupa04acdp433zvtxdtdhhktlzvwbsr1w03c010c.1512423183560266| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/X11lC8BDI44| archive-date=17 November 2021 | url-status=live|title=Yemen: Conflict intensifies between former rebel allies|publisher=Al Jazeera English|date=3 December 2017|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and expressed his openness to a dialogue with the [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen|Saudi Arabian-led coalition]].<ref name="AJ_H-S"/>
 On 4 December 2017, Saleh's house in Sana'a was assaulted by fighters of the Houthi movement, according to residents.<ref>{{cite news|title=Yemen's Houthis blow up ex-president Saleh's house|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-yemen-security-house/yemens-houthis-blow-up-ex-president-salehs-house-idUKKBN1DY15Y|work=Reuters.com|date=4 December 2017|access-date=4 December 2017|archive-date=25 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125000314/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-yemen-security-house/yemens-houthis-blow-up-ex-president-salehs-house-idUKKBN1DY15Y|url-status=dead}}</ref> Saleh was killed on his way to [[Marib]] while trying to flee into Saudi-controlled territories after a [[rocket-propelled grenade]] struck and disabled his vehicle in an [[ambush]] and he was subsequently shot in the head by a Houthi sniper, something his party denied.<ref>{{cite news|title=Houthis reportedly gain control of majority of Sanaa|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/12/saleh-fate-unknown-house-bombed-houthis-171204095843076.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=4 December 2017|access-date=4 December 2017|archive-date=17 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617114526/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/12/saleh-fate-unknown-house-bombed-houthis-171204095843076.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Houthis published a video allegedly depicting Saleh's body with a gunshot wound to the head.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mz-mz.net/wp-content/up/24174221_786863818180284_3228772296227002524_n.jpg|website= mz-mz.net|title= Photo of Corpse Head| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171205095645/https://mz-mz.net/wp-content/up/24174221_786863818180284_3228772296227002524_n.jpg|url-status= dead|archive-date= 5 December 2017|date=5 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=Youm7|title=الحوثيون ينشرون صورا وفيديو لمقتل على عبد الله صالح|language=ar|trans-title=Houthis publish photos and a video of the killing of Ali Abdullah Saleh|url=https://youm7.com/story/2017/12/4/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88-%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD/3539165|access-date=4 December 2017|archive-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204162146/http://www.youm7.com/story/2017/12/4/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88-%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD/3539165|url-status=live}}</ref> His death was confirmed by a senior aide to Saleh, and also by Saleh's nephew.<ref name="Reutersobit">{{cite news|title=Yemen's ex-president Saleh shot dead after switching sides in civil war|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-yemen-security/yemens-ex-president-saleh-shot-dead-after-switching-sides-in-civil-war-idUSKBN1DY12V|work=Reuters|date=4 December 2017|access-date=4 December 2017|archive-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204171345/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-yemen-security/yemens-ex-president-saleh-shot-dead-after-switching-sides-in-civil-war-idUSKBN1DY12V|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CNNobit">{{cite news|title=Yemen's former President Ali Abdullah Saleh killed trying to flee Sanaa|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/12/04/middleeast/yemen-former-president-ali-abdullah-saleh-killed-intl/index.html|access-date=4 December 2017|publisher=CNN|date=4 December 2017|archive-date=5 December 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171205070249/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/12/04/middleeast/yemen-former-president-ali-abdullah-saleh-killed-intl/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> His death has been described by ''[[The Economist]]'' as an embarrassment in a string of Saudi foreign policy failures under [[Mohammad bin Salman]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21731968-former-dictator-once-fought-houthis-and-later-allied-them-his-decision|title=Ali Abdullah Saleh's death will shake up the war in Yemen|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=5 December 2017|archive-date=5 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205002743/https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21731968-former-dictator-once-fought-houthis-and-later-allied-them-his-decision|url-status=live}}</ref>
@@ Line 184: / Line 183: @@
 ===Foreign honours===
 * {{Flag|Cuba}}: Medal of the [[Order of José Martí]]<ref name="chronology.palestine-studies.org">{{cite web|url=https://chronology.palestine-studies.org/entity-category/recipients-order-jos%C3%A9-marti|title=Recipients of the Order of José Marti|website=palestine-studies.org|publisher=|date=|access-date=|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411215804/https://chronology.palestine-studies.org/entity-category/recipients-order-jos%C3%A9-marti|url-status=live}}</ref>
-* {{Flag|Libya|1977}}: First Class of the Order of the Grand Conqueror<ref name="alkhaleej.ae">{{cite web| url=https://www.alkhaleej.ae/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%A7-%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AD%D8%A9| script-title=ar:صالح والقذافي.. ما أشبه الليلة بالبارحة| title=| language=ar| website=alkhaleej.ae| publisher=| date=| access-date=| archive-date=16 April 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416084910/https://www.alkhaleej.ae/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%A7-%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AD%D8%A9| url-status=live}}</ref>
+* {{Flag|Libyan Arab Jamahiriya|name=Libya}}: First Class of the Order of the Grand Conqueror<ref name="alkhaleej.ae">{{cite web| url=https://www.alkhaleej.ae/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%A7-%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AD%D8%A9| script-title=ar:صالح والقذافي.. ما أشبه الليلة بالبارحة| title=| language=ar| website=alkhaleej.ae| publisher=| date=| access-date=| archive-date=16 April 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416084910/https://www.alkhaleej.ae/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%A7-%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AD%D8%A9| url-status=live}}</ref>
 * {{Flag|Tunisia}}: Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Seventh of November]]
 * {{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}: Collar of the [[Order of Zayed]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=31 January 2007|title=Saleh starts UAE visit (updated)|publisher=[[Emirates News Agency]]|url=https://www.wam.ae/en/details/1395227783982|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209184829/https://www.wam.ae/en/details/1395227783982|archive-date=9 December 2021}}</ref>
@@ Line 207: / Line 206: @@
 == Notes ==
-{{reflist|group=note}}<references group="lower-alpha" />
+{{notelist}}
 ==References==
 {{Reflist|30em}}
@@ Line 263: / Line 263: @@
 [[Category:Yemeni military personnel killed in the Yemeni civil war (2014–present)]]
 [[Category:Yemeni Zaydis]]
-[[Category:Saleh family]]
+[[Category:Saleh family|Ali Abdullah]]
 [[Category:People of the North Yemen Civil War]]
 [[Category:20th-century Yemeni military personnel]]
@@ Line 277: / Line 277: @@
 [[Category:National presidents assassinated in the 21st century]]
 [[Category:Chiefs of the General Staff (Yemen)]]
+[[Category:Politicide perpetrators]]

Ali Abdullah Saleh: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 12:45, 15 November 2025

Contents

Early life

Military career and rise to the presidency

North Yemen presidency

Unified Yemen presidency

Terrorist links

Military promotion

1999 election

2006 election

Colluding with terrorists

Ousted from the presidency

Protests

Assassination attempt and resignation

Post-presidency

Death

In popular culture

Honours

National honours

Foreign honours

Wealth

Personal life

See also

Notes

References

External links

Navigation menu

Ali Abdullah Saleh: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 12:45, 15 November 2025

Early life

Military career and rise to the presidency

North Yemen presidency

Unified Yemen presidency

Terrorist links

Military promotion

1999 election

2006 election

Colluding with terrorists

Ousted from the presidency

Protests

Assassination attempt and resignation

Post-presidency

Death

In popular culture

Honours

National honours

Foreign honours

Wealth

Personal life

See also

Notes

References

External links

Navigation menu

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