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| government_type = | | government_type = | ||
| leader_title = [[Governor of Sool|Governor]] (disputed since January 2023) | | leader_title = [[Governor of Sool|Governor]] (disputed since January 2023) | ||
| leader_name = [[ | | leader_name = [[Osman Fiidyow]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sool Governor Abdikarim Adan Haji Diriye in yagoori conference.|date=28 January 2022|url=https://somalilandstandard.com/yagoori-peace-conference-for-the-fraternal-communities-concludes-successfully/|access-date=21 October 2022|archive-date=12 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012162704/https://somalilandstandard.com/yagoori-peace-conference-for-the-fraternal-communities-concludes-successfully/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Gudomiyaha Gobalka sool Abdikarin Haji Diiriye koormeray taliska sool.|date=24 February 2022|url=https://wargeyskadawan.com/2022/02/24/gudoomiyaha-gobolka-sool-oo-kormeeray-taliska-booliska/|access-date=21 October 2022|archive-date=12 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012162319/https://wargeyskadawan.com/2022/02/24/gudoomiyaha-gobolka-sool-oo-kormeeray-taliska-booliska/|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
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'''Sool''' ({{langx|so|Sool}}, {{langx|ar|صول}}) is a disputed administrative region (gobol).<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 22, 2022 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/catching-human-rights-needs-sool-and-sanaag-after-four-years |title=Catching up on human rights needs in Sool and Sanaag after four years |accessdate=2023-01-09 |archive-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630153721/https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/catching-human-rights-needs-sool-and-sanaag-after-four-years |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Detailed Site Assessment (DSA): Sool region, Somaliland (March 2022) |newspaper=reliefweb.int |date=2022-04-20 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/detailed-site-assessment-dsa-sool-region-somalia-march-2022 |accessdate=2022-12-07 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=European Union Agency for Asylum (EUAA) Sool |url=https://euaa.europa.eu/country-guidance-somalia-2022/sool |access-date=25 December 2023 |archive-date=25 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225044318/https://euaa.europa.eu/country-guidance-somalia-2022/sool |url-status=live }}</ref> It borders [[Togdheer]] to the west, [[Sanaag]] to the north, [[Ethiopia]] to the south and [[Nugal, Somalia|Nugal]] | '''Sool''' ({{langx|so|Sool}}, {{langx|ar|صول}}) is a disputed administrative region (gobol).<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 22, 2022 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/catching-human-rights-needs-sool-and-sanaag-after-four-years |title=Catching up on human rights needs in Sool and Sanaag after four years |accessdate=2023-01-09 |archive-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630153721/https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/catching-human-rights-needs-sool-and-sanaag-after-four-years |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Detailed Site Assessment (DSA): Sool region, Somaliland (March 2022) |newspaper=reliefweb.int |date=2022-04-20 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/detailed-site-assessment-dsa-sool-region-somalia-march-2022 |accessdate=2022-12-07 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=European Union Agency for Asylum (EUAA) Sool |url=https://euaa.europa.eu/country-guidance-somalia-2022/sool |access-date=25 December 2023 |archive-date=25 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225044318/https://euaa.europa.eu/country-guidance-somalia-2022/sool |url-status=live }}</ref> It borders [[Togdheer]] to the west, [[Sanaag]] to the north, [[Ethiopia]] to the south, and [[Nugal, Somalia|Nugal]] and [[Bari, Somalia|Bari]] to the east. Its capital city is [[Las Anod]]. The region is disputed by the self-declared Republic of [[Somaliland]] and the [[Khatumo State|North Eastern State]] (SSC-Khatumo), and is partially controlled by both polities.<ref name=":CrisisGroup" /> [[Puntland]] also has claims on the region as it does not recognize SSC-Khatumo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Puntland rejects SSC-Khaatumo administration, citing legal grounds |url=http://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2025/july/202234/puntland_rejects_ssc_khaatumo_administration_citing_legal_grounds.aspx |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=www.hiiraan.com |language=en-US}}</ref> | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
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The Eastern part of the Sool region is almost exclusively inhabited by [[Dhulbahante]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=The political development of Somaliland and its conflict with Puntland |journal=Institute for Security Studies |page=10 |url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/111689/P200.pdf |access-date=15 June 2021 |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420183636/http://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/111689/P200.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hohne |first1=Markus V. |s2cid=54173895 |title=Political identity, emerging state structures and conflict in northern Somalia |journal=Journal of Modern African Studies |date=2006 |volume=44 |issue=3 |page=405 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X06001820 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Somaliland vs. Puntland over the future of Somalia |url=http://www.life-peace.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/hab_2008_2.pdf |access-date=20 September 2019 |publisher=Horn of Africa Bulletin |archive-date=20 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920170225/http://www.life-peace.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/hab_2008_2.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=International Crisis Group |title=Somaliland: The Strains of Success |page=4 |url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/194148/b113-somaliland-the-strains-of-success.pdf |access-date=20 September 2019 |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012163647/https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/194148/b113-somaliland-the-strains-of-success.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Michael Walls reports: | The Eastern part of the Sool region is almost exclusively inhabited by [[Dhulbahante]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=The political development of Somaliland and its conflict with Puntland |journal=Institute for Security Studies |page=10 |url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/111689/P200.pdf |access-date=15 June 2021 |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420183636/http://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/111689/P200.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hohne |first1=Markus V. |s2cid=54173895 |title=Political identity, emerging state structures and conflict in northern Somalia |journal=Journal of Modern African Studies |date=2006 |volume=44 |issue=3 |page=405 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X06001820 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Somaliland vs. Puntland over the future of Somalia |url=http://www.life-peace.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/hab_2008_2.pdf |access-date=20 September 2019 |publisher=Horn of Africa Bulletin |archive-date=20 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920170225/http://www.life-peace.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/hab_2008_2.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=International Crisis Group |title=Somaliland: The Strains of Success |page=4 |url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/194148/b113-somaliland-the-strains-of-success.pdf |access-date=20 September 2019 |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012163647/https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/194148/b113-somaliland-the-strains-of-success.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Michael Walls reports: | ||
<blockquote> "The residents of Sool overwhelmingly hail from a single clan grouping in the form of the Dhulbahante [...]. Sool boasts a degree of kinship homogeneity that is rare even in the Somali Horn".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Walls |first1=Michael |title=Sool Region: sovereign ambiguity vs a geopolitical system of nation-states? |url=https://www.africaresearchinstitute.org/newsite/blog/sool-region-sovereign-ambiguity-vs-a-geopolitical-system-of-nation-states/ |publisher=Africa Research Institute |access-date=20 September 2019 |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012162847/https://www.africaresearchinstitute.org/newsite/blog/sool-region-sovereign-ambiguity-vs-a-geopolitical-system-of-nation-states/ |url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote> The [[Habr Je'lo]] clan of the [[Isaaq]] clan-family make up the vast majority of the population in western Sool, including the region's second largest town [[Aynaba]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Renders|first=Marleen | <blockquote> "The residents of Sool overwhelmingly hail from a single clan grouping in the form of the Dhulbahante [...]. Sool boasts a degree of kinship homogeneity that is rare even in the Somali Horn".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Walls |first1=Michael |title=Sool Region: sovereign ambiguity vs a geopolitical system of nation-states? |url=https://www.africaresearchinstitute.org/newsite/blog/sool-region-sovereign-ambiguity-vs-a-geopolitical-system-of-nation-states/ |publisher=Africa Research Institute |access-date=20 September 2019 |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012162847/https://www.africaresearchinstitute.org/newsite/blog/sool-region-sovereign-ambiguity-vs-a-geopolitical-system-of-nation-states/ |url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote> The [[Habr Je'lo]] clan of the [[Isaaq]] clan-family make up the vast majority of the population in western Sool, including the region's second largest town [[Aynaba]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Renders|first=Marleen|title=Consider Somaliland : state-building with traditional leaders and institutions|date=2012|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-22254-0|location=Leiden|oclc=775301944|quote=Eastern Sanaag and Sool had not been Egal’s priority. The president did not strictly need these regions to be under his military control in order to preserve and consolidate his position politically or in terms of resources.}}</ref> as well as the wider [[Aynaba District]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 2016|title=EASO Country of Origin Information Report - Somalia Security Situation|url=http://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/1226_1457606427_easo-somalia-security-feb-2016.pdf|access-date=15 August 2021|archive-date=11 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711180414/https://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/1226_1457606427_easo-somalia-security-feb-2016.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
The [[Habar Yoonis|Habr Yunis]] sub-division of the [[Garhajis]] [[Isaaq]] also inhabit the western parts of [[Xudun District|Hudun]] and [[Las Anod District|Las Anod]] districts in northern Sool.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|date=February 2016|title=EASO Country of Origin Information: Report Somalia Security Situation|url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1158113/1226_1457606427_easo-somalia-security-feb-2016.pdf|journal=European Asylum Support Office|page=74|access-date=15 June 2021|archive-date=9 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309060935/https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1158113/1226_1457606427_easo-somalia-security-feb-2016.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | The [[Habar Yoonis|Habr Yunis]] sub-division of the [[Garhajis]] [[Isaaq]] also inhabit the western parts of [[Xudun District|Hudun]] and [[Las Anod District|Las Anod]] districts in northern Sool.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|date=February 2016|title=EASO Country of Origin Information: Report Somalia Security Situation|url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1158113/1226_1457606427_easo-somalia-security-feb-2016.pdf|journal=European Asylum Support Office|page=74|access-date=15 June 2021|archive-date=9 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309060935/https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1158113/1226_1457606427_easo-somalia-security-feb-2016.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
The [[Dhulbahante]] sub-division of the [[Harti]] Darod clan primarily inhabits the [[Taleh District|Taleh]], eastern Hudun and Las Anod districts in eastern Sool.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Walls|first1=Michael|title=Sool Region: sovereign ambiguity vs a geopolitical system of nation-states?|url=https://www.africaresearchinstitute.org/newsite/blog/sool-region-sovereign-ambiguity-vs-a-geopolitical-system-of-nation-states/|access-date=20 September 2019|publisher=Africa Research Institute|archive-date=12 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012162847/https://www.africaresearchinstitute.org/newsite/blog/sool-region-sovereign-ambiguity-vs-a-geopolitical-system-of-nation-states/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Somaliland vs. Puntland over the future of Somalia|publisher=Horn of Africa Bulletin|url=http://www.life-peace.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/hab_2008_2.pdf|access-date=20 September 2019|archive-date=20 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920170225/http://www.life-peace.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/hab_2008_2.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=The political development of Somaliland and its conflict with Puntland|url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/111689/P200.pdf|journal=Institute for Security Studies|page=10|access-date=15 June 2021|archive-date=20 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420183636/http://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/111689/P200.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The Fiqishini sub-clan of the [[Habar Gidir]] [[Hawiye]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Höhne|first=Markus Virgil | The [[Dhulbahante]] sub-division of the [[Harti]] Darod clan primarily inhabits the [[Taleh District|Taleh]], eastern Hudun and Las Anod districts in eastern Sool.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Walls|first1=Michael|title=Sool Region: sovereign ambiguity vs a geopolitical system of nation-states?|url=https://www.africaresearchinstitute.org/newsite/blog/sool-region-sovereign-ambiguity-vs-a-geopolitical-system-of-nation-states/|access-date=20 September 2019|publisher=Africa Research Institute|archive-date=12 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012162847/https://www.africaresearchinstitute.org/newsite/blog/sool-region-sovereign-ambiguity-vs-a-geopolitical-system-of-nation-states/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Somaliland vs. Puntland over the future of Somalia|publisher=Horn of Africa Bulletin|url=http://www.life-peace.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/hab_2008_2.pdf|access-date=20 September 2019|archive-date=20 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920170225/http://www.life-peace.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/hab_2008_2.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=The political development of Somaliland and its conflict with Puntland|url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/111689/P200.pdf|journal=Institute for Security Studies|page=10|access-date=15 June 2021|archive-date=20 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420183636/http://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/111689/P200.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The Fiqishini sub-clan of the [[Habar Gidir]] [[Hawiye]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Höhne|first=Markus Virgil|title=Between Somaliland and Puntland : marginalization, militarization and conflicting political vision|date=2015|isbn=978-1-907431-13-5|location=London|pages=99|oclc=976483444}}</ref> integrated into [[Baho Nugaaled]] Dhulbahante,<ref>Political Orientations and Repertoires of Identification: State and Identity Formation in Northern Somalia, 2011, Markus Hoehne, p. 285, "Schlee (1994 [1989]: 223) confirmed that... Fiqishiini ’."</ref> inhabit the area around [[Adhi'adeye]] as well as fiqishini.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-05-11|title=Waqtiga Celeema saarka Sultaanka Beesha FIQISHINI oo la shaaciyey.|newspaper=halgan.net|url=https://halgan.net/2016/05/waqtiga-caleema-saarka-suldaanka-beesha-fiqishini-oo-la-shaaciyey-daawo/|access-date=2021-07-25|archive-date=12 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012162704/https://halgan.net/2016/05/waqtiga-caleema-saarka-suldaanka-beesha-fiqishini-oo-la-shaaciyey-daawo/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-05-17|title=Qaban-Qaabada Suldaanka Beesha Fiqishini Oo Laga Dareemayo Degmada Laascaanood Iyo Wufuud Kusii Qulqulaysa Adhicadeeye|newspaper=laascaanood.com|url=https://www.laascaanood.com/qaban-qaabada-suldaanka-beesha-fiqishini-oo-laga-dareemayo-bariga-somaliland-iyo-wufuud-kusii-qulqulaysa-adhicadeeyedaawo-sawiro/|access-date=2021-07-25|archive-date=26 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126075531/https://www.laascaanood.com/qaban-qaabada-suldaanka-beesha-fiqishini-oo-laga-dareemayo-bariga-somaliland-iyo-wufuud-kusii-qulqulaysa-adhicadeeyedaawo-sawiro/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
==Districts== | ==Districts== | ||
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{{Regions of Somaliland}} | {{Regions of Somaliland}} | ||
[[Category:Sool | [[Category:Sool| ]] | ||
[[Category:Regions of Somaliland]] | [[Category:Regions of Somaliland]] | ||
Revision as of 06:50, 6 November 2025
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Sool (Template:Langx, Template:Langx) is a disputed administrative region (gobol).[2][3][4] It borders Togdheer to the west, Sanaag to the north, Ethiopia to the south, and Nugal and Bari to the east. Its capital city is Las Anod. The region is disputed by the self-declared Republic of Somaliland and the North Eastern State (SSC-Khatumo), and is partially controlled by both polities.[1] Puntland also has claims on the region as it does not recognize SSC-Khatumo.[5]
History
From 1944 to 1974, the Sool region was formerly Las Anod district. It was one of three districts under British protection. The other two districts were the Burao and hargeysa districts.[7]
In 1974 most Sool was part of the larger Nugaal region, with its capital at Garowe. It was established as a separate region in 1984 with its capital at Las Anod.[8]
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Las Anod conflict
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Due to the prolonged conflict between Somaliland and Puntland, many Dhulbahante and Warsangeli living in the region did not recognize the Sool region and eastern Sanaag, as either Somaliland or Puntland.[9] On 5 January 2023, Somaliland forces withdrew from Las Anod after mass civil unrest in the city.[10] On October 19, the government of Somalia recognized the state of SSC-Khaatumo as a federal member.[11] Since the defeat of Somaliland troops in the base in Goojacde, much of Sool has been under the control of SSC-Khatumo.[1][12]
Demographics
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The Eastern part of the Sool region is almost exclusively inhabited by Dhulbahante.[13][14][15][16] Michael Walls reports:
"The residents of Sool overwhelmingly hail from a single clan grouping in the form of the Dhulbahante [...]. Sool boasts a degree of kinship homogeneity that is rare even in the Somali Horn".[17]
The Habr Je'lo clan of the Isaaq clan-family make up the vast majority of the population in western Sool, including the region's second largest town Aynaba,[18] as well as the wider Aynaba District.[19]
The Habr Yunis sub-division of the Garhajis Isaaq also inhabit the western parts of Hudun and Las Anod districts in northern Sool.[20]
The Dhulbahante sub-division of the Harti Darod clan primarily inhabits the Taleh, eastern Hudun and Las Anod districts in eastern Sool.[21][22][23] The Fiqishini sub-clan of the Habar Gidir Hawiye[24] integrated into Baho Nugaaled Dhulbahante,[25] inhabit the area around Adhi'adeye as well as fiqishini.[26][27]
Districts
The Sool region consists of 4 districts: Caynabo, Xudun, Taleex and Laas Canood.[28]
Villages
Maps
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Detailed map
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Military situation in Somalia and Somaliland as of December 2024
See also
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- Administrative divisions of Somaliland
- Regions of Somaliland
- Districts of Somaliland
- Somalia–Somaliland border
References
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- ↑ Political Orientations and Repertoires of Identification: State and Identity Formation in Northern Somalia, 2011, Markus Hoehne, p. 285, "Schlee (1994 [1989]: 223) confirmed that... Fiqishiini ’."
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External links
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