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{{Wiktionary|-graphy}}
{{Wiktionary|-graphy}}


The English [[suffix]] '''-graphy''' means a "field of study" or related to "writing" a book, and is an anglicization of the French {{lang|fr|-graphie}} inherited from the Latin {{lang|la|-graphia}}, which is a transliterated direct borrowing from Greek.
The English [[suffix]] '''''-graphy''''' denotes either a field of study or a manner of writing or representation. It derives from the French {{lang|fr|{{linktext|-graphie}}}}, which in turn comes from the [[Latin]] {{lang|la|{{linktext|-graphia}}}}, itself a [[transliteration]] of the Greek {{lang|grc|{{linktext|-γραφία}}}} ({{transliteration|grc|-graphia}}).


== Arts ==
Because ''-graphy'' begins with a [[consonant]], it is usually joined to a [[combining form]] that provides the [[linking vowel]] ''{{linktext|-o-}}'' (e.g. ''photo-'' + ''-graphy''). This follows the pattern of neo-classical word formation, in which new English words are built from Greek and Latin elements in imitation of Greek [[Compound (linguistics)|compound]] and derivative structures.<ref>{{cite journal
* [[Cartography]] – the art and field of making maps.
|last=Prćić
|first=Tvrtko
|title=Exploring the Properties of English Lexical Affixes by Exploiting the Resources of English General-Purpose Dictionaries
|journal=[[Lexikos]]
|year=2019
|volume=29
|pages=1–29
|doi=10.5788/29-1-1516
|url=https://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2224-00392019000100007
|issn=2224-0039
|doi-access=free
}}</ref>
 
== Arts and communication ==
 
* [[Biography]] – an account of a person's life
** [[Autobiography]] – biography of a person written by themselves
*** [[Autobiogeography]] – a self-referential map or other geographic document created by the subject
** [[Hagiography]] – biography of a saint or an ecclesiastical leader
** [[Metabiography]] – the study of how biographies are shaped by the temporal, geographical, institutional, intellectual, and ideological contexts of their authors
** [[Photobiography]] – biography told primarily through photographs, often accompanied by brief textual commentary
** [[Psychobiography]] – biographical study that interprets a subject's life and behavior through psychological theory or analysis
* [[Choreography]] – the art of creating and arranging dances or ballets.
* [[Choreography]] – the art of creating and arranging dances or ballets.
* [[Cinematography]] – the art of making lighting and camera choices when recording photographic images for the cinema.
* [[Cinematography]] – the art of making lighting and camera choices when recording photographic images for the cinema
* [[Collagraph]]y - In [[printmaking]], a fine art technique in which [[collage]] materials are used as ink-carrying imagery on a printing plate.
* [[Floriography]] – the language of flowers
* [[Iconography]] – the art of interpreting the content by icons.
* [[Iconography]] – the art of interpreting the content by icons.
* [[Klecksography]] – the art of making images from inkblots.
* [[Klecksography]] – the art of making images from inkblots.
* [[Lexicography]] – the study [[Lexicon|lexicons]] and the art of compiling dictionaries.
* [[Lexicography]] – the study [[Lexicon|lexicons]] and the art of compiling dictionaries.
* [[Lithography]] – [[planographic printing]] technique.
* [[Photography]] – the art, practice or occupation of taking and printing photographs.
* [[Photography]] – the art, practice or occupation of taking and printing photographs.
* [[Photolithography]] – the method for microfabrication in electronics manufacturing.
** [[Astrophotography]] – the photography or imaging of astronomical objects
** [[Rephotography]] – the act of photographing the same site twice, with a time lag between the two images
** [[Telephotography]] – the sending of photographs by telegraph, telephone or radio
* [[Pornography]] – the practice, occupation and result of producing sexually arousing imagery or words.
* [[Pornography]] – the practice, occupation and result of producing sexually arousing imagery or words.
* [[Pyrography]] – the art of decorating wood or other materials with burn marks.
* [[Pyrography]] – the art of decorating wood or other materials with burn marks
* [[Serigraphy]] – [[printmaking]] technique that uses a stencil made of fine synthetic material through which ink is forced.
* [[Reprography]] – the reproduction of graphics through mechanical or electrical means
* [[Tasseography]] – the art of reading tea leaves.
* [[Scenography]] – the art of theatrical design and stage scenery
* [[Thermography]] – thermal imaging.
* [[Tasseography]] – a [[divination]] or [[fortune-telling]] method that interprets [[pattern]]s in tea leaves
* [[Tomography]] – three-dimensional imaging.
* [[Telegraphy]] – the long-distance transmission of messages
* [[Typography]] – the art and techniques of [[type design]].
* [[Typography]] – the art and techniques of [[type design]].
* [[Videography]] – the art and techniques of filming video.
* [[Videography]] – the art and techniques of filming video.
* [[Vitreography]] – in [[printmaking]], a fine art technique that uses glass printing matrices.
* [[Vitrography]] – a method of using [[laser]] beams to create three-dimensional images or designs inside solid glass
* [[Xerography]] – the means of copying documents.
 
=== Printing ===
* [[Collagraphy]] – In [[printmaking]], a fine art technique in which [[collage]] materials are used as ink-carrying imagery on a printing plate.
* [[Flexography]] – a printing process using a flexible relief plate
* [[Geomontography]] – a printing method, used primarily for the production of maps
* [[Hectography]] – a duplicating process using gelatin plates
* [[Lithography]] – a [[planographic printing]] technique
** [[Chromolithography]] – a method for making multi-colour prints in lithography
** [[Photolithography]] – the method for microfabrication in electronics manufacturing.
* [[Mimeography]] – a duplicating process using stencils
* [[Serigraphy]] – a printmaking technique that uses a stencil made of fine synthetic material through which ink is forced
* [[Vitreography]] – in printmaking, a fine art technique that uses glass printing matrices
* [[Xerography]] – the means of copying documents


=== Writing ===
=== Writing ===
* [[Cacography]] – bad handwriting or spelling.
* [[Cacography]] – bad handwriting or spelling.
* [[Calligraphy]] – the art of fine handwriting.
* [[Calligraphy]] – the art of fine handwriting.
* [[Dittography]] – accidental repetition of letters or words when copying text
* [[Garshunography]] – the use of the script of one language to write utterances of another language which already has a script associated with it; also known as allography or heterography
* [[Haplography]] – accidental omission of repeated letters when writing
* [[Ideogram|Ideography]] – the use of symbols to represent a concept or idea.
* [[Ideogram|Ideography]] – the use of symbols to represent a concept or idea.
* [[Orthography]] – the rules of correct writing.
* [[Orthography]] – the rules of correct writing.
* [[Palaeography]] – the study of historical handwriting.
* [[Palaeography]] – the study of historical handwriting
* [[Pictography]] – the use of pictographs.
* [[Pitman shorthand|Phonography]] – representation of sounds by written symbols; also known as Pitman shorthand
* [[Steganography]] – the art of writing hidden messages.
* [[Pictography]] – the use of pictographs
* [[Pseudepigraphy]] – falsely attributed writings
* [[Psychography]] – a claimed psychic ability allowing a person to produce written words without consciously writing
* [[Steganography]] – the art of writing hidden messages
* [[Stenography]] – the art of writing in shorthand.
* [[Stenography]] – the art of writing in shorthand.


Line 40: Line 80:
* [[Bibliography]] – a list of [[Writing|writings]], typically those used or considered by an author in preparing a particular work or research.
* [[Bibliography]] – a list of [[Writing|writings]], typically those used or considered by an author in preparing a particular work or research.
** [[Metabibliography]] – bibliography of bibliographies.
** [[Metabibliography]] – bibliography of bibliographies.
* [[Biography]] – an account of a person's life.
** [[Autobiography]] – biography of a person written by themselves.
* [[Discography]] – a list of recorded music, or other [[sound recording]]s/auditory media.
* [[Discography]] – a list of recorded music, or other [[sound recording]]s/auditory media.
* [[Filmography]] – a list of [[Film|films]], [[documentaries]], or other visual media.
* [[Filmography]] – a list of [[Film|films]], [[documentaries]], or other visual media.
* [[Ludography]] (or gameography) – a list of [[Game|games]], specifically [[Video game|video games]].
* [[Ludography]] (or gameography) – a list of [[Game|games]], specifically [[Video game|video games]].
* Webography (or webliography or arachniography) – a list of [[Website|websites]], or [[URLs]].
* Webography (or webliography or arachniography) – a list of [[Website|websites]], or [[URLs]]


== Fields of study ==
== Fields of study ==
* [[Areography]] – the geography of Mars (studies the physical features of the planet).
* [[Cartography]] – the study and making of maps.
* [[Cartography]] – the study and making of maps.
* [[Cosmography]] – the study and making of maps of the universe or cosmos.
* [[Chromatography]] – a chemical [[laboratory technique]] for the [[Separation process|separation]] of a [[mixture]]
** [[Electrochromatography]]
* [[Cryptography]] – the study of securing information.
* [[Cryptography]] – the study of securing information.
* [[Crystallography]] – the study of crystals.
* [[Crystallography]] – the study of crystals.
* [[Demography]] – the study of the characteristics of human populations, such as size, growth, density, distribution, and vital statistics.
* [[Dactylography]] – the study of fingerprints for identification
* [[Electroencephalography|Encephalography]] – recording of voltages from the brain.
* [[Demography]] – the study of the characteristics of human populations, such as size, growth, density, distribution, and vital statistics
* [[Epigraphy]] – the study of written inscriptions on hard surfaces.
* [[Epigraphy]] – the study of written inscriptions on hard surfaces.
* [[Ethnography]] – the study of cultures and cultural phenomena.
* [[Ethnography]] – the study of cultures and cultural phenomena.
* [[Floriography]] – the language of flowers.
* [[Geography]] – study of the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of the [[Earth]].
* [[Geography]] – study of the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of the [[Earth]].
** [[Anthropogeography]] – study of human society's interactions and relationships with the environment.
** [[Anthropogeography]] – study of human society's interactions and relationships with the environment.
** [[Oceanography]] – exploration and scientific study of the ocean and its phenomena.
** [[Orography]] – the study of mountains.
** [[Orography]] – the study of mountains.
** [[Physiography]] – study of the processes and patterns in the Earth's environment.
** [[Physiography]] – study of the processes and patterns in the Earth's environment.
* [[Hagiography]] – the study of saints.
** [[Stratigraphy]] — a branch of [[geology]] concerned with the study of rock layers (strata) and layering (stratification)
*** [[Stratigraphy (archaeology)]] — study of archaeological [[sedimentation]] for dating purposes
* [[Historiography]] – study of the methods of historians
* [[Historiography]] – study of the methods of historians
* [[Holography]] – study and mapping of computer project imaged called Holograms for interactive and assisted computations.
* [[Holography]] – study and mapping of computer project imaged called Holograms for interactive and assisted computations.
* [[Hydrography]] – measurement and description of any waters.
* [[Hydrography]] – measurement and description of any waters.
* [[Monograph|Monography]] – the study of a single specialized subject of the aspect of a subject.
* [[Monograph|Monography]] – the study of a single specialized subject of the aspect of a subject.
* [[Oceanography]] – exploration and scientific study of the ocean and its phenomena.
* [[wikt:pathography|Pathography]] – study of the history of an individual or community with regard to the influence of a physical or mental condition.
* [[Orography]] – science and study of mountains.
* Pathography – study of the history of an individual or community with regard to the influence of a physical or mental condition.
* [[Radiography]] – use of X-rays to produce medical images.
* [[Reprography]] – reproduction of graphics through mechanical or electrical means.
* [[Reprography]] – reproduction of graphics through mechanical or electrical means.
* [[Selenography]] – the study and mapping of the physical features of the Moon.
* [[Topography]] – the study of Earth's surface shape and features or those of planets, moons and asteroids.
* [[Topography]] – the study of Earth's surface shape and features or those of planets, moons and asteroids.
* [[Uranography]] – the study and mapping of stars and space objects.
* [[Zoology|Zoography]] – the study of animal description and their habits; descriptive zoology.
* [[Zoology|Zoography]] – the study of animal description and their habits; descriptive zoology.


== Medical ==
=== Astronomy ===
* [[Areography]] – the study and mapping of the physical features of the planet Mars
* [[Cosmography]] – the study and making of maps of the universe or cosmos
* [[Selenography]] – the study and mapping of the physical features of the Moon
* [[Uranography]] – the study and mapping of stars and space objects
 
=== Imaging techniques ===
* [[Radiography]] – an [[imaging]] technique that uses [[X-ray]]s, other [[ionizing radiation]], or non-ionizing radiation to visualize the internal structure of an object
** [[Autoradiography]] – a photographic record of radiation from a radioactive source made by placing it close to a [[photographic emulsion]]<ref name="Herrero-Zorita"/>{{rp|101}}
* [[Thermography]] – a technique that records [[infrared]] radiation emitted from an object's surface to generate a temperature distribution image
* [[Tomography]] – three-dimensional imaging
 
=== Medical tests ===


* [[Mammography]] – an [[x-ray]] method used to examine the breast for detection of early-stage cancer and other diseases.
* [[Angiography]] – a [[medical imaging]] technique used to visualize the inside, or [[lumen (anatomy)|lumen]], of blood vessels and organs of the body, particularly the [[artery|arteries]] and the [[Heart#Chambers|heart chambers]]
* [[Cholangiography]] – imaging of [[bile duct]]s
* [[Electroencephalography]] – recording of voltages from the brain
* [[Electromyography]] – a technique for evaluating and recording the electrical activity produced by [[skeletal muscles]]<ref name="Herrero-Zorita">{{cite journal
| last1 = Herrero-Zorita
| first1 = Carlos
| last2 = Molina
| first2 = Clara
| last3 = Moreno-Sandoval
| first3 = Antonio
| title = Medical term formation in English and Japanese: A study of the suffixes -gram, -graph and -graphy
| journal = [[Review of Cognitive Linguistics]]
| year = 2015
| volume = 13
| issue = 1
| pages = 81–105
| doi = 10.1075/rcl.13.1.04her
}}</ref>{{rp|103}}
* [[Mammography]] – an x-ray method used to examine the breast for detection of early-stage cancer and other diseases.
* [[Urography]] – an examination with an x-ray to evaluate the kidneys, ureters and bladder.
* [[Venography]] – a test that uses a x-ray moving pictures of blood in the veins of the legs and pelvis.
* [[Venography]] – a test that uses a x-ray moving pictures of blood in the veins of the legs and pelvis.
* [[Medical ultrasound|Ultrasonography]] – a test that uses energy sound waves to observe tissues and organs.
* [[Medical ultrasound|Ultrasonography]] – a test that uses energy sound waves to observe tissues and organs.
* [[Urography]] – an examination with an x-ray to evaluate the kidneys, ureters and bladder.


== See also ==
== See also ==
Line 88: Line 152:
* [[-ology]]
* [[-ology]]
* [[ -logy]]
* [[ -logy]]
* [[List of words ending in ology]]
* [[List of words with the suffix -ology]]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite book |title=The student's manual complete; an etymological vocabulary of words derived from the Greek and Latin |last=Black |first=Richard Harrison |year=1874 |publisher=Oxford University |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_AnACAAAAQAAJ/page/n25 10]–12 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_AnACAAAAQAAJ |quote=-graphy. |access-date=2009-07-28}}
* {{cite book |title=The student's manual complete; an etymological vocabulary of words derived from the Greek and Latin |last=Black |first=Richard Harrison |year=1874 |publisher=Oxford University |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_AnACAAAAQAAJ/page/n25 10]–12 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_AnACAAAAQAAJ |quote=-graphy. |access-date=2009-07-28}}
* {{cite book |title=The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English |year=2009 |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O999-graphy.html |access-date=2009-07-28}}
* {{cite book |title=The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English |year=2009 |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O999-graphy.html |access-date=2009-07-28}}

Revision as of 15:24, 16 November 2025

Template:Short descriptionTemplate:Italic titleTemplate:Redirect-distinguish Template:Sister project

The English suffix -graphy denotes either a field of study or a manner of writing or representation. It derives from the French Script error: No such module "Lang"., which in turn comes from the Latin Script error: No such module "Lang"., itself a transliteration of the Greek Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "lang".).

Because -graphy begins with a consonant, it is usually joined to a combining form that provides the linking vowel Template:Linktext (e.g. photo- + -graphy). This follows the pattern of neo-classical word formation, in which new English words are built from Greek and Latin elements in imitation of Greek compound and derivative structures.[1]

Arts and communication

  • Biography – an account of a person's life
    • Autobiography – biography of a person written by themselves
      • Autobiogeography – a self-referential map or other geographic document created by the subject
    • Hagiography – biography of a saint or an ecclesiastical leader
    • Metabiography – the study of how biographies are shaped by the temporal, geographical, institutional, intellectual, and ideological contexts of their authors
    • Photobiography – biography told primarily through photographs, often accompanied by brief textual commentary
    • Psychobiography – biographical study that interprets a subject's life and behavior through psychological theory or analysis
  • Choreography – the art of creating and arranging dances or ballets.
  • Cinematography – the art of making lighting and camera choices when recording photographic images for the cinema
  • Floriography – the language of flowers
  • Iconography – the art of interpreting the content by icons.
  • Klecksography – the art of making images from inkblots.
  • Lexicography – the study lexicons and the art of compiling dictionaries.
  • Photography – the art, practice or occupation of taking and printing photographs.
    • Astrophotography – the photography or imaging of astronomical objects
    • Rephotography – the act of photographing the same site twice, with a time lag between the two images
    • Telephotography – the sending of photographs by telegraph, telephone or radio
  • Pornography – the practice, occupation and result of producing sexually arousing imagery or words.
  • Pyrography – the art of decorating wood or other materials with burn marks
  • Reprography – the reproduction of graphics through mechanical or electrical means
  • Scenography – the art of theatrical design and stage scenery
  • Tasseography – a divination or fortune-telling method that interprets patterns in tea leaves
  • Telegraphy – the long-distance transmission of messages
  • Typography – the art and techniques of type design.
  • Videography – the art and techniques of filming video.
  • Vitrography – a method of using laser beams to create three-dimensional images or designs inside solid glass

Printing

Writing

  • Cacography – bad handwriting or spelling.
  • Calligraphy – the art of fine handwriting.
  • Dittography – accidental repetition of letters or words when copying text
  • Garshunography – the use of the script of one language to write utterances of another language which already has a script associated with it; also known as allography or heterography
  • Haplography – accidental omission of repeated letters when writing
  • Ideography – the use of symbols to represent a concept or idea.
  • Orthography – the rules of correct writing.
  • Palaeography – the study of historical handwriting
  • Phonography – representation of sounds by written symbols; also known as Pitman shorthand
  • Pictography – the use of pictographs
  • Pseudepigraphy – falsely attributed writings
  • Psychography – a claimed psychic ability allowing a person to produce written words without consciously writing
  • Steganography – the art of writing hidden messages
  • Stenography – the art of writing in shorthand.

Types of works

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Fields of study

  • Cartography – the study and making of maps.
  • Chromatography – a chemical laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture
  • Cryptography – the study of securing information.
  • Crystallography – the study of crystals.
  • Dactylography – the study of fingerprints for identification
  • Demography – the study of the characteristics of human populations, such as size, growth, density, distribution, and vital statistics
  • Epigraphy – the study of written inscriptions on hard surfaces.
  • Ethnography – the study of cultures and cultural phenomena.
  • Geography – study of the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of the Earth.
  • Historiography – study of the methods of historians
  • Holography – study and mapping of computer project imaged called Holograms for interactive and assisted computations.
  • Hydrography – measurement and description of any waters.
  • Monography – the study of a single specialized subject of the aspect of a subject.
  • Pathography – study of the history of an individual or community with regard to the influence of a physical or mental condition.
  • Reprography – reproduction of graphics through mechanical or electrical means.
  • Topography – the study of Earth's surface shape and features or those of planets, moons and asteroids.
  • Zoography – the study of animal description and their habits; descriptive zoology.

Astronomy

  • Areography – the study and mapping of the physical features of the planet Mars
  • Cosmography – the study and making of maps of the universe or cosmos
  • Selenography – the study and mapping of the physical features of the Moon
  • Uranography – the study and mapping of stars and space objects

Imaging techniques

Medical tests

See also

References

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  2. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

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Further reading

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  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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