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[[File:Thank you for practicing Open Science - Igsi8c4BjI8.webm|thumb|thumbtime=0:32|PLOS created this fictional thank you note from the future to contemporary researchers for sharing their research openly]]
[[File:Thank you for practicing Open Science - Igsi8c4BjI8.webm|thumb|thumbtime=0:32|PLOS created this fictional thank you note from the future to contemporary researchers for sharing their research openly]]


The Public Library of Science began in 2000 with an online petition initiative by [[Nobel Prize]] winner [[Harold Varmus]], formerly director of the [[National Institutes of Health]] and at that time director of [[Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center]]; [[Patrick O. Brown]], a [[biochemist]] at [[Stanford University]]; and [[Michael Eisen]], a [[Computational biology|computational biologist]] at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], and the [[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.plos.org/about/plos/history/ |title=History |access-date=24 August 2014 |publisher=PLOS |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811081426/http://www.plos.org/about/plos/history/ |archive-date=11 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gttower.org/research.php?volume=6&issue=2&article=eisen |title=Professor Michael Eisen: A Pioneer of Open Access Science |publisher=The Tower |year=2014 |access-date=2015-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101015934/http://gttower.org/research.php?volume=6&issue=2&article=eisen |archive-date=1 November 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The petition called for all scientists to pledge that, from September 2001, they would discontinue submission of articles to journals that did not make the full text of their articles available to all, free and unfettered, either immediately or after a delay of no more than six months. Although tens of thousands signed the petition, most did not act upon its terms; and in August 2001, Brown and Eisen announced that they would start their own nonprofit publishing operation.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Brower | first1 = V. | title = Public library of science shifts gears: As scientific publishing boycott deadline approached, advocates of free scientific publishing announce that they will create their own online, free-access archive | doi = 10.1093/embo-reports/kve239 | journal = EMBO Reports | volume = 2 | issue = 11 | pages = 972–973 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11713184| pmc =1084138 }}</ref> In December 2002, the [[Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation]] awarded PLOS a $9 million grant, which it followed in May 2006 with a $1 million grant to help PLOS achieve financial sustainability and launch new free-access biomedical journals.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.moore.org/newsroom/press-releases/2002/12/17/public-library-of-science-to-launch-new-free-access-biomedical-journals-with-$9-million-grant-from-the-gordon-and-betty-moore-foundation |title=Public Library of Science to launch new free-access biomedical journals with $9 million grant from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation |date=17 December 2002 |website=Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation |access-date=24 August 2014}}</ref>
The Public Library of Science began in 2000 with an online petition initiative by [[Nobel Prize]] winner [[Harold Varmus]], formerly director of the [[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) and at that time director of [[Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center]]; [[Patrick O. Brown]], a [[biochemist]] at [[Stanford University]]; and [[Michael Eisen]], a [[Computational biology|computational biologist]] at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], and the [[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.plos.org/about/plos/history/ |title=History |access-date=24 August 2014 |publisher=PLOS |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811081426/http://www.plos.org/about/plos/history/ |archive-date=11 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gttower.org/research.php?volume=6&issue=2&article=eisen |title=Professor Michael Eisen: A Pioneer of Open Access Science |publisher=The Tower |year=2014 |access-date=2015-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101015934/http://gttower.org/research.php?volume=6&issue=2&article=eisen |archive-date=1 November 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The petition called for all scientists to pledge that, from September 2001, they would discontinue submission of articles to journals that did not make the full text of their articles available to all, free and unfettered, either immediately or after a delay of no more than six months. Although tens of thousands signed the petition, most did not act upon its terms; and in August 2001, Brown and Eisen announced that they would start their own nonprofit publishing operation.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Brower | first1 = V. | title = Public library of science shifts gears: As scientific publishing boycott deadline approached, advocates of free scientific publishing announce that they will create their own online, free-access archive | doi = 10.1093/embo-reports/kve239 | journal = EMBO Reports | volume = 2 | issue = 11 | pages = 972–973 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11713184| pmc =1084138 }}</ref> In December 2002, the [[Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation]] awarded PLOS a $9 million grant, which it followed in May 2006 with a $1 million grant to help PLOS achieve financial sustainability and launch new free-access biomedical journals.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.moore.org/newsroom/press-releases/2002/12/17/public-library-of-science-to-launch-new-free-access-biomedical-journals-with-$9-million-grant-from-the-gordon-and-betty-moore-foundation |title=Public Library of Science to launch new free-access biomedical journals with $9 million grant from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation |date=17 December 2002 |website=Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation |access-date=24 August 2014}}</ref>


The PLOS organizers turned their attention to starting their own journal along the lines of the UK-based [[BioMed Central]], which has been publishing open-access scientific articles in the biological sciences in journals such as ''Genome Biology'' since 2000. The PLOS journals are what is described as "open-access content"; all content is published under the [[Creative Commons licenses|Creative Commons "attribution" license]]. The project states (quoting the [[Budapest Open Access Initiative]]) that: "The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited."
The PLOS organizers turned their attention to starting their own journal along the lines of the UK-based [[BioMed Central]], which has been publishing open-access scientific articles in the biological sciences in journals such as ''Genome Biology'' since 2000. The PLOS journals are what is described as "open-access content"; all content is published under the [[Creative Commons licenses|Creative Commons "attribution" license]]. The project states (quoting the [[Budapest Open Access Initiative]]) that: "The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited."
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== Financial model ==
== Financial model ==
To fund the journals, PLOS charges an [[article processing charge]] (APC) to be paid by the author or the author's employer or funder. In the United States, institutions such as the National Institutes of Health and the [[Howard Hughes Medical Institute]] have pledged that recipients of their grants will be allocated funds to cover such author charges. The Global Participation Initiative (GPI) was instituted in 2012, by which authors in "group-one countries" are not charged a fee and those in "group-two countries" are given a fee reduction. (In all cases, decisions to publish are based solely on editorial criteria.)
To fund the journals, PLOS charges an [[article processing charge]] (APC) to be paid by the author or the author's employer or funder. In the United States, institutions such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the [[Howard Hughes Medical Institute]] have pledged that recipients of their grants will be allocated funds to cover such author charges. The Global Participation Initiative (GPI) was instituted in 2012, by which authors in "group-one countries" are not charged a fee and those in "group-two countries" are given a fee reduction. (In all cases, decisions to publish are based solely on editorial criteria.)


PLOS was launched with grants totaling US$13 million from the [[Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation]] and the [[Sandler Family Supporting Foundation]].<ref>{{Cite journal
PLOS was launched with grants totaling US$13 million from the [[Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation]] and the [[Sandler Family Supporting Foundation]].<ref>{{Cite journal
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  | author-link = Declan Butler
  | author-link = Declan Butler
  | doi-access = free
  | doi-access = free
  }}</ref> PLOS confirmed in July 2011 that it no longer relies on subsidies from foundations and is covering all of its operational costs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.plos.org/plos/2011/07/2010-plos-progress-update/ |title=2010 PLOS Progress Update &#124; The Official PLOS Blog |publisher=Blogs.plos.org |date=2011-07-20 |access-date=2012-02-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nii.ac.jp/sparc/en/publications/newsletter/14/fa1.html |title=How far has open access progressed? |first=Shigeki |last=Sugita |publisher=SPARC Japan |year=2014 |access-date=2015-10-26}}</ref> Since then, the PLOS balance sheet has improved from $20,511,000 net assets in 2012–2013 to $36,591,000 in 2014–2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.plos.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Progress-Update_FINAL_hyperlinked-091813.pdf |title=2012-2013 Progress Update |publisher=PLOS |date=2013-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007113622/http://www.plos.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Progress-Update_FINAL_hyperlinked-091813.pdf |access-date=2014-01-01|archive-date=7 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.plos.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Progress-Update_FINAL_LO_RES_Update-9.15.15.pdf |title=2014-2015 Progress Update |publisher=PLOS |date=2015-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304202614/https://www.plos.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Progress-Update_FINAL_LO_RES_Update-9.15.15.pdf |access-date=2015-10-26|archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>
  }}</ref> PLOS confirmed in July 2011 that it no longer relies on subsidies from foundations and is covering all of its operational costs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.plos.org/plos/2011/07/2010-plos-progress-update/ |title=2010 PLOS Progress Update &#124; The Official PLOS Blog |publisher=Blogs.plos.org |date=2011-07-20 |access-date=2012-02-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nii.ac.jp/sparc/en/publications/newsletter/14/fa1.html |title=How far has open access progressed? |first=Shigeki |last=Sugita |publisher=SPARC Japan |year=2014 |access-date=2015-10-26}}</ref> Since then, the PLOS balance sheet has improved from $20,511,000 net assets in 2012–2013 to $25,936,000 net assets in 2022–2023.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.plos.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Progress-Update_FINAL_hyperlinked-091813.pdf |title=2012-2013 Progress Update |publisher=PLOS |date=2013-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007113622/http://www.plos.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Progress-Update_FINAL_hyperlinked-091813.pdf |access-date=2014-01-01|archive-date=7 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 Financial Overview |url=https://plos.org/financial-overview/2022-2/ |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=PLOS |language=en-US}}</ref>


==Publications==
==Publications==
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*{{cite journal | last1 = Doyle | first1 = Helen J | year = 2004 | title = The Public Library of Science—Open Access from the Ground Up. | url = http://www.ala.org/ala/acrl/acrlpubs/crlnews/backissues2004/march04/publiclibraryscience.htm | journal = College & Research Libraries News | volume = 65 | issue = 3 | pages = 134–136 | doi = 10.5860/crln.65.3.134 | doi-access = free }}
*{{cite journal | last1 = Doyle | first1 = Helen J | year = 2004 | title = The Public Library of Science—Open Access from the Ground Up. | url = http://www.ala.org/ala/acrl/acrlpubs/crlnews/backissues2004/march04/publiclibraryscience.htm | journal = College & Research Libraries News | volume = 65 | issue = 3 | pages = 134–136 | doi = 10.5860/crln.65.3.134 | doi-access = free }}
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1136/bmj.326.7379.11/b |pmid=12511446 |pmc=1168941 |title='Free' medical publishing venture gets under way |journal=BMJ |volume=326 |issue=7379 |pages=11b–11 |year=2003 |last1=Eaton |first1=L. }}
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1136/bmj.326.7379.11/b |pmid=12511446 |pmc=1168941 |title='Free' medical publishing venture gets under way |journal=BMJ |volume=326 |issue=7379 |pages=11b–11 |year=2003 |last1=Eaton |first1=L. }}
*Eisen, Michael. "Publish and Be Praised." ''The Guardian'', 9 October 2003. http://www.guardian.co.uk/life/opinion/story/0,12981,1058578,00.html
*Eisen, Michael. "Publish and Be Praised." ''The Guardian'', 9 October 2003. https://www.theguardian.com/education/2003/oct/09/research.highereducation
*Foster, Andrea L. "Scientists Plan 2 Online Journals to Make Articles Available Free." ''The Chronicle of Higher Education'', 10 January 2003, A29.
*Foster, Andrea L. "Scientists Plan 2 Online Journals to Make Articles Available Free." ''The Chronicle of Higher Education'', 10 January 2003, A29.
*{{cite journal | last1 = Gallagher | first1 = Richard | year = 2003 | title = Will Walls Come Tumbling Down? | journal = The Scientist | volume = 17 | issue = 5| page = 15 }}
*{{cite journal | last1 = Gallagher | first1 = Richard | year = 2003 | title = Will Walls Come Tumbling Down? | journal = The Scientist | volume = 17 | issue = 5| page = 15 }}

Latest revision as of 04:30, 30 October 2025

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox publisher

PLOS (for Public Library of Science; PLoS until 2012[1]) is a nonprofit publisher of open-access journals in science, technology, and medicine and other scientific literature, under an open-content license. It was founded in 2000 and launched its first journal, PLOS Biology, in October 2003.

As of 2024, PLOS publishes 14 academic journals,[2] including 7 journals indexed within the Science Citation Index Expanded, and consequently 7 journals ranked with an impact factor.

PLOS journals are included in the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ). PLOS is also a member of the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA), a participating publisher and supporter of the Initiative for Open Citations, and a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).

History

File:Open Access PLoS.svg
The Open Access logo
File:Mechanism-for-Multiple-Ligand-Recognition-by-the-Human-Transferrin-Receptor-pbio.0000051.sv001.ogv
The first video published alongside a PLOS article: a model of how the human transferrin receptor assists transferrin in releasing iron[3]
File:Thank you for practicing Open Science - Igsi8c4BjI8.webm
PLOS created this fictional thank you note from the future to contemporary researchers for sharing their research openly

The Public Library of Science began in 2000 with an online petition initiative by Nobel Prize winner Harold Varmus, formerly director of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and at that time director of Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center; Patrick O. Brown, a biochemist at Stanford University; and Michael Eisen, a computational biologist at the University of California, Berkeley, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.[4][5] The petition called for all scientists to pledge that, from September 2001, they would discontinue submission of articles to journals that did not make the full text of their articles available to all, free and unfettered, either immediately or after a delay of no more than six months. Although tens of thousands signed the petition, most did not act upon its terms; and in August 2001, Brown and Eisen announced that they would start their own nonprofit publishing operation.[6] In December 2002, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation awarded PLOS a $9 million grant, which it followed in May 2006 with a $1 million grant to help PLOS achieve financial sustainability and launch new free-access biomedical journals.[7]

The PLOS organizers turned their attention to starting their own journal along the lines of the UK-based BioMed Central, which has been publishing open-access scientific articles in the biological sciences in journals such as Genome Biology since 2000. The PLOS journals are what is described as "open-access content"; all content is published under the Creative Commons "attribution" license. The project states (quoting the Budapest Open Access Initiative) that: "The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited."

As a publishing company, the Public Library of Science officially launched its operation on 13 October 2003, with the publication of a print and online scientific journal entitled PLOS Biology, and has since launched 11 more journals.[8] One, PLOS Clinical Trials, has since been merged into PLOS ONE. Following the merger, the company started the PLOS Hub for Clinical Trials to collect journal articles published in any PLOS journal that related to clinical trials; the hub was discontinued in July 2013.

PLOS became a signatory of the SDG Publishers Compact in 2023,[9][10][11] and has taken steps to support the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). These include the introduction of five new open-access journals in 2021 to publish research relevant to the SDGs: PLOS Climate, PLOS Water, PLOS Sustainability and Transformation, PLOS Digital Health, and PLOS Global Public Health.[12]

In 2011, the Public Library of Science became an official financial supporting organization of Healthcare Information For All by 2015,[13] a global initiative that advocates unrestricted access to medical knowledge, sponsoring the first HIFA2015 Webinar in 2012.[14]

In 2012, the organization quit using the stylization "PLoS" to identify itself and began using only "PLOS".[1]

In 2016, PLOS confirmed that its chief executive officer, Elizabeth Marincola, would be leaving for personal and professional reasons at the end of that year.[15] In May 2017, PLOS announced that their new CEO would be Alison Mudditt with effect from June.[16]

In 2021, PLOS announced a policy that required changes in reporting for researchers working in other countries as an attempt to address neo-colonial parachute research practices.[17]

Financial model

To fund the journals, PLOS charges an article processing charge (APC) to be paid by the author or the author's employer or funder. In the United States, institutions such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute have pledged that recipients of their grants will be allocated funds to cover such author charges. The Global Participation Initiative (GPI) was instituted in 2012, by which authors in "group-one countries" are not charged a fee and those in "group-two countries" are given a fee reduction. (In all cases, decisions to publish are based solely on editorial criteria.)

PLOS was launched with grants totaling US$13 million from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and the Sandler Family Supporting Foundation.[18] PLOS confirmed in July 2011 that it no longer relies on subsidies from foundations and is covering all of its operational costs.[19][20] Since then, the PLOS balance sheet has improved from $20,511,000 net assets in 2012–2013 to $25,936,000 net assets in 2022–2023.[21][22]

Publications

Title Inception ISSN
PLOS Biology 2003-10-01 Template:Catalog lookup linkScript error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".
PLOS Medicine 2004-10-01 Template:Catalog lookup linkScript error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".
PLOS Computational Biology 2005-05-01 Template:Catalog lookup linkScript error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".
PLOS Genetics 2005-06-01 Template:Catalog lookup linkScript error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".
PLOS Pathogens 2005-09-01 Template:Catalog lookup linkScript error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".
PLOS Clinical Trials
(later merged into PLOS ONE)		 2006-04-01 Template:Catalog lookup linkScript error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".
PLOS ONE 2006-12-01 Template:Catalog lookup linkScript error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2007-10-01 Template:Catalog lookup linkScript error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".
PLOS Hub for Clinical Trials 2007-09-01 —
PLOS Currents 2009-08-01 Template:Catalog lookup linkScript error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".
PLOS Climate 2021 Template:Catalog lookup linkScript error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".
PLOS Digital Health 2021 Template:Catalog lookup linkScript error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".
PLOS Global Public Health 2021 Template:Catalog lookup linkScript error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".
PLOS Sustainability and Transformation 2021 Template:Catalog lookup linkScript error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".
PLOS Water 2021 Template:Catalog lookup linkScript error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".

Other partners

In April 2017, PLOS was one of the founding partners in the Initiative for Open Citations.[23]

Headquarters

PLOS has its main headquarters in Suite 225 in the Koshland East Building in Levi's Plaza in San Francisco.[24] Previously, the company had been located at 185 Berry Street.[25] In June 2010, PLOS announced that it was moving to a new location in order to accommodate its rapid growth. The move to the Koshland East Building went into effect on 21 June 2010.[26]

See also

Footnotes

Template:Reflist

References

Template:Refbegin

Template:Refend

External links

Template:Sister project

Template:PLOS Template:Open access navbox Template:Open navbox Template:Portal bar Template:Authority control

  1. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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