Susan Lindquist: Difference between revisions

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| thesis_url = https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/14767508
| thesis_url = https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/14767508
| doctoral_advisor = [[Matthew Meselson]]<ref name="interview">{{Cite journal|last1=Gitschier |first1=J.|title=A Flurry of Folding Problems: An Interview with Susan Lindquist
| doctoral_advisor = [[Matthew Meselson]]<ref name="interview">{{Cite journal|last1=Gitschier |first1=J.|title=A Flurry of Folding Problems: An Interview with Susan Lindquist
|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1002076|journal=PLOS Genetics|volume=7|issue=5|pages=e1002076|year=2011|pmid=21589898|pmc=3093363 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1002076|journal=PLOS Genetics|volume=7|issue=5|article-number=e1002076|year=2011|pmid=21589898|pmc=3093363 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
| doctoral_students =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for        = [[protein folding]]<br />[[heat-shock protein]]s<br />[[prion]]s
| known_for        = [[protein folding]]<br />[[heat-shock protein]]s<br />[[prion]]s
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}}
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'''Susan Lee Lindquist''', [[List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 2015|ForMemRS]] (June 5, 1949 – October 27, 2016) was an American professor of biology at [[MIT]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whitehead.mit.edu/research/faculty/lindquist.html|title=Whitehead Institute – Faculty |website=Whitehead.mit.edu|access-date=October 30, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.wi.mit.edu/lindquist/pub/|title=Lindquist Lab &#124; Lindquist Lab at the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research &#124; Lindquist Lab|website=mit.edu|date=February 10, 2016|access-date=October 30, 2016|archive-date=July 16, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716221555/http://web.wi.mit.edu/lindquist/pub/|url-status=dead}}</ref> specializing in [[molecular biology]], particularly the  [[protein folding]] problem<ref name="interview"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kain|first1=K. |title=Using yeast to understand protein folding diseases: An interview with Susan Lindquist|doi=10.1242/dmm.000810|journal=Disease Models and Mechanisms|volume=1|issue=1|pages=17–19|year=2008|pmid=19048046|pmc=2561974}}</ref> within a family of molecules known as [[heat-shock protein]]s,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lindquist|first1=S. |doi=10.1146/annurev.bi.55.070186.005443|title=The Heat-Shock Response|journal=Annual Review of Biochemistry|volume=55|pages=1151–91|year=1986|pmid=2427013|s2cid=42450279 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Parsell|first1=D.A.|last2=Lindquist|first2=S.|doi=10.1146/annurev.ge.27.120193.002253|title=The Function of Heat-Shock Proteins in Stress Tolerance: Degradation and Reactivation of Damaged Proteins|journal=Annual Review of Genetics|volume=27|pages=437–96|year=1993|pmid=8122909|s2cid=31351089}}</ref> and [[prion]]s.<ref name=obituary>{{cite journal|last1=Whitesell|first1=Luke|last2=Santagata|first2=Sandro|pmid= 27884995 |title=Susan Lindquist (1949–2016)|journal=Science|volume=354|issue=6315|year=2016 |pages=974|issn=0036-8075|doi=10.1126/science.aal3609|bibcode=2016Sci...354..974W|s2cid=5375718}}</ref> Lindquist was a member and former director of the [[Whitehead Institute]] and was awarded the [[National Medal of Science]] in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibiology.org/ibioseminars/cell-biology/susan-lindquist-part-1.html|title=Prions and Protein Folding: Video talk by Dr. Susan Lindquist|website=Ibiology.org|date=June 16, 2015|access-date=October 30, 2016|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029113202/https://www.ibiology.org/ibioseminars/cell-biology/susan-lindquist-part-1.html|archive-date=October 29, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wi.mit.edu/research/faculty/lindquist.html|title=Whitehead Institute – Faculty|website=mit.edu|access-date=October 30, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yJP3efIaDm0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/yJP3efIaDm0| archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live|title=Susan Lindquist – 2009 National Medal of Science|publisher=[[YouTube]]|date=November 29, 2010|access-date=October 30, 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
'''Susan Lee Lindquist''', [[List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 2015|ForMemRS]] (June 5, 1949 – October 27, 2016) was an American professor of biology at [[MIT]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whitehead.mit.edu/research/faculty/lindquist.html|title=Whitehead Institute – Faculty |website=Whitehead.mit.edu|access-date=October 30, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.wi.mit.edu/lindquist/pub/|title=Lindquist Lab &#124; Lindquist Lab at the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research &#124; Lindquist Lab|website=mit.edu|date=February 10, 2016|access-date=October 30, 2016|archive-date=July 16, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716221555/http://web.wi.mit.edu/lindquist/pub/}}</ref> specializing in [[molecular biology]], particularly the  [[protein folding]] problem<ref name="interview"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kain|first1=K. |title=Using yeast to understand protein folding diseases: An interview with Susan Lindquist|doi=10.1242/dmm.000810|journal=Disease Models and Mechanisms|volume=1|issue=1|pages=17–19|year=2008|pmid=19048046|pmc=2561974}}</ref> within a family of molecules known as [[heat-shock protein]]s,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lindquist|first1=S. |doi=10.1146/annurev.bi.55.070186.005443|title=The Heat-Shock Response|journal=Annual Review of Biochemistry|volume=55|pages=1151–91|year=1986|pmid=2427013|s2cid=42450279 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Parsell|first1=D.A.|last2=Lindquist|first2=S.|doi=10.1146/annurev.ge.27.120193.002253|title=The Function of Heat-Shock Proteins in Stress Tolerance: Degradation and Reactivation of Damaged Proteins|journal=Annual Review of Genetics|volume=27|pages=437–96|year=1993|pmid=8122909|s2cid=31351089}}</ref> and [[prion]]s.<ref name=obituary>{{cite journal|last1=Whitesell|first1=Luke|last2=Santagata|first2=Sandro|pmid= 27884995 |title=Susan Lindquist (1949–2016)|journal=Science|volume=354|issue=6315|year=2016 |page=974|issn=0036-8075|doi=10.1126/science.aal3609|bibcode=2016Sci...354..974W|s2cid=5375718}}</ref> Lindquist was a member and former director of the [[Whitehead Institute]] and was awarded the [[National Medal of Science]] in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibiology.org/ibioseminars/cell-biology/susan-lindquist-part-1.html|title=Prions and Protein Folding: Video talk by Dr. Susan Lindquist|website=Ibiology.org|date=June 16, 2015|access-date=October 30, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029113202/https://www.ibiology.org/ibioseminars/cell-biology/susan-lindquist-part-1.html|archive-date=October 29, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wi.mit.edu/research/faculty/lindquist.html|title=Whitehead Institute – Faculty|website=mit.edu|access-date=October 30, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yJP3efIaDm0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/yJP3efIaDm0| archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live|title=Susan Lindquist – 2009 National Medal of Science|publisher=[[YouTube]]|date=November 29, 2010|access-date=October 30, 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref>


==Early life and education==
==Early life and education==
Lindquist was born in Chicago, Illinois, to Iver and Eleanor (née Maggio), and attended [[Maine South High School]] in [[Park Ridge, Illinois|Park Ridge]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/30/science/susan-lindquist-scientist-who-made-genetic-discoveries-using-yeast-dies-at-67.html|title=Susan Lindquist, Scientist Who Made Genetic Discoveries Using Yeast, Dies at 67|last=Grimes|first=William|date=October 28, 2016|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=October 30, 2016}}</ref>
Lindquist was born in Chicago, Illinois, to Iver and Eleanor (née Maggio), and attended [[Maine South High School]] in [[Park Ridge, Illinois|Park Ridge]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/30/science/susan-lindquist-scientist-who-made-genetic-discoveries-using-yeast-dies-at-67.html|title=Susan Lindquist, Scientist Who Made Genetic Discoveries Using Yeast, Dies at 67|last=Grimes|first=William|date=October 28, 2016|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=October 30, 2016}}</ref>


Lindquist's father and mother were of Swedish and Italian descent, respectively,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ascb.org/memoriam-susan-lindquist-67-pioneer-protein-folding-research/|title=In Memoriam: Susan Lindquist, 67, Pioneer in Protein Folding Research – ASCB|first=John|last=Fleischman|work=ASCB Post|date=October 28, 2016|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103220009/http://www.ascb.org/memoriam-susan-lindquist-67-pioneer-protein-folding-research/|archive-date=November 3, 2016}}</ref> and although they expected her to become a housewife,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gitschier|first=Jane|title=A Flurry of Folding Problems: An Interview with Susan Lindquist|journal=PLOS Genetics|volume=7|issue=5|pages=e1002076|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1002076|pmid=21589898|pmc=3093363|year=2011 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Susan studied microbiology at the [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign|University of Illinois]] as an undergraduate and received her PhD in biology from [[Harvard University]] in 1976.<ref name=phd>{{cite thesis|degree=PhD |first=Susan Lee Lindquist|last=McKenzie|title=Protein and RNA synthesis induced by heat treatment in Drosophila melanogaster tissue culture cells|publisher=Harvard University|date=1976|oclc=14767508}}</ref> She completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the [[American Cancer Society]].<ref name=":5"/>
Lindquist's father and mother were of Swedish and Italian descent, respectively,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ascb.org/memoriam-susan-lindquist-67-pioneer-protein-folding-research/|title=In Memoriam: Susan Lindquist, 67, Pioneer in Protein Folding Research – ASCB|first=John|last=Fleischman|work=ASCB Post|date=October 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103220009/http://www.ascb.org/memoriam-susan-lindquist-67-pioneer-protein-folding-research/|archive-date=November 3, 2016}}</ref> and although they expected her to become a housewife,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gitschier|first=Jane|title=A Flurry of Folding Problems: An Interview with Susan Lindquist|journal=PLOS Genetics|volume=7|issue=5|article-number=e1002076|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1002076|pmid=21589898|pmc=3093363|year=2011 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Susan studied microbiology at the [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign|University of Illinois]] as an undergraduate and received her PhD in biology from [[Harvard University]] in 1976.<ref name=phd>{{cite thesis|degree=PhD |first=Susan Lee Lindquist|last=McKenzie|title=Protein and RNA synthesis induced by heat treatment in Drosophila melanogaster tissue culture cells|publisher=Harvard University|date=1976|oclc=14767508}}</ref> She completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the [[American Cancer Society]].<ref name=":5"/>


== Career ==
== Career ==
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Lindquist lectured nationally and internationally on a variety of scientific topics.  In June 2006, she was the inaugural guest on the "Futures in Biotech" podcast on [[Leo Laporte]]'s [[TWiT]] network.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twit.tv/shows/futures-in-biotech/episodes/1|title=Futures in Biotech 1 Dr. Susan Lindquist {{!}} TWiT.TV|website=TWiT.tv|access-date=October 31, 2016}}</ref> In 2007, she participated in the [[World Economic Forum]] in Davos, Switzerland with other MIT leaders.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/fnl/volume/196/sheffi.html|title=MIT and the World Economic Forum|author=Yossi Sheffi|website=mit.edu|access-date=October 30, 2016}}</ref>
Lindquist lectured nationally and internationally on a variety of scientific topics.  In June 2006, she was the inaugural guest on the "Futures in Biotech" podcast on [[Leo Laporte]]'s [[TWiT]] network.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twit.tv/shows/futures-in-biotech/episodes/1|title=Futures in Biotech 1 Dr. Susan Lindquist {{!}} TWiT.TV|website=TWiT.tv|access-date=October 31, 2016}}</ref> In 2007, she participated in the [[World Economic Forum]] in Davos, Switzerland with other MIT leaders.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/fnl/volume/196/sheffi.html|title=MIT and the World Economic Forum|author=Yossi Sheffi|website=mit.edu|access-date=October 30, 2016}}</ref>


Lindquist also co-founded two companies to translate research into potential therapies, FoldRx and Yumanity Therapeutics (with [[N. Anthony Coles]]),<ref name=carroll>Carroll, John. UPDATED: Onyx vet Tony Coles embarks on a new biotech adventure. Fierce BioTech. December 15, 2014. https://www.fiercebiotech.com/biotech/updated-onyx-vet-tony-coles-embarks-on-a-new-biotech-adventure</ref> companies developing drug therapies for diseases of protein misfolding and amyloidosis.<ref name="Scientific Founders – FoldRx">{{Cite web|url=http://www.foldrx.com/about-scientific.htm|title=Scientific Founders – FoldRx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711014625/http://www.foldrx.com/about-scientific.htm|archive-date=July 11, 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=October 31, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Yumanity Therapeutics">{{Cite web|url=http://www.yumanity.com/|title=Yumanity Therapeutics|website=www.yumanity.com|access-date=July 2, 2017}}</ref>
Lindquist also co-founded two companies to translate research into potential therapies, FoldRx and Yumanity Therapeutics (with [[N. Anthony Coles]]),<ref name=carroll>Carroll, John. UPDATED: Onyx vet Tony Coles embarks on a new biotech adventure. Fierce BioTech. December 15, 2014. https://www.fiercebiotech.com/biotech/updated-onyx-vet-tony-coles-embarks-on-a-new-biotech-adventure</ref> companies developing drug therapies for diseases of protein misfolding and amyloidosis.<ref name="Scientific Founders – FoldRx">{{Cite web|url=http://www.foldrx.com/about-scientific.htm|title=Scientific Founders – FoldRx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711014625/http://www.foldrx.com/about-scientific.htm|archive-date=July 11, 2011|access-date=October 31, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Yumanity Therapeutics">{{Cite web|url=http://www.yumanity.com/|title=Yumanity Therapeutics|website=www.yumanity.com|access-date=July 2, 2017}}</ref>


In November 2016, [[Johnson & Johnson]] gave a $5 million gift to Whitehead Institute to establish the Susan Lindquist Chair for Women in Science in Lindquist's memory. The gift will be awarded to a female scientist at Whitehead Institute.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2016/11/16/hill-holliday-advertising-industry-face-bold-reinvention/LAQEMt3NJ2b3omlfIEKqcM/story.html|title=A chair at MIT in Lindquist's memory|last1=WEISMAN|first1=ROBERT|date=November 17, 2016|work=Boston Globe|access-date=September 21, 2017}}</ref>
In November 2016, [[Johnson & Johnson]] gave a $5 million gift to Whitehead Institute to establish the Susan Lindquist Chair for Women in Science in Lindquist's memory. The gift will be awarded to a female scientist at Whitehead Institute.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2016/11/16/hill-holliday-advertising-industry-face-bold-reinvention/LAQEMt3NJ2b3omlfIEKqcM/story.html|title=A chair at MIT in Lindquist's memory|last1=WEISMAN|first1=ROBERT|date=November 17, 2016|work=Boston Globe|access-date=September 21, 2017}}</ref>
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<blockquote>What do "mad cows", people with [[neurodegenerative disease]]s, and an unusual type of inheritance in [[yeast]] have in common? They are all experiencing the consequences of misfolded proteins. ... In humans the consequences can be deadly, leading to such devastating illnesses as Alzheimer's Disease. In one case, the misfolded protein is not only deadly to the unfortunate individual in which it has appeared, but it can apparently be passed from one individual to another under special circumstances – producing infectious neurodegenerative diseases such as [[Bovine spongiform encephalopathy|mad-cow disease]] in [[cattle]] and Creutzfeldt–Jacob Disease in humans.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20010702050331/http://www4.nas.edu/opus/home.nsf/web/slindquist?OpenDocument "From Mad Cows to 'Psi-chotic' Yeast: A New Paradigm in Genetics"], ''NAS Distinguished Leaders in Science Lecture Series'', November 10, 1999.</ref></blockquote>
<blockquote>What do "mad cows", people with [[neurodegenerative disease]]s, and an unusual type of inheritance in [[yeast]] have in common? They are all experiencing the consequences of misfolded proteins. ... In humans the consequences can be deadly, leading to such devastating illnesses as Alzheimer's Disease. In one case, the misfolded protein is not only deadly to the unfortunate individual in which it has appeared, but it can apparently be passed from one individual to another under special circumstances – producing infectious neurodegenerative diseases such as [[Bovine spongiform encephalopathy|mad-cow disease]] in [[cattle]] and Creutzfeldt–Jacob Disease in humans.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20010702050331/http://www4.nas.edu/opus/home.nsf/web/slindquist?OpenDocument "From Mad Cows to 'Psi-chotic' Yeast: A New Paradigm in Genetics"], ''NAS Distinguished Leaders in Science Lecture Series'', November 10, 1999.</ref></blockquote>


Lindquist worked on the PSI+ element in yeast (a [[prion]]) and how it can act as a switch that hides or reveals numerous [[mutation]]s throughout the [[genome]], thus acting as an [[evolutionary capacitor]]. She proposed that a [[heat shock protein]], [[hsp90]], may act in the same way, normally preventing [[phenotype|phenotypic]] consequences of genetic changes, but showing all changes at once when the HSP system is overloaded, either pharmacologically or under stressful environmental conditions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://biology.mit.edu/people/susan_lindquist#research_summary|title=Susan Lindquist profile|website=[[MIT Biology]]|access-date=October 30, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030143516/https://biology.mit.edu/people/susan_lindquist#research_summary|archive-date=October 30, 2016}}</ref>
Lindquist worked on the PSI+ element in yeast (a [[prion]]) and how it can act as a switch that hides or reveals numerous [[mutation]]s throughout the [[genome]], thus acting as an [[evolutionary capacitor]]. She proposed that a [[heat shock protein]], [[hsp90]], may act in the same way, normally preventing [[phenotype|phenotypic]] consequences of genetic changes, but showing all changes at once when the HSP system is overloaded, either pharmacologically or under stressful environmental conditions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://biology.mit.edu/people/susan_lindquist#research_summary|title=Susan Lindquist profile|website=[[MIT Biology]]|access-date=October 30, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030143516/https://biology.mit.edu/people/susan_lindquist#research_summary|archive-date=October 30, 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Plos lindquist.jpg|thumb|Susan Lindquist]]
[[File:Plos lindquist.jpg|thumb|Susan Lindquist]]


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* Awarded the [[Genetics Society of America]] Medal in 2008.<ref name="genetics"/>
* Awarded the [[Genetics Society of America]] Medal in 2008.<ref name="genetics"/>
* Awarded the [[Otto Warburg Medal]] by the German Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abnnewswire.net/press/en/49615/US-Scientist-Receives-Otto-Warburg-Medal-Sponsored-By-QIAGEN.html/|title=U.S. Scientist Receives Otto Warburg Medal Sponsored By QIAGEN|website=www.abnnewswire.net|access-date=October 31, 2016}}</ref>
* Awarded the [[Otto Warburg Medal]] by the German Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abnnewswire.net/press/en/49615/US-Scientist-Receives-Otto-Warburg-Medal-Sponsored-By-QIAGEN.html/|title=U.S. Scientist Receives Otto Warburg Medal Sponsored By QIAGEN|website=www.abnnewswire.net|access-date=October 31, 2016}}</ref>
* Awarded the [[FASEB Excellence in Science Award]] in 2009.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://faseb.org/portals/2/PDFs/FASEB%20Press%20Release%20-%20Susan%20L.%20Lindquist%20PhD.pdf|title=FASEB ANNOUNCES RECIPIENT OF THE 2009 EXCELLENCE IN SCIENCE AWARD|date=July 18, 2008|publisher=Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology|access-date=October 31, 2016|archive-date=June 30, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630095136/http://faseb.org/portals/2/PDFs/FASEB%20Press%20Release%20-%20Susan%20L.%20Lindquist%20PhD.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Awarded the [[FASEB Excellence in Science Award]] in 2009.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://faseb.org/portals/2/PDFs/FASEB%20Press%20Release%20-%20Susan%20L.%20Lindquist%20PhD.pdf|title=FASEB ANNOUNCES RECIPIENT OF THE 2009 EXCELLENCE IN SCIENCE AWARD|date=July 18, 2008|publisher=Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology|access-date=October 31, 2016|archive-date=June 30, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630095136/http://faseb.org/portals/2/PDFs/FASEB%20Press%20Release%20-%20Susan%20L.%20Lindquist%20PhD.pdf}}</ref>
* Awarded the [[Max Delbrück Medal]], Berlin, Germany, in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mdc-berlin.de/en/news/2010/20101103-professor_susan_lindquist_from_the_whitehe/index.html|title=Professor Susan Lindquist from the Whitehead Institute Receives Max Delbrück Medal in Berlin|website=Mdc-berlin.de|access-date=October 30, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103122008/http://www.mdc-berlin.de/en/news/2010/20101103-professor_susan_lindquist_from_the_whitehe/index.html|archive-date=January 3, 2011}}</ref>
* Awarded the [[Max Delbrück Medal]], Berlin, Germany, in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mdc-berlin.de/en/news/2010/20101103-professor_susan_lindquist_from_the_whitehe/index.html|title=Professor Susan Lindquist from the Whitehead Institute Receives Max Delbrück Medal in Berlin|website=Mdc-berlin.de|access-date=October 30, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103122008/http://www.mdc-berlin.de/en/news/2010/20101103-professor_susan_lindquist_from_the_whitehe/index.html|archive-date=January 3, 2011}}</ref>
* Awarded the Mendel Medal by [[The Genetics Society]], UK, in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.genetics.org.uk/page/2774/2010-Mendel-Lecture.html|title=2010 Mendel Lecture – The Genetics Society|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813073758/http://www.genetics.org.uk/page/2774/2010-Mendel-Lecture.html|archive-date=August 13, 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=October 31, 2016}}</ref>
* Awarded the Mendel Medal by [[The Genetics Society]], UK, in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.genetics.org.uk/page/2774/2010-Mendel-Lecture.html|title=2010 Mendel Lecture – The Genetics Society|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813073758/http://www.genetics.org.uk/page/2774/2010-Mendel-Lecture.html|archive-date=August 13, 2011|access-date=October 31, 2016}}</ref>
* Awarded the [[National Medal of Science]] (for 2009) in 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2010/11/18/cambridge_researcher_honored_at_white_house|work=The Boston Globe|first=Miriam|last=Valverde|title=Cambridge researcher honored at White House|date=November 18, 2010}}</ref>
* Awarded the [[National Medal of Science]] (for 2009) in 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2010/11/18/cambridge_researcher_honored_at_white_house|work=The Boston Globe|first=Miriam|last=Valverde|title=Cambridge researcher honored at White House|date=November 18, 2010}}</ref>
* Made an Associate Member of the [[European Molecular Biology Organization]] in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://biology.mit.edu/about/awards/2840|title=Recipients of European Molecular Biology Organization Associate Member award|website=biology.mit.edu|access-date=October 30, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030143753/https://biology.mit.edu/about/awards/2840|archive-date=October 30, 2016}}</ref>
* Made an Associate Member of the [[European Molecular Biology Organization]] in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://biology.mit.edu/about/awards/2840|title=Recipients of European Molecular Biology Organization Associate Member award|website=biology.mit.edu|access-date=October 30, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030143753/https://biology.mit.edu/about/awards/2840|archive-date=October 30, 2016}}</ref>
* Awarded the [[E.B. Wilson Medal]] by [[The American Society for Cell Biology]] in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://biology.mit.edu/about/awards/2843|title=Recipients of American Society for Cell Biology E.B. Wilson Medal award {{!}} MIT Biology|website=biology.mit.edu|access-date=October 30, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030142036/https://biology.mit.edu/about/awards/2843|archive-date=October 30, 2016}}</ref>
* Awarded the [[E.B. Wilson Medal]] by [[The American Society for Cell Biology]] in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://biology.mit.edu/about/awards/2843|title=Recipients of American Society for Cell Biology E.B. Wilson Medal award {{!}} MIT Biology|website=biology.mit.edu|access-date=October 30, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030142036/https://biology.mit.edu/about/awards/2843|archive-date=October 30, 2016}}</ref>
* Awarded the [[Vanderbilt University School of Medicine]] Vanderbilt Prize for Women's Excellence in Science and Mentorship in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://biology.mit.edu/about/awards/2846|title=Recipients of Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Vanderbilt Prize for Women's Excellence in Science and Mentorship award|website=biology.mit.edu|access-date=October 30, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030143554/https://biology.mit.edu/about/awards/2846|archive-date=October 30, 2016}}</ref>
* Awarded the [[Vanderbilt University School of Medicine]] Vanderbilt Prize for Women's Excellence in Science and Mentorship in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://biology.mit.edu/about/awards/2846|title=Recipients of Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Vanderbilt Prize for Women's Excellence in Science and Mentorship award|website=biology.mit.edu|access-date=October 30, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030143554/https://biology.mit.edu/about/awards/2846|archive-date=October 30, 2016}}</ref>
* Elected a [[List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 2015|Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS)]] in 2015.<ref name="frs">{{cite web|url=https://royalsociety.org/people/susan-lindquist-11823|title=Susan Lindquist|publisher=Royal Society|access-date=October 30, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/new-fellows-2015|title=Fellows Directory|publisher=Royal Society|access-date=October 30, 2016}}</ref>
* Elected a [[List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 2015|Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS)]] in 2015.<ref name="frs">{{cite web|url=https://royalsociety.org/people/susan-lindquist-11823|title=Susan Lindquist|publisher=Royal Society|access-date=October 30, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/new-fellows-2015|title=Fellows Directory|publisher=Royal Society|access-date=October 30, 2016}}</ref>
* Vallee Visiting Professorship (2015)<ref>{{cite web |title=2015 Vallee Visiting Professors Announced |url=http://www.thevalleefoundation.org/news/2015-vallee-visiting-professors-announced |website=The Vallee Foundation |access-date=May 1, 2019|date= 2014}}</ref>
* Vallee Visiting Professorship (2015)<ref>{{cite web |title=2015 Vallee Visiting Professors Announced |url=http://www.thevalleefoundation.org/news/2015-vallee-visiting-professors-announced |website=The Vallee Foundation |access-date=May 1, 2019|date= 2014}}</ref>

Latest revision as of 01:11, 1 October 2025

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Susan Lee Lindquist, ForMemRS (June 5, 1949 – October 27, 2016) was an American professor of biology at MIT[1][2] specializing in molecular biology, particularly the protein folding problem[3][4] within a family of molecules known as heat-shock proteins,[5][6] and prions.[7] Lindquist was a member and former director of the Whitehead Institute and was awarded the National Medal of Science in 2010.[8][9][10]

Early life and education

Lindquist was born in Chicago, Illinois, to Iver and Eleanor (née Maggio), and attended Maine South High School in Park Ridge.[11]

Lindquist's father and mother were of Swedish and Italian descent, respectively,[12] and although they expected her to become a housewife,[13] Susan studied microbiology at the University of Illinois as an undergraduate and received her PhD in biology from Harvard University in 1976.[14] She completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the American Cancer Society.[15]

Career

Upon completing her dissertation in 1976, Lindquist moved to the University of Chicago for a short post-doc before being hired as a faculty member in the Biology Department in 1978,[16] becoming the Albert D. Lasker Professor of Medical Sciences with the founding of the Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology in 1980.[15] At the University of Chicago Lindquist investigated the role of heat shock proteins in regulating the cellular response to environmental stresses. Lindquist pioneered the use of yeast as a model system to study how heat shock proteins regulate gene expression and protein folding. For this work, Lindquist was made an investigator for the Howard Hughes Medical Institute in 1988.[16] After making important new discoveries to prions, Lindquist moved to MIT in 2001 and was appointed as Director of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, one of the first women in the nation to lead a major independent research organization.[17]

In 2004, Lindquist resumed research as an Institute Member, an associate member of the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, and an associate member of the David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT.[18]

Lindquist was awarded the National Medal of Science in 2009 (presented in 2010), for research contributions to protein folding.[19]

Lindquist lectured nationally and internationally on a variety of scientific topics. In June 2006, she was the inaugural guest on the "Futures in Biotech" podcast on Leo Laporte's TWiT network.[20] In 2007, she participated in the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland with other MIT leaders.[21]

Lindquist also co-founded two companies to translate research into potential therapies, FoldRx and Yumanity Therapeutics (with N. Anthony Coles),[22] companies developing drug therapies for diseases of protein misfolding and amyloidosis.[23][24]

In November 2016, Johnson & Johnson gave a $5 million gift to Whitehead Institute to establish the Susan Lindquist Chair for Women in Science in Lindquist's memory. The gift will be awarded to a female scientist at Whitehead Institute.[25]

Research

Lindquist is best known for her research that provided strong evidence for a new paradigm in genetics based upon the inheritance of proteins with new, self-perpetuating shapes rather than new DNA sequences. This research provided a biochemical framework for understanding devastating neurological illnesses such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, and Creutzfeldt–Jakob diseases.[11] She was considered an expert in protein folding, which, as explained by Lindquist in the following excerpt, is an ancient, fundamental problem in biology:

What do "mad cows", people with neurodegenerative diseases, and an unusual type of inheritance in yeast have in common? They are all experiencing the consequences of misfolded proteins. ... In humans the consequences can be deadly, leading to such devastating illnesses as Alzheimer's Disease. In one case, the misfolded protein is not only deadly to the unfortunate individual in which it has appeared, but it can apparently be passed from one individual to another under special circumstances – producing infectious neurodegenerative diseases such as mad-cow disease in cattle and Creutzfeldt–Jacob Disease in humans.[26]

Lindquist worked on the PSI+ element in yeast (a prion) and how it can act as a switch that hides or reveals numerous mutations throughout the genome, thus acting as an evolutionary capacitor. She proposed that a heat shock protein, hsp90, may act in the same way, normally preventing phenotypic consequences of genetic changes, but showing all changes at once when the HSP system is overloaded, either pharmacologically or under stressful environmental conditions.[27]

File:Plos lindquist.jpg
Susan Lindquist

Most of these variations are likely to be harmful, but a few unusual combinations may produce valuable new traits, spurring the pace of evolution. Cancer cells too have an extraordinary ability to evolve. Lindquist's lab investigates closely related evolutionary mechanisms involved in the progression of cancerous tumors[28] and in the evolution of antibiotic-resistant fungi.[29]

Lindquist made advances in nanotechnology, researching organic amyloid fibers capable of self-organizing into structures smaller than manufactured materials. Her group also developed a yeast "living test tube" model to study protein folding transitions in neurodegenerative diseases and to test therapeutic strategies through high-throughput screening.[30]

Publications

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Awards and honors

Lindquist won numerous awards and honors including: Template:Div col

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Personal life

Lindquist was married to Edward Buckbee and had two daughters.[18] She died of cancer in Boston at the age of 67 on October 27, 2016.[48][7]

References

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  22. ↑ Carroll, John. UPDATED: Onyx vet Tony Coles embarks on a new biotech adventure. Fierce BioTech. December 15, 2014. https://www.fiercebiotech.com/biotech/updated-onyx-vet-tony-coles-embarks-on-a-new-biotech-adventure
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  26. ↑ "From Mad Cows to 'Psi-chotic' Yeast: A New Paradigm in Genetics", NAS Distinguished Leaders in Science Lecture Series, November 10, 1999.
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