Luna 10: Difference between revisions

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'''Luna 10''' (or '''Lunik 10''') was a 1966 Soviet lunar [[robotic spacecraft]] mission in the [[Luna program]]. It was the [[List of extraterrestrial orbiters|first]] [[artificial satellite]] of the Moon,<ref name=Siddiqi>{{cite book |url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/beyond-earth-tagged.pdf|title=Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration, 1958–2016|page=57|last1=Siddiqi|first1=Asif A.|lccn=2017059404 |isbn=9781626830424|publisher=NASA History Program Office|edition=second|year=2018|id=SP2018-4041|series=The NASA history series|location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> and any other body other than Earth and the Sun (in [[heliocentric orbit]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1966-027A|title=Luna 10|website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|access-date=2019-04-15|archive-date=27 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727112359/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1966-027A|url-status=live}}</ref>
'''Luna 10''' ({{Langx|ru|Луна-10|4=Moon-10}}) or '''Lunik 10''' was a 1966 Soviet lunar [[robotic spacecraft]] mission in the [[Luna program]]. It was the [[List of extraterrestrial orbiters|first]] [[artificial satellite]] of the Moon,<ref name=Siddiqi>{{cite book |url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/beyond-earth-tagged.pdf|title=Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration, 1958–2016|page=57|last1=Siddiqi|first1=Asif A.|lccn=2017059404 |isbn=9781626830424|publisher=NASA History Program Office|edition=second|year=2018|id=SP2018-4041|series=The NASA history series|location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> and any other body other than Earth and the Sun (in [[heliocentric orbit]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1966-027A|title=Luna 10|website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|access-date=2019-04-15|archive-date=27 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727112359/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1966-027A|url-status=live}}</ref>


Luna 10 conducted extensive research in lunar orbit, gathering important data on the strength of the Moon's [[magnetic field]],<ref>{{cite report|title=Measurements of the Magnetic Field in the Vicinity of the Moon on the AMS LUNA-10 |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19670002918/downloads/19670002918.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119082347/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19670002918/downloads/19670002918.pdf |archive-date=2021-11-19 |url-status=live|access-date=November 13, 2022}}</ref> its [[radiation belts]], and the nature of [[lunar rocks]] (which were found to be comparable to terrestrial [[basalt]] rocks),<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/85249346.pdf |title=Measurements of Gamma Radiation of the Lunar Surface on the Space Station LUNA-10|access-date=19 November 2021 |archive-date=19 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119082839/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/85249346.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[cosmic radiation]], and [[micrometeoroid]] density. Perhaps its most important finding was the first evidence of [[mass concentration (astronomy)|mass concentration]]s (called "mascons") — areas of denser material below the lunar surface that distort lunar orbital trajectories.<ref name=Reichl/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nVeY7vMCtOkC&dq=Luna+10+mascons&pg=PA107|title=Soviet and Russian Lunar Exploration|first=Brian|last=Harvey|date=17 August 2007|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9780387739762|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=Determination of the Gravitational Field of the Moon by the Motion of the AMs LUNA-10|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19670002404/downloads/19670002404.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119082318/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19670002404/downloads/19670002404.pdf |archive-date=2021-11-19 |url-status=live|access-date=November 13, 2022}}</ref>
Luna 10 conducted extensive research in lunar orbit, gathering important data on the strength of the Moon's [[magnetic field]],<ref>{{cite report|title=Measurements of the Magnetic Field in the Vicinity of the Moon on the AMS LUNA-10 |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19670002918/downloads/19670002918.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119082347/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19670002918/downloads/19670002918.pdf |archive-date=2021-11-19 |url-status=live|access-date=November 13, 2022}}</ref> its [[radiation belts]], and the nature of [[lunar rocks]] (which were found to be comparable to terrestrial [[basalt]] rocks),<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/85249346.pdf |title=Measurements of Gamma Radiation of the Lunar Surface on the Space Station LUNA-10|access-date=19 November 2021 |archive-date=19 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119082839/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/85249346.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[cosmic radiation]], and [[micrometeoroid]] density. Perhaps its most important finding was the first evidence of [[mass concentration (astronomy)|mass concentration]]s (called "mascons") — areas of denser material below the lunar surface that distort lunar orbital trajectories.<ref name=Reichl/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nVeY7vMCtOkC&dq=Luna+10+mascons&pg=PA107|title=Soviet and Russian Lunar Exploration|first=Brian|last=Harvey|date=17 August 2007|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9780387739762|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=Determination of the Gravitational Field of the Moon by the Motion of the AMs LUNA-10|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19670002404/downloads/19670002404.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119082318/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19670002404/downloads/19670002404.pdf |archive-date=2021-11-19 |url-status=live|access-date=November 13, 2022}}</ref>

Latest revision as of 13:52, 27 October 2025

Template:Short description Template:Use British English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox spaceflight

Luna 10 (Template:Langx) or Lunik 10 was a 1966 Soviet lunar robotic spacecraft mission in the Luna program. It was the first artificial satellite of the Moon,[1] and any other body other than Earth and the Sun (in heliocentric orbit).[2]

Luna 10 conducted extensive research in lunar orbit, gathering important data on the strength of the Moon's magnetic field,[3] its radiation belts, and the nature of lunar rocks (which were found to be comparable to terrestrial basalt rocks),[4] cosmic radiation, and micrometeoroid density. Perhaps its most important finding was the first evidence of mass concentrations (called "mascons") — areas of denser material below the lunar surface that distort lunar orbital trajectories.[5][6][7]

The spacecraft

Part of the E-6S series, Luna 10 was battery powered and had an on-orbit dry mass of 540 kg. Scientific instruments included a gamma-ray spectrometer for energies between 0.3–3 MeV (50–500 pJ),[4] a triaxial magnetometer, a meteorite detector, instruments for solar-plasma studies, and devices for measuring infrared emissions from the Moon and radiation conditions of the lunar environment. Gravitational studies were also conducted.[8]

The flight

Luna 10 launched towards the Moon on 31 March 1966 at 10:48 GMT.[9]

After a midcourse correction on 1 April, the spacecraft entered lunar orbit on 3 April 1966 and completed its first orbit 3 hours later (on 4 April Moscow time).[10] A 245-kilogram[9] instrument compartment separated from the main bus, which was in a 218 x 621 mile orbit inclined at 71.9° to the lunar equator. [5]

Luna 10 operated for 460 lunar orbits and performed 219 active data transmissions before radio signals were discontinued on 30 May 1966.[11] The spacecraft eventually crashed on the moon on an unknown date.[5]

The Internationale

The spacecraft carried a set of solid-state oscillators that had been programmed to reproduce the notes of "The Internationale", so that it could be broadcast live to the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.[12] During a rehearsal on the night of 3 April, the playback went well, but the following morning, controllers discovered a missing note and played the previous night's tape to the assembled gathering at the Congress — claiming it was a live broadcast from the Moon.[1]

References

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  1. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Template:Cite report
  4. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Template:Cite report
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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