Porus: Difference between revisions

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "other uses". Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use Indian English Template:Infobox royalty Porus or Poros (Template:Langx Script error: No such module "lang".; Template:Floruit 326–321 BC) was an ancient Indian king whose territory spanned the region between the Jhelum River (Hydaspes) and Chenab River (Acesines) in the Punjab region.^[1] He is only mentioned in Greek sources. Said to be a warrior with exceptional skills, Porus unsuccessfully fought against Alexander the Great in the Battle of the Hydaspes (326 BC).^[2] Alexander spared his life and not only reinstated him as his satrap but also granted him dominion over lands to the south-east extending as far as the Hyphasis (Beas).^[3]^[4]^[5] Porus reportedly died sometime between 321 and 315 BC.^[6]

Sources

The only contemporary information available on Porus and his kingdom is from Greek sources, whereas Indian sources do not mention him.^[7] These Greek sources differ considerably among themselves.^[8]

Identification

Purus

Michael Witzel conjectures that Porus was a king of the Pūrus, a Vedic tribe, who existed as a marginal power in Punjab after their defeat in the Battle of the Ten Kings.^[9]^[10]^[11] Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri largely agreed with this identification.^[8]

Sourasenis

Quintus Curtius Rufus mentions Porus' vanguard soldiers carrying a banner of "Herakles" during the face-off with Alexander.^[12] Accordingly, Ishwari Prasad and a few other scholars argue that Porus was a Shurasena.^[13]Template:Efn This identification is based on the fact that multiple Greek histories — Indica by Arrian, Geographica by Strabo, and Bibliotheca historica by Diodorus Siculus — note Megasthenes Template:Efn to have described an Indian tribe called Sourasenoi who worshiped one "Herakles" and originated from the lands of Mathura and Yamuna.^[12]^[14]Template:Efn

Rule

Background

File:Physical Map of Punjab.jpg

A detailed physical map of the Punjab region. The major rivers of the region including the Jhelum (Hydaspes) and Chenab (Acesines) are visible.

Porus ruled over the tracts between the rivers Hydaspes (Jhelum) and Acesines (Chenab); Strabo noted the territory to contain almost 300 cities.^[15] He had a hostile relationship with the neighboring polity of Taxila, having assassinated their erstwhile ruler Ambhiraj, his maternal uncle.^[15]

When Alexander crossed the Indus in their eastward invasion, probably in Udabhandapura, he was greeted by the then-ruler of Taxila, Omphis, son of Ambhiraj.^[15] Years ago, he had visited Alexander in Sogdiana and was treated as an ally; Omphis' rule was confirmed and gifts lavished, but a Macedonian satrap was installed.^[15] Omphis hoped to force both Porus and Abisares into submission, leveraging the might of Alexander's forces, and dispatched diplomatic missions to this effect.^[15]

In response, Abisares offered submission but Porus refused, leading Alexander to seek a face-off on the bank of Jhelum.^[15] Thus began the Battle of the Hydaspes in 326 BC; the exact site remains unknown and the exact strength of the armies cannot be determined either, due to major discrepancies between sources.^[15]

Battle of the Hydaspes

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File:Le Brun, Alexander and Porus.jpg

A painting by Charles Le Brun depicting Alexander and Porus during the Battle of the Hydaspes

Alexander re-used the same vessels which were used for crossing the Indus, the first time, some 300 km away at Udabhandapura.^[15] His forces frequently mounted intrusion-attempts and even before the battle had started, skirmishes were reported in the riverine islands.^[15]

A few months later, Alexander decided to accompany a strike force across the densely forested headlands and besiege Porus' defense; the base camp with substantial cavalry and infantry units was left under Craterus, who was advised to follow Alexander upon a successful passage whilst the remaining forces were distributed along the river under three phalanx officers to distract Porus' forces.^[15] The strategy was successful and they crossed the Jhelum unobstructed, on a stormy night, just before dawn.^[15] A band of horsemen on chariots led by Porus' son did detect the intrusion and mount a charge but was repelled by Alexander's superior cavalry.^[15]

Informed of Alexander's passage, Porus became concerned with tackling those who had already crossed, rather than preventing passage of the remaining majority.^[15] He took a defensive position in the plains, interspersing infantry units with elephantsTemplate:Efn on the front lines and stationing the cavalry and chariots in the wings.^[15]^[16] Alexander chose to shield his infantry and instead led a devastating cavalry charge on Porus' left wing, forcing reinforcements from the right; however, this rear-transit came under attack by Coenus' cavalry and Porus' cavalry was compelled to take refuge within the infantry frontlines, causing confusion.^[15]

This led to an all-out attack from both sides, but Porus' plans proved futile.^[15] According to Heckle (2014), Porus is believed to have had around 30,000 infantry. However, Porus only had 4,000 mounted troops.^[17] Not only were Porus' cavalry charges repelled but the mahouts were killed using sarissas and the elephants were pushed back into Porus' columns, wreaking havoc on the rear, Alexander's cavalry kept charging and inflicting disorder.^[15] Soon Porus' army was surrounded on all sides, and became easy fodder for Alexander's forces with the cavalry exterminated and most of the elephants captured.^[15] Still, Porus refused to surrender and wandered about atop an elephant, until he was wounded and his force routed.^[15] A fraction of the infantry successfully escaped and probably planned to regroup but Craterus pursued them to their deaths.^[15]

Result

The battle resulted in a decisive Greek victory; however, A. B. Bosworth warns against an uncritical reading of Greek sources, who obviously exaggerated.^[15] Alexander held athletic and gymnastic games at the site, and even commissioned two cities in commemoration: Nicaea at the site of his victory and Bucephalous at the battle-ground, in memory of his horse.^[15]Template:Efn Later, decadrachms were minted by the Babylonian mint depicting Alexander on horseback, armed with a sarissa and attacking a pair of Indian soldiers atop an elephant.^[15]^[18]

File:Surrender of Porus to the Emperor Alexander.jpg

Surrender of Porus to Alexander, 1865 engraving by Alonzo Chappel.

Aftermath

File:Alexander the Great And King Poros - Opera From Antonio Cesti Burnacini - 1750.jpg

Alexander the Great and King Poros – Opera From Antonio Cesti Burnacini – 1750

Despite the apparently one-sided results, Alexander was impressed by Porus and chose not to depose him.^[19]^[20] His territory was not only restored, but also expanded, with Alexander's forces annexing the territories of Glausaes, who ruled to the northeast of Porus' kingdom.^[19] Further, Omphis was reconciled with Porus.^[19]

A joint expedition was then mounted against a territory east of the Chenab, ruled by an enemy cousin of Porus; he had earlier submitted to Alexander but, suspicious of Porus' rise in rank, chose to flee with his army.^[19] The date of this battle remains disputed; Alexander's forces overran his lands before meeting stiff resistance at a walled Sangala on the other side of the Ravi.^[19] Siege warfare was executed to brilliant effect and the full-fledged attack began once Porus had joined with his elephants.^[19] As Sangala and allied cities were razed, Porus was allowed to station his garrisons.^[19]

Thereafter, Alexander proceeded unopposed to the Beas and even intended to cross it towards the Gangetic Plain; however, the monsoon was at its peak and his weary troops remained stubborn despite his cajoling and threats.^[19] A reluctant Alexander had to renounce his plans and turn back.^[19] Porus was thus ratified as the de facto ruler of the entire territory east of the Jhelum, with no European satrap to co-rule with, unlike Ambhi and Abisares.^[19] The crossing-back of the Jhelum was a prolonged affair; filled with festivities, it attracted thousands.^[19]

Death

After the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC, Perdiccas became the regent of his empire, and after Perdiccas' murder in 321 BC, Antipater became the new regent.^[21] According to Diodorus, Antipater recognized Porus' authority over the territories along the Indus River. However, Eudemus, who had served as Alexander's satrap in the Punjab region, killed Porus.^[22]

Cultural depictions of Porus

Porus is defeated by Alexander in single combat in the premodern text, the Alexander Romance.^[23]
Sohrab Modi portrayed Porus in the 1941 movie Sikandar
Prithviraj Kapoor portrayed Porus in the 1965 movie Sikandar-e-Azam
Porus is played by Arun Bali in the 1991 TV series Chanakya.^[24]
Porus appears in the 1999 animated series Reign: The ConquerorScript error: No such module "Unsubst".
Porus is portrayed by the Thai actor, Bin Bunluerit, in Alexander (2004)^[25]
Porus appears in the 2011 TV series Chandragupta Maurya.^[26]
SET launched Siddharth Kumar Tewary's serial titled Porus on the Battle of Hydaspes^[27] in Nov 2017, in which Porus is portrayed by Laksh Lalwani.
Porus appears in the Historical Battle campaign of Rome: Total War: Alexander.
Porus appears in the video game Ancient Battle: Alexander, in which he is a playable character, as well as an enemy.
Porus appears in the Chronicles: Alexander the Great expansion of Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition as a playable character as well as an enemy player.

Notes

Template:Notelist

References

Citations

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↑ Fuller, pg 198
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↑ p. xl, Historical Dictionary of Ancient Greek Warfare, J. Woronoff & I. Spence
↑ Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander, V.29.2
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↑ ^a ^b Krishna: a Sourcebook, p. 5, Edwin Francis Bryant, Oxford University Press US, 2007
↑ A Comprehensive History of India: The Mauryas & Satavahanas, p. 383, edited by K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri, Bharatiya Itihas Parishad, Published by Orient Longmans, 1992, Original from the University of California
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↑ Heckel, W. (2012). “Conquest of the Punjab” in The Conquests of Alexander the Great (Canto Classics, pp. 112–125). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139197076.011
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Sources

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External links

Template:Sister-inline

Template:Hellenistic satraps Template:Authority control

[1] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Fuller_pg_198-2] Fuller, pg 198
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[ReferenceA-3] . xl, Historical Dictionary of Ancient Greek Warfare, J. Woronoff & I. Spence

[ReferenceB-4] Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander, V.29.2

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[:2-12] Krishna: a Sourcebook, p. 5, Edwin Francis Bryant, Oxford University Press US, 2007

[13] A Comprehensive History of India: The Mauryas & Satavahanas, p. 383, edited by K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri, Bharatiya Itihas Parishad, Published by Orient Longmans, 1992, Original from the University of California

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[17] Heckel, W. (2012). “Conquest of the Punjab” in The Conquests of Alexander the Great (Canto Classics, pp. 112–125). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139197076.011

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@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 {{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
 {{Infobox royalty
+| name         = Porus
 | image        = File:Porus alexander coin.png
-| name         = Porus
+| image_size   = 300
-| caption      = King Porus (on elephant) fighting [[Alexander the Great]], on a "victory coin" of Alexander (minted c. 324–322 BC)<ref>See Keyne Cheshire, [https://books.google.com/books?id=2-4R0sLEBPgC&pg=PA139 ''Alexander the Great''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817145951/https://books.google.com/books?id=2-4R0sLEBPgC&pg=PA139 |date=17 August 2023 }} (Cambridge University Press, 2009), p.139: "Alexander charges Porus, who hurls a javelin from atop his elephant"</ref>
+| caption      = Porus (on elephant) fighting [[Alexander the Great]], on a "victory coin" of Alexander (minted c. 324–322 BC)<ref>See Keyne Cheshire, [https://books.google.com/books?id=2-4R0sLEBPgC&pg=PA139 ''Alexander the Great''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817145951/https://books.google.com/books?id=2-4R0sLEBPgC&pg=PA139 |date=17 August 2023 }} (Cambridge University Press, 2009), p.139: "Alexander charges Porus, who hurls a javelin from atop his elephant"</ref>
-| reign        = before 326 – {{circa}} 317 BC
+| title        = {{unbulleted list|[[King]]}}
-| birth_name   =
+| regnal name  =
-| birth_date   =
+| reign        = {{nowrap|before 326 – {{circa}} 317 BC}}
-| birth_place  = [[Punjab]]
+| reign1       = {{nowrap|326 – {{circa}} 321 BC}}
+| coronation   =
+| succession   =
+| succession1  = [[Satrap]] of [[Hyphasis]]
+| predecessor  =
+| successor    =
+| predecessor1 =
+| successor1   =
 | death_date   = {{circa|321|315 BC}}
-| death_place  = [[Punjab]]
+| module  = {{Infobox military person
-| father       =
+| embed = yes
-| mother       =
+| battles       =
+[[Indian campaign of Alexander the Great|Alexander's Indian campaign]]
+*[[Battle of Hydaspes]]
+}}
 }}
-'''Porus''' or '''Poros''' ({{langx|grc|Πῶρος}} {{transliteration|grc|Pôros}}; {{floruit}} 326–321 BC) was an ancient [[Ancient India|India]]n king whose territory spanned the region between the [[Jhelum River]] (Hydaspes) and [[Chenab River]] (Acesines), in the [[Punjab region]] of what is now [[Punjab, India|India]] and [[Punjab, Pakistan|Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=T. T. |date=1964 |title=The Genesis of Military River Operations: Alexander the Great at the Hydaspes River |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44571479 |journal=The Military Engineer |volume=56 |issue=374 |pages=424–426 |jstor=44571479 |issn=0026-3982}}</ref> He is only mentioned in Greek sources.
+'''Porus''' or '''Poros''' ({{langx|grc|Πῶρος}} {{transliteration|grc|Pôros}}; {{floruit}} 326–321 BC) was an ancient [[Ancient India|India]]n king whose territory spanned the region between the [[Jhelum River]] (Hydaspes) and [[Chenab River]] (Acesines) in the [[Punjab]] region.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=T. T. |date=1964 |title=The Genesis of Military River Operations: Alexander the Great at the Hydaspes River |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44571479 |journal=The Military Engineer |volume=56 |issue=374 |pages=424–426 |jstor=44571479 |issn=0026-3982}}</ref> He is only mentioned in Greek sources.
-Said to be a warrior with exceptional skills, Porus unsuccessfully fought against [[Alexander the Great]] in the [[Battle of the Hydaspes]] (326 BC).<ref name="Fuller pg 198">Fuller, pg 198 <br>{{blockquote|"While the battle raged, Craterus forced his way over the Haranpur ford. When he saw that Alexander was winning a brilliant victory he pressed on and, as his men were fresh, took over the pursuit."}}</ref> In the aftermath, an impressed Alexander not only reinstated him as his [[satrap]] but also granted him dominion over lands to the south-east extending as far as the [[Alexandria Hyphasis|Hyphasis]] ([[Beas River|Beas]]).<ref name="ReferenceA">p. xl, ''Historical Dictionary of Ancient Greek Warfare,'' J. Woronoff & I. Spence</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">Arrian, ''Anabasis of Alexander,'' V.29.2</ref> Porus reportedly died sometime between 321 and 315 BC.<ref name="eb">{{citation |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=Porus |url=http://www.britannica.com/biography/Porus |access-date=8 September 2015 |archive-date=14 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914193048/http://www.britannica.com/biography/Porus |url-status=live }}</ref>
+Said to be a warrior with exceptional skills, Porus unsuccessfully fought against [[Alexander the Great]] in the [[Battle of the Hydaspes]] (326 BC).<ref name="Fuller pg 198">Fuller, pg 198 <br>{{blockquote|"While the battle raged, Craterus forced his way over the Haranpur ford. When he saw that Alexander was winning a brilliant victory he pressed on and, as his men were fresh, took over the pursuit."}}</ref> Alexander spared his life and not only reinstated him as his [[satrap]] but also granted him dominion over lands to the south-east extending as far as the [[Alexandria Hyphasis|Hyphasis]] ([[Beas River|Beas]]).<ref name="ReferenceA">p. xl, ''Historical Dictionary of Ancient Greek Warfare,'' J. Woronoff & I. Spence</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">Arrian, ''Anabasis of Alexander,'' V.29.2</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Battle of the Hydaspes {{!}} Alexander the Great, Map, Tactics, & Significance {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-the-Hydaspes |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Porus reportedly died sometime between 321 and 315 BC.<ref name="eb">{{citation |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=Porus |url=http://www.britannica.com/biography/Porus |access-date=8 September 2015 |archive-date=14 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914193048/http://www.britannica.com/biography/Porus |url-status=live }}</ref>
 ==Sources==
@@ Line 60: / Line 71: @@
 Despite the apparently one-sided results, Alexander was impressed by Porus and chose not to depose him.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|last=Bosworth|first=Albert Brian|title=Conquest and Empire: The Reign of Alexander the Great|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1993|chapter=From the Hydaspes to the Southern Ocean}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Anson|first=Edward M.|title=Alexander the Great: Themes and Issues|publisher=Bloomsbury|year=2013|isbn=9781441193797|pages=151}}</ref> His territory was not only restored, but also expanded, with Alexander's forces annexing the territories of [[Glausaes]], who ruled to the northeast of Porus' kingdom.<ref name=":7" /> Further, Omphis was reconciled with Porus.<ref name=":7" />
-A [[Expedition of Chenab by Alexander the Great and Porous|joint expedition]] was then mounted against a territory east of the [[Chenab]], ruled by an enemy cousin of Porus; he had earlier submitted to Alexander but, suspicious of Porus' rise in rank, chose to flee with his army.<ref name=":7" /> The date of this battle remains disputed; Alexander's forces overran his lands before meeting stiff resistance at a walled Sangala on the other side of the [[Ravi River|Ravi]].<ref name=":7" /> Siege warfare was executed to brilliant effect and the full-fledged attack began once Porus had joined with his elephants.<ref name=":7" /> As Sangala and allied cities were razed, Porus was allowed to station his garrisons.<ref name=":7" />
+A [[Expedition of Chenab by Alexander the Great and Porous|joint expedition]] was then mounted against a territory east of the [[Chenab River|Chenab]], ruled by an enemy cousin of Porus; he had earlier submitted to Alexander but, suspicious of Porus' rise in rank, chose to flee with his army.<ref name=":7" /> The date of this battle remains disputed; Alexander's forces overran his lands before meeting stiff resistance at a walled Sangala on the other side of the [[Ravi River|Ravi]].<ref name=":7" /> Siege warfare was executed to brilliant effect and the full-fledged attack began once Porus had joined with his elephants.<ref name=":7" /> As Sangala and allied cities were razed, Porus was allowed to station his garrisons.<ref name=":7" />
 Thereafter, Alexander proceeded unopposed to the [[Beas]] and even intended to cross it towards the [[Gangetic Plain]]; however, the [[monsoon]] was at its peak and his weary troops remained stubborn despite his cajoling and threats.<ref name=":7" /> A reluctant Alexander had to renounce his plans and turn back.<ref name=":7" /> Porus was thus ratified as the ''de facto'' ruler of the entire territory east of the Jhelum, with no European ''satrap'' to co-rule with, unlike Ambhi and Abisares.<ref name=":7" /> The crossing-back of the Jhelum was a prolonged affair; filled with festivities, it attracted thousands.<ref name=":7" />
@@ Line 74: / Line 85: @@
 * Porus is played by [[Arun Bali]] in the 1991 TV series [[Chanakya (TV series)|''Chanakya'']].<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WjOuN-tUKRU&list=PL96GW8XIIETXFhLcvfKgeihjmLEdiY0jQ&index=12 |title=Chanakya Episode 12 |date=6 August 2020 |author=DD National |url-status=dead |access-date=17 January 2021 |archive-date=15 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315023918/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WjOuN-tUKRU&list=PL96GW8XIIETXFhLcvfKgeihjmLEdiY0jQ&index=12 }}</ref>
 * Porus appears in the 1999 animated series ''[[Reign: The Conqueror]]''{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}
-* Porus is portrayed by the Thai actor, [[Bin Bunluerit]], in ''[[Alexander (2004 film)|Alexander]]'' (2004){{citation needed|date=May 2016}}
+* Porus is portrayed by the Thai actor, [[Bin Bunluerit]], in ''[[Alexander (2004 film)|Alexander]]'' (2004)<ref>{{IMDb title|0346491}}</ref>
 * Porus appears in the 2011 TV series ''[[Chandragupta Maurya (2011 TV series)|Chandragupta Maurya]]''.<ref>{{cite video |url=https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x5u2xef |title=Chandragupta Maurya Episode 1 |date=19 July 2017 |author=Old Serials Archive}}</ref>
 * [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|SET]] launched [[Siddharth Kumar Tewary]]'s serial titled ''[[Porus (TV series)|Porus]]'' on the [[Battle of the Hydaspes|Battle of Hydaspes]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Siddharth Kumar Tewary's next on Porus for Sony Entertainment Television |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Siddharth-Kumar-Tewarys-next-on-Porus-for-Sony-Entertainment-Television/articleshow/54607760.cms |access-date=23 July 2017 |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |date=4 October 2016 |archive-date=27 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727124529/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Siddharth-Kumar-Tewarys-next-on-Porus-for-Sony-Entertainment-Television/articleshow/54607760.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> in Nov 2017, in which Porus is portrayed by [[Laksh Lalwani]].
 * Porus appears in the Historical Battle campaign of [[Rome: Total War: Alexander|''Rome: Total War:'' Alexander]].
 * Porus appears in the video game Ancient Battle: Alexander, in which he is a playable character, as well as an enemy.
+* Porus appears in the ''Chronicles: Alexander the Great'' expansion of ''[[Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition]]'' as a playable character as well as an enemy player.
 ==See also==

Porus: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 19:10, 10 November 2025

Contents

Sources

Identification

Purus

Sourasenis

Rule

Background

Battle of the Hydaspes

Result

Aftermath

Death

Cultural depictions of Porus

See also

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

Further reading

External links

Navigation menu

Porus: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 19:10, 10 November 2025

Sources

Identification

Purus

Sourasenis

Rule

Background

Battle of the Hydaspes

Result

Aftermath

Death

Cultural depictions of Porus

See also

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

Further reading

External links

Navigation menu

Search