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{{Short description|State that is subordinate to another}} | {{Short description|State that is subordinate to another}} | ||
{{Forms of government}} | {{Forms of government}} | ||
A '''client state''' in the context of [[international relations]] is | A '''client state''', in the context of [[international relations]], is an umbrella term that broadly refers to any [[State (polity)|state]] economically, politically, and militarily subordinated to a more powerful '''controlling state'''. It typically describes a [[bilateral relationship]] that is mutually beneficial, characterized by different but shared obligations.<ref>Michael Graham Fry, Erik Goldstein, Richard Langhorne. ''Guide to International Relations and Diplomacy''. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Continuum International Publishing, 2002. Pp. 9.</ref> | ||
==Controlling states in history== | Variants<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Талдикін |first1=О. |last2=Taldykin |first2=O. |title=Клієнтські форми державності: держава-сателіт |date=2022 |url=https://er.dduvs.edu.ua/handle/123456789/10524 |journal=Науковий вісник Дніпропетровського державного університету внутрішніх|language=uk}}</ref> of a ''client state'' are [[associated state]], [[dominion]], [[Condominium (international law)|condominium]], [[self-governing colony]], [[Neocolonialism|neo-colony]], [[protectorate]], [[puppet state]], [[satellite state]], [[vassal state]] and [[tributary state]]. | ||
===Persia, Greece, Ancient China and Rome=== | |||
== Controlling states in history == | |||
=== Persia, Greece, Ancient China and Rome === | |||
{{see also|List of Roman client rulers|Client kingdoms in ancient Rome}} | {{see also|List of Roman client rulers|Client kingdoms in ancient Rome}} | ||
Ancient states such as [[History of Iran|Persia]], [[Parthia]], [[Ancient Greece|Greek city-states]], [[Ancient China]], and [[Ancient Rome]] sometimes created client states by making the leaders of that state subservient, having to provide [[tribute]] and soldiers. [[Classical Athens]], for example, forced weaker states into the [[Delian League]] and in some cases imposed democratic governments on them. Later, [[Philip II of Macedon]] similarly imposed the [[League of Corinth]]. One of the most prolific users of client states was [[Roman Republic|Republican Rome]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zmmBAAAAMAAJ&q=client+king|title=Herod's Judaea|isbn=9783161497179|last1=Rocca|first1=Samuel|year=2008|publisher=Mohr Siebeck }}</ref><ref>Collected studies: Alexander and his successors in Macedonia, by Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond,1994, page 257,"to Demetrius of Pharos, whom she set up as a client king</ref> which, instead of conquering and then absorbing into an empire, chose to make client states out of those it defeated (e.g. [[Demetrius of Pharos]]), a policy which was continued up until the 1st century BCE when it became the [[Roman Empire]]. Sometimes the client was not a former enemy but a [[pretender]] whom Rome helped, [[Herod the Great]] being a well-known example. The use of client states continued through the [[Middle Ages]] as the [[Feudalism|feudal system]] began to take hold.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}} | Ancient states such as [[History of Iran|Persia]], [[Parthia]], [[Ancient Greece|Greek city-states]], [[Ancient China]], and [[Ancient Rome]] sometimes created client states by making the leaders of that state subservient, having to provide [[tribute]] and soldiers. [[Classical Athens]], for example, forced weaker states into the [[Delian League]] and in some cases imposed democratic governments on them. Later, [[Philip II of Macedon]] similarly imposed the [[League of Corinth]]. One of the most prolific users of client states was [[Roman Republic|Republican Rome]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zmmBAAAAMAAJ&q=client+king|title=Herod's Judaea|isbn=9783161497179|last1=Rocca|first1=Samuel|year=2008|publisher=Mohr Siebeck }}</ref><ref>Collected studies: Alexander and his successors in Macedonia, by Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond,1994, page 257,"to Demetrius of Pharos, whom she set up as a client king</ref> which, instead of conquering and then absorbing into an empire, chose to make [[Client kingdoms in ancient Rome|client states]] out of those it defeated (e.g. [[Demetrius of Pharos]]), a policy which was continued up until the 1st century BCE when it became the [[Roman Empire]]. Sometimes the client was not a former enemy but a [[pretender]] whom Rome helped, [[Herod the Great]] being a well-known example. The use of client states continued through the [[Middle Ages]] as the [[Feudalism|feudal system]] began to take hold.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}} | ||
===Ottoman Empire=== | === Ottoman Empire === | ||
{{main|Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire}} | {{main|Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire}} | ||
[[File:OttomanEmpire1590.png|thumb|Vassal and tributary states of the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1590]] | [[File:OttomanEmpire1590.png|thumb|Vassal and tributary states of the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1590]] | ||
The number of tributary or vassal states varied over time but most notable were the [[Crimean Khanate|Khanate of Crimea]], [[Wallachia]], [[Moldavia]], [[Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)|Transylvania]], the [[Sharifate of Mecca]], and the [[Aceh Sultanate|Sultanate of Aceh]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}} | The number of tributary or vassal states varied over time but most notable were the [[Crimean Khanate|Khanate of Crimea]], [[Wallachia]], [[Moldavia]], [[Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)|Transylvania]], the [[Collapse of the Georgian realm#Fragmentation of the church|Western Georgian principalities]], the [[Sharifate of Mecca]], and the [[Aceh Sultanate|Sultanate of Aceh]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}} | ||
==19th and 20th centuries== | == 19th and 20th centuries == | ||
{{more citations needed section|date=July 2014}} | {{more citations needed section|date=July 2014}} | ||
===Russian Empire=== | === Russian Empire === | ||
{{main|Russia–Serbia relations}} | {{main|Russia–Serbia relations}} | ||
[[Austria-Hungary]] tried to make [[Kingdom of Serbia|Serbia]] a client state in order to form a [[Christianity|Christian]] opposition to the [[Ottoman Empire]], but after the 1903 [[May Coup (Serbia)|May Coup]], Serbia came under the influence of [[Russian Empire|Russia]], which was forming a pan-[[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] opposition to the Latin Christianity represented by the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1914, Russia repeatedly warned Austria-Hungary against attacking Serbia. When it did attack, Russia mobilised its army.<ref>Russian Foreign Minister [[Sergey Sazonov]] warned Austria in 1914 that Russia "Would respond militarily to any action against the client state." Christopher Clark, ''The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914'' (2012) p 481.</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Thomas F. X. Noble|display-authors=et al|title=Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries, Volume C: Since 1789|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b1PTCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA692|year=2010|publisher=Cengage|page=692|isbn=978-1424069606}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Michael J. Lyons|title=World War II: A Short History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LYqTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3|year=2016|publisher=Routledge|pages=3–4|isbn=9781315509440}}</ref> Russia also wanted [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Barbara Jelavich|title=Russia and the Formation of the Romanian National State, 1821–1878|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=clLtuNxa1cgC&pg=PA288|year=2004|publisher=Cambridge UP|page=288|isbn=9780521522519}}</ref> and [[Kingdom of Montenegro|Montenegro]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Clive Ponting|title=Thirteen Days: The Road to the First World War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9BmAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Chatto & Windus|page=60|isbn=9780701172930}}</ref> as client states. | |||
It is often said that, prior to the [[Partitions of Poland]], during the reigns of [[Augustus II the Strong|Augustus II]] and [[Augustus III of Poland|Augustus III]], [[Poland-Lithuania]] was essentially a client state of Russia, since both kings were elected with strong Russian (and to a lesser extent Habsburg Austrian) backing against French- and Swedish-influenced [[Stanisław Leszczyński|Stanislaw I]], later staying in power with extensive Russian support.<ref name= "Flathe">{{Citation | first = Heinrich Theodor | last = Flathe | title = Friedrich August I., Kurfürst von Sachsen | journal = Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie | volume = 7 | publisher = Duncker & Humblot | place = Leipzig | year = 1878 | pages = 781–784 | language = de}}.</ref><ref>Jacek Staszewski, ''August III Sas'', Wrocław, 2010, p. 27–29, 70 (in Polish)</ref> | |||
[[Austria-Hungary]] tried to make [[Kingdom of Serbia|Serbia]] a client state in order to form a [[Christianity|Christian]] opposition to the [[Ottoman Empire]], but after the 1903 [[May Coup (Serbia)|May Coup]], Serbia came under the influence of [[Russian Empire|Russia]], which was forming a pan-[[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] opposition to the Latin Christianity represented by the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1914, Russia repeatedly warned Austria-Hungary against attacking Serbia. When it did attack, Russia mobilised its army.<ref>Russian Foreign Minister [[Sergey Sazonov]] warned Austria in 1914 that Russia "Would respond militarily to any action against the client state." Christopher Clark, ''The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914'' (2012) p 481.</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Thomas F. X. Noble|display-authors=et al|title=Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries, Volume C: Since 1789|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b1PTCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA692|year=2010|publisher=Cengage|page=692|isbn=978-1424069606}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Michael J. Lyons|title=World War II: A Short History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LYqTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3|year=2016|publisher=Routledge|pages=3–4|isbn=9781315509440}}</ref> Russia also wanted [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Barbara Jelavich|title=Russia and the Formation of the Romanian National State, 1821–1878|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=clLtuNxa1cgC&pg=PA288|year=2004|publisher=Cambridge UP|page=288|isbn=9780521522519}}</ref> and [[Kingdom of Montenegro|Montenegro]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Clive Ponting|title=Thirteen Days: The Road to the First World War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9BmAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Chatto & Windus|page=60|isbn=9780701172930}}</ref> as client states, although Bulgaria joined the war on the side of Austria-Hungary. | |||
At the time, [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Great Britain]] and Austria-Hungary both considered Serbia as a client state controlled by Russia.<ref>{{cite book|author=Henry Cowper|title=World War One and Its Consequences|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l9VmAAAAMAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Open University Press|page=209|isbn=9780335093076}}</ref> | At the time, [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Great Britain]] and Austria-Hungary both considered Serbia as a client state controlled by Russia.<ref>{{cite book|author=Henry Cowper|title=World War One and Its Consequences|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l9VmAAAAMAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Open University Press|page=209|isbn=9780335093076}}</ref> | ||
===First French Empire=== | === First French Empire === | ||
{{main|List of French client states}} | {{main|List of French client states}} | ||
[[File:Europe 1812 map en.png|thumb|The [[First French Empire]] and its satellite states in 1812]] | [[File:Europe 1812 map en.png|thumb|The [[First French Empire]] and its satellite states in 1812]] | ||
During the [[French Revolution|Revolutionary]] and [[Napoleonic era]]s (1789–1815), France conquered most of [[western Europe]] and established several client states. | During the [[French Revolution|Revolutionary]] and [[Napoleonic era]]s (1789–1815), France conquered most of [[western Europe]] and established several client states. | ||
At first, during the [[French Revolutionary Wars]], these states were erected as "''Républiques | At first, during the [[French Revolutionary Wars]], these states were erected as "''Républiques sœurs''" ("[[sister republic]]s"). They were established in Italy (the [[Cisalpine Republic]] in [[Northern Italy]] and the [[Parthenopean Republic]] in [[Southern Italy]]), Greece ([[French rule in the Ionian Islands (1797–1799)|''Îles Ioniennes'']]), Switzerland (the [[Helvetic Republic]] and the [[Valais Republic|Rhodanic Republic]]), and Belgium and the Netherlands ([[Batavian Republic]]). | ||
During the [[First French Empire]], while [[Napoleon|Napoleon I]] and the [[French Imperial Army (1804–1815)|French Army]] occupied much of [[Europe]], such states changed, and several new states were formed. The Italian republics were transformed into the [[Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)|Kingdom of Italy]] under Napoleon's direct rule in the north, and the [[Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)|Kingdom of Naples]] in the south, first under [[Joseph Bonaparte]] and later under [[Marshal of the Empire|Marshal]] [[Joachim Murat]]. A third state was created in the Italian Peninsula, the [[Kingdom of Etruria]]. The Batavian Republic was replaced by the [[Kingdom of Holland]], ruled by Napoleon's third brother, [[Louis Bonaparte]]. | During the [[First French Empire]], while [[Napoleon|Napoleon I]] and the [[French Imperial Army (1804–1815)|French Army]] occupied much of [[Europe]], such states changed, and several new states were formed. The Italian republics were transformed into the [[Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)|Kingdom of Italy]] under Napoleon's direct rule in the north, and the [[Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)|Kingdom of Naples]] in the south, first under [[Joseph Bonaparte]] and later under [[Marshal of the Empire|Marshal]] [[Joachim Murat]]. A third state was created in the Italian Peninsula, the [[Kingdom of Etruria]]. The Batavian Republic was replaced by the [[Kingdom of Holland]], ruled by Napoleon's third brother, [[Louis Bonaparte]]. | ||
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During the [[Peninsular War|French invasion of the Iberian Peninsula]], Napoleon attempted to subjugate Portugal and Spain into a client [[Spain under Joseph Bonaparte|Kingdom of Spain]], but the French were eventually driven out of Iberia in a costly war. | During the [[Peninsular War|French invasion of the Iberian Peninsula]], Napoleon attempted to subjugate Portugal and Spain into a client [[Spain under Joseph Bonaparte|Kingdom of Spain]], but the French were eventually driven out of Iberia in a costly war. | ||
===France after decolonisation=== | === France after decolonisation === | ||
In the 20th century, France exercised a sphere of influence, or ''[[Françafrique]]'' over its [[French African colonies|former African colonies]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/specialseries/2013/08/201387113131914906.html |title=The French African Connection |access-date=September 27, 2018 |date=April 7, 2014 |publisher=Al Jazeera |archive-date=November 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112013750/https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/specialseries/2013/08/201387113131914906.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/22/opinion/global/the-return-of-francafrique.html |title=The Return of Françafrique |access-date=September 27, 2018 |last=Haski |first=Pierre |date=July 21, 2013 |work=The New York Times |location=New York }}</ref> and to some degree former Belgian colonies in Africa (which were also French-speaking). The term is sometimes used pejoratively, to characterise the relationship with France as neocolonial. The former colonies provide oil and minerals important to the [[Economy of France|French economy]], and in some, French companies have commercial interests. | In the 20th century, France exercised a sphere of influence, or ''[[Françafrique]]'' over its [[French African colonies|former African colonies]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/specialseries/2013/08/201387113131914906.html |title=The French African Connection |access-date=September 27, 2018 |date=April 7, 2014 |publisher=Al Jazeera |archive-date=November 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112013750/https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/specialseries/2013/08/201387113131914906.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/22/opinion/global/the-return-of-francafrique.html |title=The Return of Françafrique |access-date=September 27, 2018 |last=Haski |first=Pierre |date=July 21, 2013 |work=The New York Times |location=New York }}</ref> and to some degree former Belgian colonies in Africa (which were also French-speaking). The term is sometimes used pejoratively, to characterise the relationship with France as neocolonial. The former colonies provide oil and minerals important to the [[Economy of France|French economy]], and in some, French companies have commercial interests. | ||
===British Empire=== | === British Empire === | ||
[[File:British Indian Empire 1909 Imperial Gazetteer of India.jpg|thumb|Map of British territories in the Indian subcontinent in 1909 with [[princely state]]s in yellow]] | [[File:British Indian Empire 1909 Imperial Gazetteer of India.jpg|thumb|Map of British territories in the Indian subcontinent in 1909 with [[princely state]]s in yellow]] | ||
The [[Princely state|Indian princely states]] were nominally sovereign entities in the [[British Empire]] and in 1947, were given a choice to either accede to independent [[Dominion of India|India]] or [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]] or get independence (the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] did opt for independence but his kingdom was [[Annexation of Hyderabad|annexed]] by Indian forces in 1948). [[Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence|Egyptian independence]] in 1922 ended its brief status as a British protectorate and [[Kingdom of Iraq|Iraq]] was made a kingdom in 1932. But in both cases, the economic and military reality did not amount to full independence, but a status where the local rulers were British clients. Other instances include Africa (e.g. Northern Nigeria under [[Frederick Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard|Lord Lugard]]), and the [[Unfederated Malay States]]; the policy of ''[[indirect rule]]''. | The [[Princely state|Indian princely states]] were nominally sovereign entities in the [[British Empire]] and in 1947, were given a choice to either accede to independent [[Dominion of India|India]] or [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]] or get independence (the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] did opt for independence but his kingdom was [[Annexation of Hyderabad|annexed]] by Indian forces in 1948). [[Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence|Egyptian independence]] in 1922 ended its brief status as a British protectorate and [[Kingdom of Iraq|Iraq]] was made a kingdom in 1932. But in both cases, the economic and military reality did not amount to full independence, but a status where the local rulers were British clients. Other instances include Africa (e.g. Northern Nigeria under [[Frederick Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard|Lord Lugard]]), and the [[Unfederated Malay States]]; the policy of ''[[indirect rule]]''. | ||
===Germany=== | === Germany === | ||
====World War I==== | ==== World War I ==== | ||
{{Main article|Central Powers#German client states}} | {{Main article|Central Powers#German client states}} | ||
* {{Flagicon|Poland}} [[Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)|Kingdom of Poland]]<ref>The Regency Kingdom has been referred to as a [[puppet state]] by Norman Davies in ''Europe: A history'' ([https://books.google.com/books?id=jrVW9W9eiYMC&dq=%22Kingdom+of+Poland%22+1916+puppet&pg=PA910 Google Print, p. 910]); by Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki in ''A Concise History of Poland'' ([https://books.google.com/books?id=HMylRh-wHWEC&pg=PA218 Google Print, p. 218]); by Piotr J. Wroblel in ''Chronology of Polish History'' and ''Nation and History'' ([https://books.google.com/books?id=lzWHDEE6OqkC&pg=PA454 Google Print, p. 454]); and by Raymond Leslie Buell in ''Poland: Key to Europe'' ([https://books.google.com/books?id=-KcfGbrKptoC&q=Poland+Key+to+Europe Google Print, p. 68]: "The Polish Kingdom... was merely a pawn [of Germany]").</ref> (1917–1918) | * {{Flagicon|Poland}} [[Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)|Kingdom of Poland]]<ref>The Regency Kingdom has been referred to as a [[puppet state]] by Norman Davies in ''Europe: A history'' ([https://books.google.com/books?id=jrVW9W9eiYMC&dq=%22Kingdom+of+Poland%22+1916+puppet&pg=PA910 Google Print, p. 910]); by Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki in ''A Concise History of Poland'' ([https://books.google.com/books?id=HMylRh-wHWEC&pg=PA218 Google Print, p. 218]); by Piotr J. Wroblel in ''Chronology of Polish History'' and ''Nation and History'' ([https://books.google.com/books?id=lzWHDEE6OqkC&pg=PA454 Google Print, p. 454]); and by Raymond Leslie Buell in ''Poland: Key to Europe'' ([https://books.google.com/books?id=-KcfGbrKptoC&q=Poland+Key+to+Europe Google Print, p. 68]: "The Polish Kingdom... was merely a pawn [of Germany]").</ref> (1917–1918) | ||
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Lithuania (1918).svg}} [[Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)|Kingdom of Lithuania]] (1918) | * {{Flagicon image|Flag of Lithuania (1918).svg}} [[Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)|Kingdom of Lithuania]] (1918) | ||
* {{Flag|Ukrainian State}}<ref>Kataryna Wolczuk. The Moulding of Ukraine: The Constitutional Politics of State Formation. p. 37.</ref> (1918) | * {{Flag|Ukrainian State}}<ref>Kataryna Wolczuk. The Moulding of Ukraine: The Constitutional Politics of State Formation. p. 37.</ref> (1918) | ||
* [[Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1918)|Duchy of Courland and Semigallia]]<ref>Kevin O'Connor, [https://books.google.com/books?id=b3b5nU4bnw4C&dq The History of the Baltic States], page 78, {{ISBN|0-313-32355-0}}.</ref> (1918) | * {{Flag|Belarusian Democratic Republic}}<ref>https://twitter.com/radabnr?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor</ref> (1918) | ||
* [[File:Flag of Courland (state).svg|20px|border]] [[Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1918)|Duchy of Courland and Semigallia]]<ref>Kevin O'Connor, [https://books.google.com/books?id=b3b5nU4bnw4C&dq The History of the Baltic States], page 78, {{ISBN|0-313-32355-0}}.</ref> (1918) | |||
* [[File:United Baltic Duchy flag.svg|20px|border]] [[United Baltic Duchy]]<ref>{{cite book |page=48 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=emBIdi4LPz8C |title=The Baltic States: The Years of Independence |author=Georg von Rauch |year = 1974|isbn=0-903983-00-1 |quote=Later an alternative proposal was advanced for a United Baltic Duchy under [[Duke Adolf Friedrich of Mecklenburg]]}}</ref> (1918) | |||
* {{Flag|Democratic Republic of Georgia}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rayfield |first=Donald |title=Edge of empires: a history of Georgia |date=2012 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-78023-030-6 |location=London |pages=326–331}}</ref> (1918) | * {{Flag|Democratic Republic of Georgia}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rayfield |first=Donald |title=Edge of empires: a history of Georgia |date=2012 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-78023-030-6 |location=London |pages=326–331}}</ref> (1918) | ||
====World War II==== | ==== World War II ==== | ||
{{main|List of World War II puppet states#Germany}} | |||
* {{flagicon|Slovak Republic (1939–1945)}} [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|Slovak Republic]] (1939–1945) | * {{flagicon|Slovak Republic (1939–1945)}} [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|Slovak Republic]] (1939–1945) | ||
* {{flag|Vichy France}} (1940–1944) | * {{flag|Vichy France}} (1940–1944) | ||
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* {{flagicon|Albanian Kingdom (1943–44)}} [[German occupation of Albania|Albanian Kingdom]] (1943–1944) | * {{flagicon|Albanian Kingdom (1943–44)}} [[German occupation of Albania|Albanian Kingdom]] (1943–1944) | ||
===United States=== | === United States === | ||
[[File:CongressBuilding SEATO.jpg|thumb|right|The leaders attending the [[Manila Summit Conference]] hosted by Philippine President [[Ferdinand Marcos]] on 24 October 1966]] | [[File:CongressBuilding SEATO.jpg|thumb|right|The leaders attending the [[Manila Summit Conference]] hosted by Philippine President [[Ferdinand Marcos]] on 24 October 1966]] | ||
The term has also been applied to states which are extremely economically dependent on a more powerful nation. The three Pacific Ocean countries associated with the United States under the [[Compact of Free Association]] (the [[Federated States of Micronesia]], the [[Marshall Islands]], and [[Palau]]) have been called client states.<ref>{{cite book |title=Pacific Futures: Past and Present |date=2018 |editor1=Warwick Anderson |editor2=Miranda Johnson |editor3=Barbara Brookes |first=David L. |last=Hanlon |chapter=A Different Historiography for "A Handful of Chickpeas Flung Over the Sea": Approaching the Federated States of Micronesia's Deeper Past|publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |isbn=978-0-8248-7742-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=Mundi |last=Chen |first=Millie |title=The Marshall Islands and U.S. Imperial Relations |url=https://tuljournals.temple.edu/index.php/mundi/article/view/374 |publisher=Temple University |date=2020 |volume=1 |number=1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rampell |first1=Ed |title=George H.W. Bush: Dirty Tricks and Regime Change in Nuclear-Free Palau |url=https://islandtimes.org/george-bush-dirty-tricks-palau/ |access-date=15 April 2023 |work=Island Times |date=8 January 2019}}</ref> | The term has also been applied to states which are extremely economically dependent on a more powerful nation. The three Pacific Ocean countries associated with the United States under the [[Compact of Free Association]] (the [[Federated States of Micronesia]], the [[Marshall Islands]], and [[Palau]]) have been called client states.<ref>{{cite book |title=Pacific Futures: Past and Present |date=2018 |editor1=Warwick Anderson |editor2=Miranda Johnson |editor3=Barbara Brookes |first=David L. |last=Hanlon |chapter=A Different Historiography for "A Handful of Chickpeas Flung Over the Sea": Approaching the Federated States of Micronesia's Deeper Past|publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |isbn=978-0-8248-7742-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=Mundi |last=Chen |first=Millie |title=The Marshall Islands and U.S. Imperial Relations |url=https://tuljournals.temple.edu/index.php/mundi/article/view/374 |publisher=Temple University |date=2020 |volume=1 |number=1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rampell |first1=Ed |title=George H.W. Bush: Dirty Tricks and Regime Change in Nuclear-Free Palau |url=https://islandtimes.org/george-bush-dirty-tricks-palau/ |access-date=15 April 2023 |work=Island Times |date=8 January 2019}}</ref> | ||
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* {{flag|Thailand}} (1949–1976) | * {{flag|Thailand}} (1949–1976) | ||
===Imperial Japan=== | === Imperial Japan === | ||
[[File:Manchukuo map 1939.svg|thumb|Location of [[Manchukuo]] (red) within [[Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere|Imperial Japan's sphere of influence]] in 1939]] | [[File:Manchukuo map 1939.svg|thumb|Location of [[Manchukuo]] (red) within [[Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere|Imperial Japan's sphere of influence]] in 1939]] | ||
In the late 19th century, the [[Empire of Japan]] gradually reduced [[Joseon|Joseon Korea]]'s status to that of a client state. In the early 20th century, this was converted to [[Korea under Japanese rule|direct rule]]. [[Manchukuo]], in contrast, remained a [[List of World War II puppet states|puppet state]] throughout World War II. | In the late 19th century, the [[Empire of Japan]] gradually reduced [[Joseon|Joseon Korea]]'s status to that of a client state. In the early 20th century, this was converted to [[Korea under Japanese rule|direct rule]]. [[Manchukuo]], in contrast, remained a [[List of World War II puppet states|puppet state]] throughout World War II. | ||
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* {{Flagdeco|Vietnam|1945}} [[Empire of Vietnam]] (1945) | * {{Flagdeco|Vietnam|1945}} [[Empire of Vietnam]] (1945) | ||
===Soviet Union=== | In 1915, the Japanese government published the [[Twenty-One Demands]], whose last seven demands of Section 5 would've transformed the Chinese economy and government so much that China would've essentially become a client state of Japan.<ref>Arthur S. Link, ''Wilson, Volume III: The Struggle for Neutrality, 1914–1915'' (1960) pp 267–308; [https://archive.org/details/wilsonstrugglefo0003unse online].</ref> During World War II, [[Portuguese Macau|Macau]] was left unoccupied by the Japanese military, unlike neighboring [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] or fellow Portuguese colony [[Portuguese Timor|Timor]], yet Japanese civilian advisors were forcefully installed to patrol the city instead, thus turning it into a ''de facto'' Japanese protectorate.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ptak |first=Roderich |date=2017 |title=Review of Wartime Macau: Under the Japanese Shadow |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13173/jasiahist.51.2.0328 |journal=Journal of Asian History |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=328–333 |doi=10.13173/jasiahist.51.2.0328 |jstor=10.13173/jasiahist.51.2.0328 |issn=0021-910X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> | ||
=== Soviet Union === | |||
{{see also|Soviet Empire|Satellite state}} | {{see also|Soviet Empire|Satellite state}} | ||
Soviet proxy, [[Satellite state#Post-World War II|"satellite"]], or client states included much of the [[Warsaw Pact]] member states whose policies were heavily influenced by Soviet military power and economic aid. Other nations with [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] governments were routinely criticised as being Soviet proxies as well, among them [[Cuba]] following the [[Cuban Revolution]], the [[Chinese Soviet Republic]], [[North Korea]],<ref name=DPRK>{{cite magazine| url=https://theweek.com/articles/597768/why-north-korea-betting-big-nuclear-weapons |title=Why North Korea is betting big on nuclear weapons| date=8 January 2016| last=Mizokami| first=Kyle| magazine=The Week}}</ref> [[North Vietnam]], the [[Socialist Republic of Vietnam]], [[South Yemen]], the [[People's Republic of Angola]], the [[People's Republic of Mozambique]], and the [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]]. Within the [[Soviet Union]] itself, the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian SSR]] and the [[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|Byelorussian SSR]], had seats at the [[United Nations]], but were actually proper Soviet territory. | Soviet proxy, [[Satellite state#Post-World War II|"satellite"]], or client states included much of the [[Warsaw Pact]] member states whose policies were heavily influenced by Soviet military power and economic aid. Other nations with [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] governments were routinely criticised as being Soviet proxies as well, among them [[Cuba]] following the [[Cuban Revolution]], the [[Chinese Soviet Republic]], [[North Korea]],<ref name=DPRK>{{cite magazine| url=https://theweek.com/articles/597768/why-north-korea-betting-big-nuclear-weapons |title=Why North Korea is betting big on nuclear weapons| date=8 January 2016| last=Mizokami| first=Kyle| magazine=The Week}}</ref> [[North Vietnam]], the [[Socialist Republic of Vietnam]], [[South Yemen]], the [[People's Republic of Angola]], the [[People's Republic of Mozambique]], and the [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]]. Within the [[Soviet Union]] itself, the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian SSR]] and the [[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|Byelorussian SSR]], had seats at the [[United Nations]], but were actually proper Soviet territory. | ||
<!-- DO NOT ADD ANY 21st Century entries without MULTIPLE INDEPENDENT RELIABLE sources --> | <!-- DO NOT ADD ANY 21st Century entries without MULTIPLE INDEPENDENT RELIABLE sources --> | ||
==See also== | == See also == | ||
{{div col|colwidth=18em}} | {{div col|colwidth=18em}} | ||
* [[Associated state]] | * [[Associated state]] | ||
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{{div col end}} | {{div col end}} | ||
==References== | == References == | ||
{{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
Latest revision as of 08:52, 3 November 2025
Template:Short description Template:Forms of government A client state, in the context of international relations, is an umbrella term that broadly refers to any state economically, politically, and militarily subordinated to a more powerful controlling state. It typically describes a bilateral relationship that is mutually beneficial, characterized by different but shared obligations.[1]
Variants[2] of a client state are associated state, dominion, condominium, self-governing colony, neo-colony, protectorate, puppet state, satellite state, vassal state and tributary state.
Controlling states in history
Persia, Greece, Ancient China and Rome
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Ancient states such as Persia, Parthia, Greek city-states, Ancient China, and Ancient Rome sometimes created client states by making the leaders of that state subservient, having to provide tribute and soldiers. Classical Athens, for example, forced weaker states into the Delian League and in some cases imposed democratic governments on them. Later, Philip II of Macedon similarly imposed the League of Corinth. One of the most prolific users of client states was Republican Rome[3][4] which, instead of conquering and then absorbing into an empire, chose to make client states out of those it defeated (e.g. Demetrius of Pharos), a policy which was continued up until the 1st century BCE when it became the Roman Empire. Sometimes the client was not a former enemy but a pretender whom Rome helped, Herod the Great being a well-known example. The use of client states continued through the Middle Ages as the feudal system began to take hold.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Ottoman Empire
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The number of tributary or vassal states varied over time but most notable were the Khanate of Crimea, Wallachia, Moldavia, Transylvania, the Western Georgian principalities, the Sharifate of Mecca, and the Sultanate of Aceh.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
19th and 20th centuries
Template:More citations needed section
Russian Empire
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It is often said that, prior to the Partitions of Poland, during the reigns of Augustus II and Augustus III, Poland-Lithuania was essentially a client state of Russia, since both kings were elected with strong Russian (and to a lesser extent Habsburg Austrian) backing against French- and Swedish-influenced Stanislaw I, later staying in power with extensive Russian support.[5][6]
Austria-Hungary tried to make Serbia a client state in order to form a Christian opposition to the Ottoman Empire, but after the 1903 May Coup, Serbia came under the influence of Russia, which was forming a pan-Eastern Orthodox opposition to the Latin Christianity represented by the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1914, Russia repeatedly warned Austria-Hungary against attacking Serbia. When it did attack, Russia mobilised its army.[7][8][9] Russia also wanted Bulgaria[10] and Montenegro[11] as client states, although Bulgaria joined the war on the side of Austria-Hungary.
At the time, Great Britain and Austria-Hungary both considered Serbia as a client state controlled by Russia.[12]
First French Empire
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During the Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras (1789–1815), France conquered most of western Europe and established several client states.
At first, during the French Revolutionary Wars, these states were erected as "Républiques sœurs" ("sister republics"). They were established in Italy (the Cisalpine Republic in Northern Italy and the Parthenopean Republic in Southern Italy), Greece (Îles Ioniennes), Switzerland (the Helvetic Republic and the Rhodanic Republic), and Belgium and the Netherlands (Batavian Republic).
During the First French Empire, while Napoleon I and the French Army occupied much of Europe, such states changed, and several new states were formed. The Italian republics were transformed into the Kingdom of Italy under Napoleon's direct rule in the north, and the Kingdom of Naples in the south, first under Joseph Bonaparte and later under Marshal Joachim Murat. A third state was created in the Italian Peninsula, the Kingdom of Etruria. The Batavian Republic was replaced by the Kingdom of Holland, ruled by Napoleon's third brother, Louis Bonaparte.
A total of 35 German states, all of them allies of France, seceded from the Holy Roman Empire to create the Confederation of the Rhine, a client state created to provide a buffer between France and its two largest enemies to the east, Prussia and Austria. Two of those states were Napoleonic creations: the Kingdom of Westphalia, which was controlled by Jérôme Bonaparte, the Emperor's youngest brother; and the Grand Duchy of Würzburg as was Poland, then the Duchy of Warsaw.
During the French invasion of the Iberian Peninsula, Napoleon attempted to subjugate Portugal and Spain into a client Kingdom of Spain, but the French were eventually driven out of Iberia in a costly war.
France after decolonisation
In the 20th century, France exercised a sphere of influence, or Françafrique over its former African colonies,[13][14] and to some degree former Belgian colonies in Africa (which were also French-speaking). The term is sometimes used pejoratively, to characterise the relationship with France as neocolonial. The former colonies provide oil and minerals important to the French economy, and in some, French companies have commercial interests.
British Empire
The Indian princely states were nominally sovereign entities in the British Empire and in 1947, were given a choice to either accede to independent India or Pakistan or get independence (the Nizam of Hyderabad did opt for independence but his kingdom was annexed by Indian forces in 1948). Egyptian independence in 1922 ended its brief status as a British protectorate and Iraq was made a kingdom in 1932. But in both cases, the economic and military reality did not amount to full independence, but a status where the local rulers were British clients. Other instances include Africa (e.g. Northern Nigeria under Lord Lugard), and the Unfederated Malay States; the policy of indirect rule.
Germany
World War I
- Template:Flagicon Kingdom of Poland[15] (1917–1918)
- Template:Flagicon image Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)
- Template:Country data Ukrainian State[16] (1918)
- Template:Country data Belarusian Democratic Republic[17] (1918)
- File:Flag of Courland (state).svg Duchy of Courland and Semigallia[18] (1918)
- File:United Baltic Duchy flag.svg United Baltic Duchy[19] (1918)
- Template:Country data Democratic Republic of Georgia[20] (1918)
.svg){kind=link}
World War II
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- Template:Flagicon Slovak Republic (1939–1945)
- Template:Country data Vichy France (1940–1944)
- Template:Country data Independent State of Croatia (1941–1945)
- Template:Flagicon Albanian Kingdom (1943–1944)
United States
The term has also been applied to states which are extremely economically dependent on a more powerful nation. The three Pacific Ocean countries associated with the United States under the Compact of Free Association (the Federated States of Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, and Palau) have been called client states.[21][22][23]
- Template:Flagcountry (1945–1949) → Template:Country data Taiwan (1949–1979)
- Template:Country data Khmer Republic (1970–1975)
- Template:Country data Philippines (1965–1986)
- Template:Country data South Korea (1948–1953)
- Template:Country data South Vietnam (1954–1975)
- Template:Country data Thailand (1949–1976)
Imperial Japan
In the late 19th century, the Empire of Japan gradually reduced Joseon Korea's status to that of a client state. In the early 20th century, this was converted to direct rule. Manchukuo, in contrast, remained a puppet state throughout World War II.
- Template:Country data Azad Hind (1943–1945)
- Template:Country data State of Burma (1943–1945)
- Template:Flagicon image Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945)
- China (East Hebei Autonomous Government and North Shanxi Autonomous Government)[24]
- Template:Country data Joseon (After the First Sino-Japanese War)[25]
- Template:Country data Korean Empire[26][27]Template:Unreliable source (1905–1910)
- Template:Flagicon image Kingdom of Luang Phrabang (1945)
- Template:Country data Manchukuo (1932–1945)
- Template:Country data Mengjiang (1939–1945)
- Template:Country data Second Philippine Republic (1943–1945)
- Template:Flagdeco Empire of Vietnam (1945)
In 1915, the Japanese government published the Twenty-One Demands, whose last seven demands of Section 5 would've transformed the Chinese economy and government so much that China would've essentially become a client state of Japan.[28] During World War II, Macau was left unoccupied by the Japanese military, unlike neighboring Hong Kong or fellow Portuguese colony Timor, yet Japanese civilian advisors were forcefully installed to patrol the city instead, thus turning it into a de facto Japanese protectorate.[29]
Soviet Union
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Soviet proxy, "satellite", or client states included much of the Warsaw Pact member states whose policies were heavily influenced by Soviet military power and economic aid. Other nations with Marxist–Leninist governments were routinely criticised as being Soviet proxies as well, among them Cuba following the Cuban Revolution, the Chinese Soviet Republic, North Korea,[30] North Vietnam, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, South Yemen, the People's Republic of Angola, the People's Republic of Mozambique, and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. Within the Soviet Union itself, the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR, had seats at the United Nations, but were actually proper Soviet territory.
See also
- Associated state
- Banana republic
- Condominium
- Dominion
- Neo-colony
- Protectorate
- Puppet state
- Satellite state
- Self-governing colony
- Strategic autonomy
- Suzerainty
- Tributary state
- Tributary
- Vassal state
References
Template:Autonomous types of first-tier administration
- ↑ Michael Graham Fry, Erik Goldstein, Richard Langhorne. Guide to International Relations and Diplomacy. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Continuum International Publishing, 2002. Pp. 9.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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- ↑ Collected studies: Alexander and his successors in Macedonia, by Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond,1994, page 257,"to Demetrius of Pharos, whom she set up as a client king
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1"..
- ↑ Jacek Staszewski, August III Sas, Wrocław, 2010, p. 27–29, 70 (in Polish)
- ↑ Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Sazonov warned Austria in 1914 that Russia "Would respond militarily to any action against the client state." Christopher Clark, The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 (2012) p 481.
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- ↑ The Regency Kingdom has been referred to as a puppet state by Norman Davies in Europe: A history (Google Print, p. 910); by Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki in A Concise History of Poland (Google Print, p. 218); by Piotr J. Wroblel in Chronology of Polish History and Nation and History (Google Print, p. 454); and by Raymond Leslie Buell in Poland: Key to Europe (Google Print, p. 68: "The Polish Kingdom... was merely a pawn [of Germany]").
- ↑ Kataryna Wolczuk. The Moulding of Ukraine: The Constitutional Politics of State Formation. p. 37.
- ↑ https://twitter.com/radabnr?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor
- ↑ Kevin O'Connor, The History of the Baltic States, page 78, Template:ISBN.
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- ↑ Arthur S. Link, Wilson, Volume III: The Struggle for Neutrality, 1914–1915 (1960) pp 267–308; online.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Template:Cite magazine