Pride: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 04:24, 17 November 2025

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "For". Script error: No such module "other uses".

File:Pride (Superbia), from The Seven Vices MET DP867537.jpg

16th-century print by Georg Pencz, depicting pride as one of the seven vices

Template:EmotionPride is a human secondary emotion characterized by a sense of security with one's identity, performance, or accomplishments. It is often considered the opposite of shame ^[1] and, depending on context, may be viewed as either a virtue or a vice. Typically, pride arises from praise, independent self-reflection, and/or a fulfilled feeling of belonging.

The word pride may refer to group identity. Manifestations include one's ethnicity. It is notably known for Black Pride, which gained historical momentum during the U.S. Civil Rights Movement. Then, it became known for independence struggles—Feminist Pride, rooted in the women's rights movement and gender equality struggles and sexual identity (for example, Gay Pride or LGBT Pride, rising in visibility following the Stonewall riots). In this context of minority groups, the display of pride is in defiance of people outside of the minority in question trying to instill them with a sense of shame. There is also the sense of pride that can accompany national identity (patriotism), regional identity, or other affiliations (for example, proud to be a university alumnus). In this context, the pride is more literal.

It may also refer to foolhardiness,^[2] or a corrupt, irrational sense of one's personal value, status, or accomplishments,^[3] and in this sense, pride can be used synonymously with hubris or vanity. In this sense it has classical theological interpretation as one of the seven deadly sins. When viewed as a virtue, pride in one's abilities is known as virtuous pride, greatness of soul, or magnanimity, but when viewed as a vice, it is often known to be self-idolatry, sadistic contempt or vainglory.^[4]

Etymology

The word "proud" originates from late Old English "Script error: No such module "Lang".", likely derived from the Old French meaning "brave" or "valiant" (11th century), which later became preux in French. This, in turn, comes from the Late Latin prodis, meaning "useful," related to the Latin prodesse, "to be of use."^[5] The sense of "having a high opinion of oneself," which does not exist in French, may reflect the Anglo-Saxons' perception of the Norman knights, who referred to themselves as "proud."^[6]

Ancient Greek philosophy

Aristotle identified pride (Template:Transliteration, variously translated as proper pride, the greatness of soul and magnanimity)^[7] as the crown of the virtues, distinguishing it from vanity, temperance and humility, thus:

By a high-minded man we seem to mean one who claims much and deserves much: for he who claims much without deserving it is a fool; but the possessor of a virtue is never foolish or silly. The man we have described, then, is high-minded. He who deserves little and claims little is temperate [or modest], but not high-minded: for high-mindedness [or greatness of soul] implies greatness, just as beauty implies stature; small men may be neat and well proportioned, but cannot be called beautiful.^[8]

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He then concludes that,

High-mindedness, then, seems to be the crowning grace, as it were, of the virtues; it makes them greater, and cannot exist without them. And on this account it is a hard thing to be truly high-minded; for it is impossible without the union of all the virtues.Template:R

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By contrast, Aristotle defined the vice of hubris as follows:

to cause shame to the victim, not in order that anything may happen to you, nor because anything has happened to you, but merely for your own gratification. Hubris is not the requital of past injuries; this is revenge. As for the pleasure in hubris, its cause is this: naive men think that by ill-treating others they make their own superiority the greater.^[9]

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Thus, although pride and hubris are often deemed the same thing, for Aristotle and many philosophers hubris is an entirely different thing from pride.^[10]

Psychology

Pride, when classified as an emotion or passion, is both cognitive and evaluative; its object, that it cognizes and evaluates, is the self and its properties, or something the proud individual identifies with.^[3] The field of psychology classifies it with guilt and shame as a self-conscious emotion that results from the evaluations of oneself and one's behavior according to internal and external standards.^[11] Pride results from satisfying or conforming to a standard; guilt or shame from defying it.

Emotion

In psychological terms, positive pride is a "pleasant, sometimes exhilarating, emotion that results from a positive self-evaluation."^[12] It was added to the University of California, Davis, "Set of Emotion Expressions", as one of three "self-conscious" emotions known to have recognizable expressions (along with embarrassment and shame).^[13]

The term "Script error: No such module "Lang"." was coined by Italian psychologist Isabella Poggi to describe the pride experienced and expressed in the moments following a personal triumph over adversity.^[14] Facial expressions and gestures that demonstrate pride can involve a lifting of the chin, smiles, or arms on hips to demonstrate victory. Individuals may implicitly grant status to others based solely on their expressions of pride, even in cases in which they wish to avoid doing so. Indeed, some studies indicate that the nonverbal expression of pride conveys a message that is automatically perceived by others about a person's high social status in a group.^[15]

Behaviorally, pride can also be expressed by adopting an expanded posture in which the head is tilted back and the arms extended out from the body. This postural display is innate, as it is shown in congenitally blind individuals who have lacked the opportunity to see it in others.^[16]

Positive outcomes

Pride results from self-directed satisfaction with meeting personal goals; for example, positive performance outcomes elicit pride in a person when the event is appraised as having been caused by that person alone.^[17]Template:Full citation needed

Pride as a display of the strong self that promotes feelings of similarity to strong others, as well as differentiation from weak others. Seen in this light, pride can be conceptualized as a hierarchy-enhancing emotion, as its experience and display helps rid negotiations of conflict.^[18]

Pride involves exhilarated pleasure and a feeling of accomplishment. It is related to "more positive behaviors and outcomes in the area where the individual is proud."^[19]Template:Full citation needed Pride is associated with positive social behaviors such as helping others and public expression of achievement. Along with hope, it is an emotion that facilitates performance attainment, as it can help trigger and sustain focused efforts, helping individuals prepare for upcoming evaluative events. It may also help enhance the quality and flexibility of the effort expended.^[20]Template:Full citation needed Pride can enhance creativity, productivity, and altruism.^[21]Template:Full citation needed Researchers have found that among African-American youth, pride is associated with a higher GPA in less socioeconomically advantaged neighborhoods, whereas in more advantaged neighborhoods, pride is associated with a lower GPA.^[22]

Economics

In the field of economic psychology, pride is conceptualized on a spectrum ranging from "proper pride," associated with genuine achievements, and "false pride," which can be maladaptive or even pathological. Lea et al. examined the role of pride in various economic situations. They claim that Template:Clarify.^[23] Understood in this way, pride is an emotional state that works to ensure that people take financial decisions that are in their long-term interests, even when in the short term they would appear irrational.

Sin and self-acceptance

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File:Pride, Jacob Matham.png

Pride, from the Seven Deadly Sins by Jacob Matham Template:Circa

Inordinate self-esteem is called "pride".^[24] Classical Christian theology views pride as being the result of high self-esteem, and thusTemplate:Non sequitur high self-esteem was viewed as the primary human problem, but beginning in the 20th century, "humanistic psychology" diagnosed the primary human problem as low self-esteem stemming from a lack of belief in one's "true worth." Carl Rogers observed that most people "regard themselves as worthless and unlovable." Thus, they lack self-esteem.^[25]Template:Rp

In the King James Bible, people exhibiting excess pride are labeled with the term, "Haughty".

Template:Quote

Terry Cooper describes excessive pride (along with low self-esteem) as an important framework in which to describe the human condition. He examines and compares the Augustinian-Niebuhrian conviction that pride is primary, the feminist concept of pride as being absent in the experience of women, the humanistic psychology position that pride does not adequately account for anyone's experience, and the humanistic psychology idea that if pride emerges, it is always a false front designed to protect an undervalued self.Template:R

He considers that the work of certain Neo-Freudian psychoanalysts, namely Karen Horney, and offers promise in addressing what he describes as a "deadlock between the overvalued and undervalued self."Template:R

Cooper refers to their work in describing the connection between religious and psychological pride as well as sin to describe how a neurotic pride system underlies an appearance of self-contempt and low self-esteem:

The "idealized self," the "tyranny of the should," the "pride system," and the nature of self-hate all point toward the intertwined relationship between neurotic pride and self-contempt. Understanding how a neurotic pride system underlies an appearance of self-contempt and low self-esteem.Template:Sentence fragment Template:R

Thus, hubris, which is an exaggerated form of self-esteem, is sometimes actually a lie used to cover the lack of self-esteem the hubristic person feels deep down.

Hubris and group narcissism

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Hubris is associated with more intra-individual negative outcomes and Template:Clarify expressions of aggression and hostility.^[26]Template:Full citation needed Hubris is not necessarily associated with high self-esteem but with highly fluctuating or variable self-esteem. Excessive feelings of hubris tend to create conflict and sometimes to terminate close relationships, which has led it to be understood as one of the few emotions with no clear positive or adaptive functions.^[27]Template:Full citation needed

A group that boasts, gloats, or denigrates others tends to become a group with low social status or to be vulnerable to threats from other groups.^[28]Template:Better source needed "[H]ubristic, pompous displays of group pride might be a sign of group insecurity rather than a sign of strength,"

REDIRECT Template:Quote without source while those who express pride by being filled with humility whilst focusing on members' efforts and hard work tend to achieve high social standing in both the adult public and personal eyes.

Research from the University of Sydney found that hubristic pride correlates with arrogance and self-aggrandizement, and promotes prejudice and discrimination. But authentic pride is associated with self-confidence and accomplishment and promotes more positive attitudes toward outgroups and stigmatized individuals.^[29]

Ethnic

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Across the world

Pride in one's own ethnicity or ones own culture seems to universally have positive connotations,Script error: No such module "Unsubst".^[30] though like earlier discussions on pride, when pride tips into hubris, people have been known to commit atrocities.^[31]

Types of pride across the world seem to have a broad variety. The difference of type may have no greater contrast than that between the U.S. and China.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".^[32] In the U.S., individual pride tends to be more important than national / ethnic pride, and seems to be held more often in thought. The people in China seem to hold greater importance for the nation as a whole.^[33]

The value of pride in the individual or the society as a whole seems to be a running theme and debate among cultures.^[34] This debate shadows the discussion on pride so much so that perhaps the discussion on pride should not be about whether pride is necessarily good or bad, but about which form of it is the most useful.^[34]

Pride has gained a lot of negative recognition in the western cultures, largely due to its status as one of the Seven Deadly Sins. It was popularized by the Pope Gregory I of the Catholic Church in the late sixth century, but before that it was recognized by a Christian Monk named Evagrius Ponticus in the fourth century as one of the evils human beings should resist.^[35]

German

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In Germany, "national pride" ("Script error: No such module "Lang".") is often associated with Nazism. Strong displays of national pride are therefore considered to be in poor taste by many Germans. There is an ongoing public debate about the issue of German patriotism. The World Cup in 2006, held in Germany, saw a wave of patriotism sweep the country in a manner not seen for many years. Although many were hesitant to show such blatant support as the hanging of the national flag from windows, as the team progressed through the tournament, so too did the level of support across the nation.^[36]

Asian

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The term "Asian pride" in modern usage refers mostly to those of East Asian descent, though it can include anyone of Asian descent. Asian pride was originally fragmented, as Asian nations have long had conflicts with each other; examples are the old Japanese and Chinese religious beliefs about their superiority. Asian pride emerged prominently during European colonialism.^[37] At one time, Europeans controlled 85% of the world's land through colonialism, resulting in anti-Western feelings among Asian nations.^[37] Today, some Asians still look upon European involvement in their affairs with suspicion.^[37] In contrast, Asian empires are proudly remembered by adherents of Asian Pride.

Black

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"Black pride" is a slogan used primarily in the United States to raise awareness for a black racial identity. The slogan has been used by African Americans of sub-Saharan African origin or ancestry to denote a feeling of self-confidence, self-respect, celebrating one's heritage, and being proud of one's worth.

White

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White pride is a slogan mainly (but not exclusively) used by white separatist, white nationalist, neo-Nazi, and white supremacist organizations in the United States for a white race identity.^[38]Template:Full citation needed White pride also consists of white ethnic/cultural pride.

Mad Pride

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File:2016-05-16-Mad Pride Köln 2016-4988.jpg

Bed Push at Mad Pride parade in Cologne, Germany, in 2016

Mad pride is a worldwide movement and philosophy that individuals with mental illnesses, disorders or difficulties should be proud of their 'madness'. The movement advocates for mutual support and rallies for the rights of individuals who define themselves as 'mad',^[39] and aims to popularize and destigmatize the word "mad" as a self-descriptor.^[40]

LGBT Pride

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File:2017-05-27 Düsseldorf, Christopher Street Day (10) (freddy2001) (cropped).jpg

Pride parade, Düsseldorf 2017

LGBT pride is a worldwide movement which recognizes that lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ+) individuals should be proud of their sexual orientation and gender identity. LGBT pride includes advocacy for equal rights and benefits for LGBT people.^[41] The movement has three main premises: that people should be proud of their sexual orientation and gender identity; that sexual diversity is a gift; and that sexual orientation and gender identity are inherent and cannot be intentionally altered.^[42]Template:Better source needed

The word "pride" is used in this case as an antonym for "shame." It is an affirmation of self and community. The modern gay pride movement began after the Stonewall riots—the nearly week-long uprising between New York City youth and police officers following a raid of Stonewall Inn—of the late 1960s. In June 1970, the first pride parade in the United States commemorated the one-year anniversary of the Stonewall riots.^[43] Today, there are pride parades and celebrations in many cities and towns throughout the world, and numerous countries recognize an annual Pride Month, most commonly in June.

Vanity

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In conventional parlance, vanity is sometimes used in a positive sense to refer to a rational concern for one's appearance, attractiveness, and dress, and is thus not the same as pride. It can also refer to an excessive or irrational belief in or concern with one's abilities or attractiveness in the eyes of others and may, in that sense, be compared to pride. The term vanity originates from the Latin word Script error: No such module "Lang". meaning emptiness, untruthfulness, futility, foolishness, and empty pride.^[44] Here, empty pride means a fake pride, in the sense of vainglory, unjustified by one's own achievements and actions, but sought by pretense and appeals to superficial characteristics.

In many religions, vanity is considered a form of self-idolatry, in which one rejects God for the sake of one's own image, and thereby becomes divorced from the graces of God. The stories of Lucifer and Narcissus (who gave us the term narcissism), and others, attend to a pernicious aspect of vanity.

In Western art, vanity was often symbolized by a peacock, Biblical terms, and by the Whore of Babylon. During the Renaissance, it was invariably represented as a naked woman, sometimes seated or reclining on a couch. She attends to her hair with a comb and mirror. The mirror is sometimes held by a demon or a putto. Other symbols include jewels, gold coins, a purse, and Death himself.

Often depicted is an inscription on a scroll that reads Script error: No such module "Lang". ("All is Vanity"), a quote from the Latin translation of the Book of Ecclesiastes.^[45] Although that phrase—itself depicted in a type of still life called vanitas—originally referred not to an obsession with one's appearance, but to the ultimate fruitlessness of man's efforts in this world, the phrase summarizes the complete preoccupation of the subject of the picture. "The artist invites us to pay lip-service to condemning her", writes Edwin Mullins, "while offering us full permission to drool over her. She admires herself in the glass, while we treat the picture that purports to incriminate her as another kind of glass—a window—through which we peer and secretly desire her."^[46] The theme of the recumbent woman often merged artistically with the non-allegorical one of a reclining Venus.

In his table of the seven deadly sins, Hieronymus Bosch depicts a bourgeois woman admiring herself in a mirror held up by a devil. Behind her is an open jewelry box. A painting attributed to Nicolas Tournier, which hangs in the Ashmolean Museum, is An Allegory of Justice and Vanity. A young woman holds a balance, symbolizing justice; she does not look at the mirror or the skull on the table before her. Vermeer's famous painting Girl with a Pearl Earring is sometimes believed to depict the sin of vanity, as the young girl has adorned herself before a glass without further positive allegorical attributes.^[47] All is Vanity, by Charles Allan Gilbert (1873–1929), carries on this theme. An optical illusion, the painting depicts what appears to be a large grinning skull. Upon closer examination, it reveals itself to be a young woman gazing at her reflection in the mirror of her vanity table. Such artistic works served to warn viewers of the ephemeral nature of youthful beauty, as well as the brevity of human life and the inevitability of death.

Detail of "Pride" in The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things by Hieronymus Bosch

Detail of "Pride" in The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things by Hieronymus Bosch
The Fallen Angel (1847) by Alexandre Cabanel, depicting Lucifer

The Fallen Angel (1847) by Alexandre Cabanel, depicting Lucifer
File:The Father and Mother.jpg

The Father and Mother by Boardman Robinson depicting War as the offspring of Greed and Pride
Jacques Callot, Pride (Vanity), probably after 1621

Jacques Callot, Pride (Vanity), probably after 1621
"All Is Vanity" by C. Allan Gilbert, evoking the inevitable decay of life and beauty toward death

"All Is Vanity" by C. Allan Gilbert, evoking the inevitable decay of life and beauty toward death

Notes

Template:Reflist

References

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Owen, David (2007). The Hubris Syndrome: Bush, Blair and the Intoxication of Power. Politico's, Methuen Publishing Ltd.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|Positive effect from the perceived value of a person}}
+{{For|the extreme form of pride|Hubris}}
 {{Other uses}}
-{{Emotion}}
+[[File:Pride (Superbia), from The Seven Vices MET DP867537.jpg|thumb|16th-century print by [[Georg Pencz]], depicting pride as one of the [[seven vices]]]]
+{{Emotion}}'''Pride''' is a human [[Emotion|secondary emotion]] characterized by a sense of security with one's [[Identity (philosophy)|identity]], performance, or accomplishments. It is often considered the opposite of [[shame]] <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/thesaurus/pride |title=PRIDE synonyms |website=Merriam-Webster |access-date=2023-12-01}}</ref> and, depending on context, may be viewed as either a [[virtue]] or a [[vice]]. Typically, pride arises from [[praise]], independent [[self-reflection]], and/or a fulfilled feeling of [[belongingness|belonging]].
-'''Pride''' is a human [[Emotion|secondary emotion]] characterized by a sense of satisfaction with one's [[Identity (philosophy)|identity]], performance, or accomplishments. It is often considered the opposite of [[shame]] or [[humility]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/thesaurus/pride |title=PRIDE synonyms |website=Merriam-Webster |access-date=2023-12-01}}</ref> and, depending on context, may be viewed as either [[virtue]] or [[vice]]. Pride may refer to a feeling of satisfaction derived from one's own or another's choices and actions, or one's belonging to a group of people. Typically, it is a product of [[praise]], independent [[self-reflection]] and/or a fulfilled feeling of [[belongingness|belonging]].
+The word ''pride'' may refer to group identity. Manifestations include one's ethnicity. It is notably known for [[Black Pride]], which gained historical momentum during the [[U.S. Civil Rights Movement]]. Then, it became known for independence struggles—[[Feminist movement|Feminist Pride]], rooted in the [[women's rights movement]] and [[gender equality]] struggles and [[sexual identity]] (for example, [[Gay pride|Gay Pride]] or [[LGBT Pride]], rising in visibility following the [[Stonewall riots]]).  In this context of minority groups, the display of pride is in defiance of people outside of the minority in question trying to instill them with a sense of shame. There is  also the sense of pride that can accompany [[Nation|national]] identity ([[patriotism]]), regional identity, or other affiliations (for example, proud to be a [[university]] [[alumnus]]). In this context, the pride is more literal.
-The word ''pride'' may refer to group identity manifestations, including one's [[Racial pride|ethnicity]]—notably, [[Black Pride]], which gained historical momentum during the [[U.S. Civil Rights Movement]], and earlier independence struggles—[[Feminist movement|Feminist Pride]], rooted in the women's rights movement and gender equality struggles and [[Sexual identity|sexual identity]] (for example, [[Gay pride|Gay Pride]] or [[LGBT Pride]], rising in visibility following the [[Stonewall riots]]).  In this context of minority groups, the display of pride is in defiance of people outside of the minority in question trying to instill them with a sense of shame.
+It may also refer to foolhardiness,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hubris|title=hubris|website=Merriam-Webster|access-date=3 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406134932/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hubris|archive-date=6 April 2016}}</ref> or a corrupt, irrational sense of one's personal value, [[social status|status]], or accomplishments,<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Pride and Authenticity|last=Steinvorth|first=Ulrich|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2016|isbn=978-3-319-34116-3|location=Cham|pages=10}}</ref> and in this sense, ''pride'' can be used [[synonym]]ously with [[hubris]] or [[vanity]]. In this sense it has classical theological interpretation as one of the [[seven deadly sins]]. When viewed as a virtue, pride in one's abilities is known as virtuous pride, greatness of soul, or [[magnanimity]], but when viewed as a vice, it is often known to be self-[[idolatry]], sadistic contempt or [[vainglory]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Babblu |first=Sambi reddy |date=2021-07-17 |title=PRIDE |url=https://medium.com/@vsrvangala2002/pride-cf1461083cb9 |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref>
-There's also the sense of pride that can accompany [[Nation|national]] identity ([[patriotism]]), regional identity, or other affiliations (for example, proud to be a [[university]] [[alumnus]]). In this context, the pride is more literal.
-It may also refer to foolhardiness,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hubris|title=hubris|website=Merriam-Webster|access-date=3 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406134932/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hubris|archive-date=6 April 2016}}</ref> or a corrupt, irrational sense of one's personal value, [[social status|status]], or accomplishments,<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Pride and Authenticity|last=Steinvorth|first=Ulrich|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2016|isbn=9783319341163|location=Cham|pages=10}}</ref> and in this sense, ''pride'' can be used [[synonym]]ously with [[hubris]] or [[vanity]]. In this sense it has classical theological interpretation as one of the [[seven deadly sins]].
-While some [[philosophers]] such as [[Aristotle]] (and [[George Bernard Shaw]]) consider pride (but not hubris) a profound [[virtue]], some world [[religion]]s consider pride as a form<ref>{{Citation |title=LGBTQ |date=2024-10-21 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQ |access-date=2024-10-24 |language=en}}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=June 2025}} of [[sin]], as stated in [[Book of Proverbs|Proverbs]] {{bibleverse|Proverbs|11:2|nobook=yes}} of the [[Hebrew Bible]]. In [[Judaism]], pride is called the root of all evil. In [[Catholicism]], it is considered one of the [[seven deadly sins]]. When viewed as a virtue, pride in one's abilities is known as virtuous pride, greatness of soul, or [[magnanimity]], but when viewed as a vice, it is often known to be self-[[idolatry]], sadistic contempt or [[vainglory]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Babblu |first=Sambi reddy |date=2021-07-17 |title=PRIDE |url=https://medium.com/@vsrvangala2002/pride-cf1461083cb9 |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref>
 ==Etymology==
-''Proud'' comes from late [[Old English]] {{lang|ang|prut}}, probably from [[Old French]] {{lang|fro|prud}} "brave, valiant" (11th century) (which became {{lang|fr|preux}} in French), from [[Late Latin]] term {{lang|la|prodis}} "useful," which is compared with the Latin {{lang|la|prodesse}} "be of use."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/proud|title=proud|website=The Free Dictionary|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603153635/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/proud |archive-date=3 June 2010 |access-date=9 November 2008}}</ref> The sense of "having a high opinion of oneself," not in French, may reflect the Anglo-Saxons' opinion of the Norman knights who called themselves "proud."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/proud|title=proud|website=Online Etymology Dictionary|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606194147/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=proud |archive-date=6 June 2014 |access-date=20 June 2014}}</ref>
+The word '''"proud"''' originates from '''late''' [[Old English]] "{{lang|ang|prut}}", likely derived from the  [[Old French]] meaning "brave" or "valiant" (11th century), which later became '''preux''' in French. This, in turn, comes from the [[Late Latin]] '''prodis''', meaning "useful," related to the Latin '''prodesse''', "to be of use."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/proud|title=proud|website=The Free Dictionary|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603153635/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/proud |archive-date=3 June 2010 |access-date=9 November 2008}}</ref> The sense of "having a high opinion of oneself," which does not exist in [[French language|French]], may reflect the Anglo-Saxons' perception of the Norman knights, who referred to themselves as "proud."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/proud|title=proud|website=Online Etymology Dictionary|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606194147/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=proud |archive-date=6 June 2014 |access-date=20 June 2014}}</ref>
 == Ancient Greek philosophy ==
@@ Line 20: / Line 16: @@
 {{blockquote|By a high-minded man we seem to mean one who claims much and deserves much: for he who claims much without deserving it is a fool; but the possessor of a virtue is never foolish or silly. The man we have described, then, is high-minded. He who deserves little and claims little is temperate [or modest], but not high-minded: for high-mindedness [or greatness of soul] implies greatness, just as beauty implies stature; small men may be neat and well proportioned, but cannot be called beautiful.<ref name=TNE4.3>{{cite book|title=[[Nicomachean Ethics]]|author=[[Aristotle]]|at=[https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/aristotle/nicomachean-ethics/f-h-peters/text/book-4#chapter-4-1-3 IV.3]}}</ref>}}
-He then concludes that
+He then concludes that,
 {{blockquote|High-mindedness, then, seems to be the crowning grace, as it were, of the virtues; it makes them greater, and cannot exist without them. And on this account it is a hard thing to be truly high-minded; for it is impossible without the union of all the virtues.{{r|TNE4.3}} }}
@@ Line 31: / Line 27: @@
 == Psychology ==
-Pride, when classified as an emotion or passion, is both cognitive and evaluative; its object, that it cognizes and evaluates, is the self and its properties, or something the proud individual identifies with.<ref name=":1" /> The field of psychology classifies it with [[Guilt (emotion)|guilt]] and shame as a [[Self-conscious emotions|self-conscious emotion]] that results from the evaluations of oneself and one's behavior according to internal and external standards.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook of Environmental Psychology|url=https://archive.org/details/handbookenvironm00bech|url-access=limited|last1=Bechtel|first1=Robert|last2=Churchman|first2=Arza|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|year=2002|isbn=978-0471405948|location=Hoboken, N.J.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/handbookenvironm00bech/page/n562 547]}}</ref> Pride results from satisfying or conforming to a standard; guilt or shame from defying it. There is a lack of research that addresses pride, perhaps because it is despised as well as valued in the individualist [[western culture|West]], where it is experienced as pleasurable.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Positive Psychology in Search for Meaning|last=Leontiev|first=Dmitry|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=9781138806580|location=Oxon|pages=100}}</ref>
+Pride, when classified as an emotion or passion, is both cognitive and evaluative; its object, that it cognizes and evaluates, is the self and its properties, or something the proud individual identifies with.<ref name=":1" /> The field of psychology classifies it with [[Guilt (emotion)|guilt]] and shame as a [[Self-conscious emotions|self-conscious emotion]] that results from the evaluations of oneself and one's behavior according to internal and external standards.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook of Environmental Psychology|url=https://archive.org/details/handbookenvironm00bech|url-access=limited|last1=Bechtel|first1=Robert|last2=Churchman|first2=Arza|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|year=2002|isbn=978-0-471-40594-8|location=Hoboken, N.J.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/handbookenvironm00bech/page/n562 547]}}</ref> Pride results from satisfying or conforming to a standard; guilt or shame from defying it.
 === Emotion ===
@@ Line 48: / Line 44: @@
 Pride as a display of the strong self that promotes feelings of similarity to strong others, as well as differentiation from weak others. Seen in this light, pride can be conceptualized as a hierarchy-enhancing emotion, as its experience and display helps rid negotiations of conflict.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Oveis | first1 = C. | last2 = Horberg | first2 = E. J. | last3 = Keltner | first3 = D. | year = 2010 | title = Compassion, pride, and social intuitions of self-other similarity | journal = Journal of Personality and Social Psychology | volume = 98 | issue = 4| pages = 618–630 | doi = 10.1037/a0017628 | pmid=20307133| citeseerx = 10.1.1.307.534 }}</ref>
-Pride involves exhilarated [[pleasure]] and a feeling of accomplishment. It is related to "more positive behaviors and outcomes in the area where the individual is proud."<ref>Weiner, 1985</ref>{{full citation needed|date=September 2023}} Pride is associated with positive social behaviors such as helping others and {{clarify|reason=what's that?|text=outward promotion|date=September 2023}}. Along with hope, it is an emotion that facilitates performance attainment, as it can help trigger and sustain focused efforts, helping individuals prepare for upcoming evaluative events. It may also help enhance the quality and flexibility of the effort expended.<ref>Fredrickson, 2001</ref>{{full citation needed|date=September 2023}} Pride can enhance creativity, productivity, and [[altruism]].<ref>Bagozzi et al.</ref>{{full citation needed|date=September 2023}} Researchers have found that among African-American youth, pride is associated with a higher [[GPA]] in less socioeconomically advantaged neighborhoods, whereas in more advantaged neighborhoods, pride is associated with a lower GPA.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Byrd | first1 = C. M. | last2 = Chavous | first2 = T. M. | year = 2009 | title = Racial identity and academic achievement in the neighborhood context: a multilevel analysis | journal = Journal of Youth and Adolescence | volume = 38 | issue = 4| pages = 544–559| doi = 10.1007/s10964-008-9381-9 | pmid = 19636727 | s2cid = 45063561 }}</ref>
+Pride involves exhilarated [[pleasure]] and a feeling of accomplishment. It is related to "more positive behaviors and outcomes in the area where the individual is proud."<ref>Weiner, 1985</ref>{{full citation needed|date=September 2023}} Pride is associated with positive social behaviors such as helping others and public expression of achievement. Along with hope, it is an emotion that facilitates performance attainment, as it can help trigger and sustain focused efforts, helping individuals prepare for upcoming evaluative events. It may also help enhance the quality and flexibility of the effort expended.<ref>Fredrickson, 2001</ref>{{full citation needed|date=September 2023}} Pride can enhance creativity, productivity, and [[altruism]].<ref>Bagozzi et al.</ref>{{full citation needed|date=September 2023}} Researchers have found that among African-American youth, pride is associated with a higher [[GPA]] in less socioeconomically advantaged neighborhoods, whereas in more advantaged neighborhoods, pride is associated with a lower GPA.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Byrd | first1 = C. M. | last2 = Chavous | first2 = T. M. | year = 2009 | title = Racial identity and academic achievement in the neighborhood context: a multilevel analysis | journal = Journal of Youth and Adolescence | volume = 38 | issue = 4| pages = 544–559| doi = 10.1007/s10964-008-9381-9 | pmid = 19636727 | s2cid = 45063561 }}</ref>
 === Economics ===
@@ Line 55: / Line 51: @@
 === Sin and self-acceptance ===
 {{See also|Self-esteem#Contingent vs. non-contingent}}
-[[File:Pride, Jacob Matham.png|thumb|180px|''Pride, from the Seven Deadly Sins'' by [[Jacob Matham]] {{Circa|1592}}]]
+[[File:Pride, Jacob Matham.png|thumb|''Pride, from the Seven Deadly Sins'' by [[Jacob Matham]] {{Circa|1592}}]]
 Inordinate self-esteem is called "pride".<ref name="oed-151185">{{cite web |title=pride|at= n.1 |url=https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/151185 |website=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] Online |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |access-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907090311/https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/151185 |archive-date=7 September 2015 |quote=A high, esp. an excessively high, opinion of one's own worth or importance which gives rise to a feeling or attitude of superiority over others; inordinate self-esteem.}}</ref> Classical Christian theology views pride as being the result of high self-esteem, and thus{{non sequitur|reason=|text=|date=September 2023}} high self-esteem was viewed as the primary human problem, but beginning in the 20th century, "[[humanistic psychology]]" diagnosed the primary human problem as low self-esteem stemming from a lack of belief in one's "true worth." [[Carl Rogers]] observed that most people "regard themselves as worthless and unlovable." Thus, they lack self-esteem.<ref name=Cooper2003>{{cite book|first=Terry D.|last=Cooper|title=Sin, Pride & Self-Acceptance: The Problem of Identity in Theology & Psychology|publisher=InterVarsity Press|location=Chicago|year=2003}}</ref>{{rp|40, 87, 95}}
@@ Line 75: / Line 71: @@
 === Hubris and group narcissism ===
 {{Main|Hubris}}
 {{See also|Group narcissism}}
@@ Line 87: / Line 84: @@
 === Across the world===
-Pride in ones own ethnicity or ones own culture seems to universally have positive connotations,{{dubious|reason=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_pride|date=September 2023}}<ref>{{Multiref2
+Pride in one's own ethnicity or ones own culture seems to universally have positive connotations,{{dubious|reason=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_pride|date=September 2023}}<ref>{{Multiref2
 | 1={{cite news |last1=Specia |first1=Megan |last2=Kwai |first2=Isabella |title=Sunak's Ascent Is a Breakthrough for Diversity, With Privilege Attached |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/24/world/europe/uk-rishi-sunak.html |work=The New York Times |date=24 October 2022 |access-date=1 November 2022 |archive-date=1 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101184749/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/24/world/europe/uk-rishi-sunak.html |url-status=live }}
 | 2={{cite news |last1=Gemechu |first1=Berhanu |title=The Ethiopians changing their names as a show of pride |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-61511681 |work=BBC News |date=7 June 2022 |access-date=1 November 2022 |archive-date=1 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101184749/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-61511681 |url-status=live }}
@@ Line 94: / Line 91: @@
 }}</ref> though like earlier discussions on pride, when pride tips into hubris, people have been known to commit atrocities.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dimijian |first1=Gregory G. |title=Warfare, genocide, and ethnic conflict: a Darwinian approach |journal= Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings|date=July 2010 |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=292–300 |doi=10.1080/08998280.2010.11928637 |pmid=21240320 |pmc=2900985 }}</ref>
-Types of pride across the world seem to have a broad variety. The difference of type may have no greater contrast than that between the U.S. and China.{{ambiguous|date=September 2023}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Conghui |last2=Li |first2=Jing |last3=Chen |first3=Chuansheng |last4=Wu |first4=Hanlin |last5=Yuan |first5=Li |last6=Yu |first6=Guoliang |title=Individual Pride and Collective Pride: Differences Between Chinese and American Corpora |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |date=19 May 2021 |volume=12 |pages=513779 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2021.513779 |pmid=34093292 |pmc=8170025 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In the U.S., individual pride {{clarify|reason=I don't think this verb works that way|text=tends|date=September 2023}} and seems to be held more often in thought. The people in China seem to hold {{clarify|reason=what are greater views?|text=greater views|date=September 2023}} for the nation as a whole.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Robson |first1=David |title=How East and West think in profoundly different ways |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20170118-how-east-and-west-think-in-profoundly-different-ways |work=BBC Future |date=19 January 2017 |access-date=1 November 2022 |archive-date=1 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101191918/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20170118-how-east-and-west-think-in-profoundly-different-ways |url-status=live }}</ref>
+Types of pride across the world seem to have a broad variety. The difference of type may have no greater contrast than that between the U.S. and China.{{ambiguous|date=September 2023}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Conghui |last2=Li |first2=Jing |last3=Chen |first3=Chuansheng |last4=Wu |first4=Hanlin |last5=Yuan |first5=Li |last6=Yu |first6=Guoliang |title=Individual Pride and Collective Pride: Differences Between Chinese and American Corpora |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |date=19 May 2021 |volume=12 |article-number=513779 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2021.513779 |pmid=34093292 |pmc=8170025 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In the U.S., individual pride tends to be more important than national / ethnic pride, and seems to be held more often in thought. The people in China seem to hold greater importance for the nation as a whole.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Robson |first1=David |title=How East and West think in profoundly different ways |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20170118-how-east-and-west-think-in-profoundly-different-ways |work=BBC Future |date=19 January 2017 |access-date=1 November 2022 |archive-date=1 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101191918/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20170118-how-east-and-west-think-in-profoundly-different-ways |url-status=live }}</ref>
 The value of pride in the individual or the society as a whole seems to be a running theme and debate among cultures.<ref name="Van Osch Breugelmans Zeelenberg Fontaine 2013">{{cite book |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199592746.003.0026 |chapter=The meaning of pride across cultures |title=Components of Emotional Meaning |year=2013 |last1=Van Osch |first1=Yvette M. J. |last2=Breugelmans |first2=Seger M. |last3=Zeelenberg |first3=Marcel |last4=Fontaine |first4=Johnny R. J. |pages=377–387 |isbn=978-0-19-959274-6 }}</ref> This debate shadows the discussion on pride so much so that perhaps the discussion on pride should not be about whether pride is necessarily good or bad, but about which form of it is the most useful.<ref name="Van Osch Breugelmans Zeelenberg Fontaine 2013"/>
-Pride has gained a lot of negative recognition in the western cultures, largely due to its status as one of the Seven Deadly Sins. It was popularized by the Pope Gregory I of the Catholic Church in the late sixth century, but before that it was recognized by a Christian Monk named [[Evagrius Ponticus]] in the fourth century as one of the evils human beings should resist. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Glausser |first=Wayne |date=2018-03-22 |title=The Seven Deadly Sins |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190864170.003.0006 |journal=Oxford Scholarship Online |volume=1 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780190864170.003.0006|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
+Pride has gained a lot of negative recognition in the western cultures, largely due to its status as one of the Seven Deadly Sins. It was popularized by the Pope Gregory I of the Catholic Church in the late sixth century, but before that it was recognized by a Christian Monk named [[Evagrius Ponticus]] in the fourth century as one of the evils human beings should resist.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Glausser |first=Wayne |date=2018-03-22 |title=The Seven Deadly Sins |journal=Oxford Scholarship Online |volume=1 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780190864170.003.0006}}</ref>
 === German ===
@@ Line 107: / Line 104: @@
 === Asian ===
 {{Main|Asian pride}}
-The term "[[Asian pride]]" in modern usage refers mostly to those of [[East Asian]] descent, though it can include anyone of [[Asian people|Asian]] descent. Asian pride was originally fragmented, as Asian nations have long had conflicts with each other; examples are the old Japanese and Chinese religious beliefs about their superiority. Asian pride emerged prominently during European [[colonialism]].<ref name=Gerd>{{cite journal|last=Langguth|first=Gerd|journal=German Foreign Affairs Review|volume=47|number=4|title=Dawn of the 'Pacific' Century?|year=1996|url=http://www.gerd-langguth.de/fremdsprachtext/asian_values.htm |access-date=18 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610190612/http://www.gerd-langguth.de/fremdsprachtext/asian_values.htm |archive-date=10 June 2012 }}</ref> At one time, Europeans controlled 85% of the world's land through colonialism, resulting in [[Anti-Western sentiment|anti-Western]] feelings among Asian nations.<ref name=Gerd /> Today, some Asians still look upon European involvement in their affairs with suspicion.<ref name=Gerd /> In contrast, Asian [[empire]]s are proudly remembered by adherents of Asian Pride.
+The term "[[Asian pride]]" in modern usage refers mostly to those of [[East Asian]] descent, though it can include anyone of [[Asian people|Asian]] descent. Asian pride was originally fragmented, as Asian nations have long had conflicts with each other; examples are the old Japanese and Chinese religious beliefs about their superiority. Asian pride emerged prominently during European [[colonialism]].<ref name=Gerd>{{cite journal|last=Langguth|first=Gerd|journal=German Foreign Affairs Review|volume=47|number=4|title=Dawn of the 'Pacific' Century?|year=1996|url=http://www.gerd-langguth.de/fremdsprachtext/asian_values.htm |access-date=18 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610190612/http://www.gerd-langguth.de/fremdsprachtext/asian_values.htm |archive-date=10 June 2012 }}</ref> At one time, Europeans controlled 85% of the world's land through colonialism, resulting in [[Anti-Western sentiment|anti-Western]] feelings among Asian nations.<ref name=Gerd /> Today, some Asians still look upon European involvement in their affairs with suspicion.<ref name=Gerd /> In contrast, Asian [[empire]]s are proudly remembered by adherents of Asian Pride.
 === Black ===
@@ Line 121: / Line 119: @@
 == Mad Pride ==
 {{Main|Mad pride}}
-[[File:2016-05-16-Mad Pride Köln 2016-4988.jpg|thumb|180px|Bed Push at Mad Pride parade in Cologne, Germany, in 2016]]
-Mad pride is a worldwide movement and philosophy that individuals with [[Mental disorder|mental illnesses]], disorders or difficulties should be proud of their ‘madness’. The movement advocates for mutual support and rallies for the rights of individuals who define themselves as ‘mad’,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://themighty.com/2017/03/healing-voices-mad-pride/|title=The Power of 'Healing Voices'|publisher=The Mighty|first=Oryx|last=Cohen|date=9 March 2017|access-date=12 September 2018|archive-date=12 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912054651/https://themighty.com/2017/03/healing-voices-mad-pride/|url-status=live}}</ref> and aims to popularize and destigmatize the word "mad" as a self-descriptor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wayahead.org.au/mad-pride/|title=MAD Pride|publisher=WayAhead|first=Ben|last=Graham|date=5 June 2018|access-date=12 September 2018|archive-date=12 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912100430/https://wayahead.org.au/mad-pride/|url-status=live}}</ref>
+[[File:2016-05-16-Mad Pride Köln 2016-4988.jpg|thumb|Bed Push at Mad Pride parade in Cologne, Germany, in 2016]]
+Mad pride is a worldwide movement and philosophy that individuals with [[Mental disorder|mental illnesses]], disorders or difficulties should be proud of their 'madness'. The movement advocates for mutual support and rallies for the rights of individuals who define themselves as 'mad',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://themighty.com/2017/03/healing-voices-mad-pride/|title=The Power of 'Healing Voices'|publisher=The Mighty|first=Oryx|last=Cohen|date=9 March 2017|access-date=12 September 2018|archive-date=12 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912054651/https://themighty.com/2017/03/healing-voices-mad-pride/|url-status=live}}</ref> and aims to popularize and destigmatize the word "mad" as a self-descriptor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wayahead.org.au/mad-pride/|title=MAD Pride|publisher=WayAhead|first=Ben|last=Graham|date=5 June 2018|access-date=12 September 2018|archive-date=12 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912100430/https://wayahead.org.au/mad-pride/|url-status=live}}</ref>
 == LGBT Pride ==
 {{Main|LGBT pride}}
-[[File:2017-05-27 Düsseldorf, Christopher Street Day (10) (freddy2001) (cropped).jpg|thumb|180px|[[Pride parade]], [[Düsseldorf]] 2017]]
+[[File:2017-05-27 Düsseldorf, Christopher Street Day (10) (freddy2001) (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Pride parade]], [[Düsseldorf]] 2017]]
 [[LGBT pride]] is a worldwide movement which recognizes that [[lesbian]], [[gay]], [[bisexual]], [[transgender]], and [[queer]] ([[LGBTQ+]]) individuals should be proud of their [[sexual orientation]] and [[gender identity]]. LGBT pride includes advocacy for equal [[human rights|rights]] and [[rights and responsibilities of marriages in the United States|benefits]] for LGBT people.<ref>{{multiref2
-| 1={{cite news|first=Rex|last=Wockner|date=12 July 2007|url=http://www.pridesource.com/rssarticle.shtml?article=26004 |title=Pride celebrated worldwide |access-date=31 July 2007 |publisher=PrideSource |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228093336/http://www.pridesource.com/rssarticle.shtml?article=26004 |archive-date=28 December 2007 }}
+| 1={{cite news|first=Rex|last=Wockner|date=12 July 2007|url=http://www.pridesource.com/rssarticle.shtml?article=26004 |title=Pride celebrated worldwide |access-date=31 July 2007 |publisher=PrideSource |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228093336/http://www.pridesource.com/rssarticle.shtml?article=26004 |archive-date=28 December 2007 }}
 | 2={{cite news|first=Doug|last=Ireland| url=https://direland.typepad.com/direland/2007/07/gay-pride-in-eu.html| title=Gay Pride in Europe Looks Globally| access-date=31 July 2007| publisher=Direland|date=5 July 2007| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927115835/http://direland.typepad.com/direland/2007/07/gay-pride-in-eu.html| archive-date=27 September 2007}}
-| 3={{cite web| url=http://www.ucu.org.uk/media/docs/s/t/lgbteqguide_1.doc| archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209183827/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:xE6eFqA2mfkJ:www.ucu.org.uk/media/docs/s/t/lgbteqguide_1.doc+Gay+pride+believes+the+history+and+diversity+of+Lesbian,+Gay,+Bisexual,+and+Transgender+people+is+important&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=14&gl=us| url-status=dead| archive-date=9 December 2012| title=Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender Equality—an Issue for us All| access-date=31 July 2007| publisher=www.ucu.org.uk}}
+| 3={{cite web| url=http://www.ucu.org.uk/media/docs/s/t/lgbteqguide_1.doc| archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209183827/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:xE6eFqA2mfkJ:www.ucu.org.uk/media/docs/s/t/lgbteqguide_1.doc+Gay+pride+believes+the+history+and+diversity+of+Lesbian,+Gay,+Bisexual,+and+Transgender+people+is+important&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=14&gl=us| archive-date=9 December 2012| title=Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender Equality—an Issue for us All| access-date=31 July 2007| website=ucu.org.uk}}
-}}</ref> The movement has three main premises: that people should be proud of their [[sexual orientation]] and [[gender identity]]; that [[sexual diversity]] is a gift; and that sexual orientation and gender identity are inherent and cannot be intentionally altered.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bates.ctc.edu/studentservices/Diversity/pdf/June%202007%20Word.pdf |title=Gay and Lesbian History Month |access-date=31 July 2007|date=June 2007 |publisher=www.bates.ctc.edu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808064230/http://www.bates.ctc.edu/studentservices/Diversity/pdf/June%202007%20Word.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2007 }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=September 2023}}
+}}</ref> The movement has three main premises: that people should be proud of their [[sexual orientation]] and [[gender identity]]; that [[sexual diversity]] is a gift; and that sexual orientation and gender identity are inherent and cannot be intentionally altered.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bates.ctc.edu/studentservices/Diversity/pdf/June%202007%20Word.pdf |title=Gay and Lesbian History Month |access-date=31 July 2007|date=June 2007 |publisher=www.bates.ctc.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808064230/http://www.bates.ctc.edu/studentservices/Diversity/pdf/June%202007%20Word.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2007 }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=September 2023}}
-The word "pride" is used in this case as an antonym for "[[shame]]." It is an affirmation of self and community. The modern gay pride movement began after the [[Stonewall riots]]—the nearly week-long uprising between New York City youth and police officers following a raid of [[Stonewall Inn]]—of the late 1960s. In June 1970, the first [[pride parade]] in the United States commemorated the one-year anniversary of the Stonewall riots.<ref>{{cite web|first=Bianca|last=Wythe|date=9 June 2011|title = WGBH American Experience – Inside American Experience|url = https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/blog/2011/06/09/pride-parade/|website = American Experience|access-date = 16 February 2016|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160422105803/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/blog/2011/06/09/pride-parade/|archive-date = 22 April 2016}}</ref> Today, there are pride parades and celebrations in many cities and towns throughout the world, and numerous countries recognize an annual Pride Month, most commonly in June.
+The word "pride" is used in this case as an antonym for "[[shame]]." It is an affirmation of self and community. The modern gay pride movement began after the [[Stonewall riots]]—the nearly week-long uprising between New York City youth and police officers following a raid of [[Stonewall Inn]]—of the late 1960s. In June 1970, the first [[pride parade]] in the United States commemorated the one-year anniversary of the Stonewall riots.<ref>{{cite web|first=Bianca|last=Wythe|date=9 June 2011|title = WGBH American Experience – Inside American Experience|url = https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/blog/2011/06/09/pride-parade/|website = American Experience|access-date = 16 February 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160422105803/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/blog/2011/06/09/pride-parade/|archive-date = 22 April 2016}}</ref> Today, there are pride parades and celebrations in many cities and towns throughout the world, and numerous countries recognize an annual Pride Month, most commonly in June.
 == Vanity ==
 {{Main|Vanity}}
-In conventional parlance, vanity is sometimes used in a positive sense to refer to a rational concern for one's appearance, attractiveness, and dress, and is thus not the same as pride. It can also refer to an excessive or irrational belief in or concern with one's abilities or attractiveness in the eyes of others and may, in that sense, be compared to pride. The term ''vanity'' originates from the Latin word {{lang|la|[[vanitas]]}} meaning ''emptiness'', ''untruthfulness'', ''futility'', ''foolishness'', and ''empty pride''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.nd.edu/cgi-bin/wordz.pl?keyword=vanitas|title=vanitas|website=William Whitaker's Words|access-date=26 June 2008|archive-date=9 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509221700/http://www.archives.nd.edu/cgi-bin/wordz.pl?keyword=vanitas|url-status=dead}}</ref> Here, ''empty pride'' means a fake pride, in the sense of vainglory, unjustified by one's own achievements and actions, but sought by pretense and appeals to superficial characteristics.
+In conventional parlance, vanity is sometimes used in a positive sense to refer to a rational concern for one's appearance, attractiveness, and dress, and is thus not the same as pride. It can also refer to an excessive or irrational belief in or concern with one's abilities or attractiveness in the eyes of others and may, in that sense, be compared to pride. The term ''vanity'' originates from the Latin word {{lang|la|[[vanitas]]}} meaning ''emptiness'', ''untruthfulness'', ''futility'', ''foolishness'', and ''empty pride''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.nd.edu/cgi-bin/wordz.pl?keyword=vanitas|title=vanitas|website=William Whitaker's Words|access-date=26 June 2008|archive-date=9 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509221700/http://www.archives.nd.edu/cgi-bin/wordz.pl?keyword=vanitas}}</ref> Here, ''empty pride'' means a fake pride, in the sense of vainglory, unjustified by one's own achievements and actions, but sought by pretense and appeals to superficial characteristics.
 In many religions, vanity is considered a form of self-[[idolatry]], in which one rejects God for the sake of one's own [[image]], and thereby becomes divorced from the [[Divine grace|grace]]s of [[God]]. The stories of [[Lucifer]] and [[Narcissus (mythology)|Narcissus]] (who gave us the term [[narcissism]]), and others, attend to a pernicious aspect of vanity.
-In Western art, vanity was often symbolized by a [[peacock]], and in [[Bible|Biblical]] terms, by the [[Whore of Babylon]]. During the [[Renaissance]], it was invariably represented as a naked [[woman]], sometimes seated or reclining on a couch. She attends to her hair with a comb and mirror. The mirror is sometimes held by a [[demon]] or a [[putto]]. Other symbols include jewels, gold coins, a purse, and [[Personifications of death|Death himself]].
+In Western art, vanity was often symbolized by a [[peacock]], [[Bible|Biblical]] terms, and by the [[Whore of Babylon]]. During the [[Renaissance]], it was invariably represented as a naked [[woman]], sometimes seated or reclining on a couch. She attends to her hair with a comb and mirror. The mirror is sometimes held by a [[demon]] or a [[putto]]. Other symbols include jewels, gold coins, a purse, and [[Personifications of death|Death himself]].
 Often depicted is an inscription on a scroll that reads {{lang|la|Omnia Vanitas}} ("All is Vanity"), a quote from the Latin translation of the Book of [[Ecclesiastes]].<ref>{{cite book|first=James|last=Hall|title=Dictionary of Subjects & Symbols in Art|location=New York|publisher=Harper & Row|year=1974|page=318}}</ref> Although that phrase—itself depicted in a type of still life called [[vanitas]]—originally referred not to an obsession with one's appearance, but to the ultimate fruitlessness of man's efforts in this world, the phrase summarizes the complete preoccupation of the subject of the picture. "The artist invites us to pay [[lip service (disambiguation)|lip-service]] to condemning her", writes [[Edwin Mullins]], "while offering us full permission to drool over her. She admires herself in the glass, while we treat the picture that purports to incriminate her as another kind of glass—a window—through which we peer and secretly desire her."<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Edwin Mullins|first=Edwin|last=Mullins|title=The Painted Witch: How Western Artists Have Viewed the Sexuality of Women|location=New York|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers, Inc.|year=1985|pages=62–63}}</ref> The theme of the recumbent woman often merged artistically with the non-allegorical one of a reclining [[Venus (god)|Venus]].
-In his table of the [[seven deadly sins]], [[Hieronymus Bosch]] depicts a [[bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] woman admiring herself in a mirror held up by a devil. Behind her is an open jewelry box. A painting attributed to [[Nicolas Tournier]], which hangs in the [[Ashmolean Museum]], is ''An Allegory of Justice and Vanity''. A young woman holds a [[Beam balance|balance]], symbolizing [[justice]]; she does not look at the mirror or the [[human skull|skull]] on the table before her. [[Johannes Vermeer|Vermeer's]] famous painting ''[[Girl with a Pearl Earring]]'' is sometimes believed to depict the sin of vanity, as the young girl has adorned herself before a glass without further positive allegorical attributes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://essentialvermeer.20m.com/cat_about/necklace.htm |first1=Arthur|last1=Wheelock|first2=John|last2=Nash|title=Information about Johannes Vermeer's 'Woman with a Pearl Necklace' |access-date=21 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011175732/http://essentialvermeer.20m.com/cat_about/necklace.htm |archive-date=11 October 2007 }}</ref> ''All is Vanity'', by [[Charles Allan Gilbert]] (1873–1929), carries on this theme. An [[optical illusion]], the painting depicts what appears to be a large grinning skull. Upon closer examination, it reveals itself to be a young woman gazing at her reflection in the mirror of her [[vanity table]]. Such artistic works served to warn viewers of the ephemeral nature of youthful beauty, as well as the brevity of human life and the inevitability of [[death]].
+In his table of the [[seven deadly sins]], [[Hieronymus Bosch]] depicts a [[bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] woman admiring herself in a mirror held up by a devil. Behind her is an open jewelry box. A painting attributed to [[Nicolas Tournier]], which hangs in the [[Ashmolean Museum]], is ''An Allegory of Justice and Vanity''. A young woman holds a [[Beam balance|balance]], symbolizing [[justice]]; she does not look at the mirror or the [[human skull|skull]] on the table before her. [[Johannes Vermeer|Vermeer's]] famous painting ''[[Girl with a Pearl Earring]]'' is sometimes believed to depict the sin of vanity, as the young girl has adorned herself before a glass without further positive allegorical attributes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://essentialvermeer.20m.com/cat_about/necklace.htm |first1=Arthur|last1=Wheelock|first2=John|last2=Nash|title=Information about Johannes Vermeer's 'Woman with a Pearl Necklace' |access-date=21 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011175732/http://essentialvermeer.20m.com/cat_about/necklace.htm |archive-date=11 October 2007 }}</ref> ''All is Vanity'', by [[Charles Allan Gilbert]] (1873–1929), carries on this theme. An [[optical illusion]], the painting depicts what appears to be a large grinning skull. Upon closer examination, it reveals itself to be a young woman gazing at her reflection in the mirror of her [[vanity table]]. Such artistic works served to warn viewers of the ephemeral nature of youthful beauty, as well as the brevity of human life and the inevitability of [[death]].
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 ==Further reading==
-* {{cite book |author=Jessica Tracy |year=2016 |title=Take Pride: Why the Deadliest Sin Holds the Secret to Human Success |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_BVfjwEACAAJ |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0544273177}}
+* {{cite book |author=Jessica Tracy |year=2016 |title=Take Pride: Why the Deadliest Sin Holds the Secret to Human Success |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_BVfjwEACAAJ |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-544-27317-7}}
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Pride: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 04:24, 17 November 2025

Contents

Etymology

Ancient Greek philosophy

Psychology

Emotion

Positive outcomes

Economics

Sin and self-acceptance

Hubris and group narcissism

Ethnic

Across the world

German

Asian

Black

White

Mad Pride

LGBT Pride

Vanity

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

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