GNUstep: Difference between revisions

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| caption = Window Maker and a variety of applications were developed with the GNUstep libraries, including a [[gomoku]] game, [[calculator]], and [[TextEdit]].
| caption = Window Maker and a variety of applications were developed with the GNUstep libraries, including a [[gomoku]] game, [[calculator]], and [[TextEdit]].
| developer = GNUstep Developers
| developer = GNUstep Developers
| latest_release_version = make 2.9.2, base 1.30.0, gui 0.31.1, back 0.31.0
| latest_release_version = make 2.9.3, base 1.31.1, gui 0.32.0, back 0.32.0
| latest_release_date = {{start date and age|2024|06|06}}
| latest_release_date = {{start date and age|2025|02|28}}
| latest preview version = on the GitHub software repository
| latest preview version = on the GitHub software repository
| operating_system = [[Cross-platform]]
| operating_system = [[Cross-platform]]
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'''GNUstep''' is a [[free software]] implementation of the [[Cocoa (API)|Cocoa]] (formerly [[OpenStep]]) [[Objective-C]] [[Software framework|frameworks]], [[widget toolkit]], and application development tools for [[Unix-like]] [[operating system]]s and [[Microsoft Windows]]. It is part of the [[GNU Project]].
'''GNUstep''' is a [[free software]] implementation of the [[Cocoa (API)|Cocoa]] (formerly [[OpenStep]]) [[Objective-C]] [[Software framework|frameworks]], [[widget toolkit]], and application development tools for [[Unix-like]] [[operating system]]s and [[Microsoft Windows]]. It is part of the [[GNU Project]].


GNUstep features a cross-platform, object-oriented [[Integrated development environment|IDE]].  Apart from the default [[Objective-C]] interface, GNUstep also has [[language binding|bindings]] for [[Java (programming language)|Java]], [[Ruby programming language|Ruby]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gnustep.org/experience/RIGS.html|title=GNUstep Developer Tools - RIGS|website=www.gnustep.org|access-date=10 April 2018}}</ref> [[GNU Guile]] and [[Scheme (programming language)|Scheme]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20051218234159/http://www.gnustep.it/marko/GScheme GScheme<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051218234159/http://www.gnustep.it/marko/GScheme/ |date=2005-12-18 }}</ref> The GNUstep developers track some additions to Apple's [[Cocoa (API)|Cocoa]] to remain compatible. The roots of the GNUstep application interface are the same as the roots of Cocoa: [[NeXTSTEP]] and [[OpenStep]]. GNUstep thus predates Cocoa, which emerged when [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] acquired [[NeXT]]'s technology and incorporated it into the development of the original [[macOS|Mac OS X]], while GNUstep was initially an effort by [[GNU Project|GNU]] developers to replicate the technically ambitious NeXTSTEP's programmer-friendly features.
GNUstep features a cross-platform, object-oriented [[Integrated development environment|IDE]].  Apart from the default [[Objective-C]] interface, GNUstep also has [[language binding|bindings]] for [[Java (programming language)|Java]], [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gnustep.org/experience/RIGS.html|title=GNUstep Developer Tools - RIGS|website=www.gnustep.org|access-date=10 April 2018}}</ref> [[GNU Guile]] and [[Scheme (programming language)|Scheme]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20051218234159/http://www.gnustep.it/marko/GScheme GScheme<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051218234159/http://www.gnustep.it/marko/GScheme/ |date=2005-12-18 }}</ref> The GNUstep developers track some additions to Apple's [[Cocoa (API)|Cocoa]] to remain compatible. The roots of the GNUstep application interface are the same as the roots of Cocoa: [[NeXTSTEP]] and [[OpenStep]]. GNUstep thus predates Cocoa, which emerged when [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] acquired [[NeXT]]'s technology and incorporated it into the development of the original [[macOS|Mac OS X]], while GNUstep was initially an effort by [[GNU Project|GNU]] developers to replicate the technically ambitious NeXTSTEP's programmer-friendly features.


== History ==
== History ==
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The [[Foundation Kit]] provides basic classes such as wrapper classes and data structure classes. The [[Application Kit]] provides classes oriented around [[graphical user interface]] capabilities. GNUstep contains a set of [[graphical control element]]s written in the Objective-C programming language.
The [[Foundation Kit]] provides basic classes such as wrapper classes and data structure classes. The [[Application Kit]] provides classes oriented around [[graphical user interface]] capabilities. GNUstep contains a set of [[graphical control element]]s written in the Objective-C programming language.


The [[graphical user interface]] (GUI) of [[GNUMail]] is composed of graphics control elements. GNUMail has to interact with the [[windowing system]], e.g. [[X Window System core protocol|X11]] or [[Wayland (display server protocol)|Wayland]], and its graphical user interface has to be [[Rendering (computer graphics)|rendered]]. GNUstep's backend provides a small set of functions used by the user interface library to interface to the actual [[windowing system]]. It also has a [[rendering engine]] which emulates common [[PostScript|Postscript]] functions. The package gnustep-back provides the following backends:
The [[graphical user interface]] (GUI) of [[GNUMail]] is composed of graphics control elements. GNUMail has to interact with the [[windowing system]], e.g. [[X Window System core protocol|X11]] or [[Wayland (protocol)|Wayland]], and its graphical user interface has to be [[Rendering (computer graphics)|rendered]]. GNUstep's backend provides a small set of functions used by the user interface library to interface to the actual [[windowing system]]. It also has a [[rendering engine]] which emulates common [[PostScript|Postscript]] functions. The package gnustep-back provides the following backends:


* cairo – default backend using the [[cairo (graphics)|Cairo]] 2D graphics library.
* cairo – default backend using the [[cairo (graphics)|Cairo]] 2D graphics library.
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* GWorkspace, a workspace and [[file manager]]
* GWorkspace, a workspace and [[file manager]]
* Grr, an [[RSS Feed Reader|RSS feed reader]]
* Grr, an [[RSS Feed Reader|RSS feed reader]]
* [[Oolite (video game)|Oolite]], a clone of ''[[Elite (video game)|Elite]]'', a space simulation game with trading components
* ''[[Oolite (video game)|Oolite]]'', a clone of ''[[Elite (video game)|Elite]]'', a space simulation game with trading components
* PRICE, imaging application
* PRICE, imaging application
* ProjectCenter, the [[Project Builder]] or [[Xcode]] equivalent.
* ProjectCenter, the [[Project Builder]] or [[Xcode]] equivalent.
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* [[Terminal (macOS)|Terminal]]
* [[Terminal (macOS)|Terminal]]
* Zipper, a [[file archiver]] tool
* Zipper, a [[file archiver]] tool
* Window Maker is a [[window manager]] that emulates [[NeXTSTEP]]'s [[graphical user interface|GUI]] as an [[OpenStep]]-compatible environment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.linuxinsider.com/story/window-maker-live-cool-retro-look-even-cooler-performance-84768.html|title=Window Maker Live: Cool Retro Look, Even Cooler Performance|date=August 28, 2017|website=LinuxInsider}}</ref> It was launched in 1997 as an improved take on [[AfterStep]]'s design.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/the-best-old-school-linux-window-managers-that-still-hold-up/|title=The best old-school Linux window managers that still hold up|date=1 October 2024|website=ZDNET}}</ref>
* [[Window Maker]] is a [[window manager]] that emulates [[NeXTSTEP]]'s [[graphical user interface|GUI]] as an [[OpenStep]]-compatible environment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.linuxinsider.com/story/window-maker-live-cool-retro-look-even-cooler-performance-84768.html|title=Window Maker Live: Cool Retro Look, Even Cooler Performance|date=August 28, 2017|website=LinuxInsider}}</ref> It was launched in 1997 as an improved take on [[AfterStep]]'s design.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/the-best-old-school-linux-window-managers-that-still-hold-up/|title=The best old-school Linux window managers that still hold up|date=1 October 2024|website=ZDNET}}</ref>


=== Ported from NeXTSTEP, OPENSTEP, or macOS ===
=== Ported from NeXTSTEP, OPENSTEP, or macOS ===
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* [[Emacs]]
* [[Emacs]]
* Fortunate
* Fortunate
* [[Gomoku]]
* ''[[Gomoku]]''
* NeXTGO
* NeXTGO
* PikoPixel
* PikoPixel
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* [[GNUstep fat bundle]]
* [[GNUstep fat bundle]]
* [[GNUstep Renaissance]], framework for XML description of portable GNUstep/Mac OS X [[user interface]]s
* [[GNUstep Renaissance]], framework for XML description of portable GNUstep/Mac OS X [[user interface]]s
* [[Miller Columns]], the method of file tree browsing the GWorkspace File Viewer uses
* [[Miller columns]], the method of file tree browsing the GWorkspace File Viewer uses
* [[Property list]], often-used file format to store user settings
* [[Property list]], often-used file format to store user settings
* [[StepTalk]], scripting framework
* [[StepTalk]], scripting framework

Latest revision as of 14:33, 15 November 2025

Template:Short description Template:Multiple issues

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GNUstep is a free software implementation of the Cocoa (formerly OpenStep) Objective-C frameworks, widget toolkit, and application development tools for Unix-like operating systems and Microsoft Windows. It is part of the GNU Project.

GNUstep features a cross-platform, object-oriented IDE. Apart from the default Objective-C interface, GNUstep also has bindings for Java, Ruby,[1] GNU Guile and Scheme.[2] The GNUstep developers track some additions to Apple's Cocoa to remain compatible. The roots of the GNUstep application interface are the same as the roots of Cocoa: NeXTSTEP and OpenStep. GNUstep thus predates Cocoa, which emerged when Apple acquired NeXT's technology and incorporated it into the development of the original Mac OS X, while GNUstep was initially an effort by GNU developers to replicate the technically ambitious NeXTSTEP's programmer-friendly features.

History

GNUstep began when Paul Kunz and others at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center wanted to port HippoDraw from NeXTSTEP to another platform. Instead of rewriting HippoDraw from scratch and reusing only the application design, they decided to rewrite the NeXTSTEP object layer on which the application depended. This was the first version of libobjcX. It enabled them to port HippoDraw to Unix systems running the X Window System without changing a single line of their application source. After the OpenStep specification was released to the public in 1994, they decided to write a new objcX which would adhere to the new APIs. The software would become known as "GNUstep".[3]

Software architecture

File:Free and open-source-software display servers and UI toolkits.svg
Software components of the Linux desktop include the display server, graphics control element libraries, and graphical shells.

The Foundation Kit provides basic classes such as wrapper classes and data structure classes. The Application Kit provides classes oriented around graphical user interface capabilities. GNUstep contains a set of graphical control elements written in the Objective-C programming language.

The graphical user interface (GUI) of GNUMail is composed of graphics control elements. GNUMail has to interact with the windowing system, e.g. X11 or Wayland, and its graphical user interface has to be rendered. GNUstep's backend provides a small set of functions used by the user interface library to interface to the actual windowing system. It also has a rendering engine which emulates common Postscript functions. The package gnustep-back provides the following backends:

  • cairo – default backend using the Cairo 2D graphics library.
  • winlib – default backend on Microsoft Windows systems. Cairo and Windows API variants.
  • art – old (deprecated) backend on unix-like systems. Uses the vector-based PostScript-like 2D graphics library Libart.
  • xlib – old (deprecated) X11 backend.

GNUstep inherits some design principles proposed in OPENSTEP (GNUstep predates Cocoa, but Cocoa is based on OPENSTEP) as well as the Objective-C language.

In addition to the Objective-C interface, some small projects under the GNUstep umbrella implement other APIs from Apple:

  • The Boron library aims to implement the Carbon API. It is very incomplete.
  • The CoreBase library is designed to be compatible with Core Foundation. It is not complete enough for the Base (Foundation Kit) component to simply be a wrapper around it.
  • The QuartzCore library implements Core Animation APIs. The Opal library implements Quartz 2D.

Template:As of, there are no projects that build the Swift programming language against the GNUstep Objective-C environment.

Applications

Here are some examples of applications written for or ported to GNUstep.

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Original

Ported from NeXTSTEP, OPENSTEP, or macOS

Forks of GNUstep

See also

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References

Template:Reflist

External links

Template:Sister project

Template:GNU Template:Widget toolkits Template:Software in the Public Interest

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ GScheme Template:Webarchive
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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