Four Cardinal Principles: Difference between revisions
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{{Politics of China |expanded = Ideology }} | {{Politics of China |expanded = Ideology }} | ||
The '''Four Cardinal Principles''' ({{zh|s=四项基本原则|p=Sì-xiàng Jīběn Yuánzé|c=}}) were stated by [[Deng Xiaoping]] in March 1979 at a [[Theory Conference, January-April 1979|conference]] of the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP), during the early phase of the [[ | The '''Four Cardinal Principles''' ({{zh|s=四项基本原则|p=Sì-xiàng Jīběn Yuánzé|c=}}) were stated by [[Deng Xiaoping]] in March 1979 at a [[Theory Conference, January-April 1979|conference]] of the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP), during the early phase of the [[reform and opening up]] period, and are the four issues for which debate was not allowed within the [[People's Republic of China]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shambaugh |first1=David |url=https://archive.org/details/modernchinesesta0000unse |title=The Modern Chinese State |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2000 |isbn=9780521776035 |page=184 |author-link=David Shambaugh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Deng |first=Xiaoping |author-link=Deng Xiaoping |date= |title=UPHOLD THE FOUR CARDINAL PRINCIPLES (excerpts) |url=http://academics.wellesley.edu/Polisci/wj/China/Deng/principles.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901045747/http://academics.wellesley.edu/Polisci/wj/China/Deng/principles.htm |archive-date=1 September 2022 |access-date=2021-01-10 |website=[[Wellesley College]]}}</ref><ref name="China Internet Information Center-2011">{{Cite web |date=June 22, 2011 |orig-date=March 1979 |title='Four Cardinal Principles' |url=http://www.china.org.cn/china/CPC_90_anniversary/2011-06/22/content_22838756.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331213225/http://www.china.org.cn/china/CPC_90_anniversary/2011-06/22/content_22838756.htm |archive-date=2022-03-31 |access-date=2021-01-10 |website=[[China Internet Information Center]]}}</ref> The Four Cardinal Principles were one of Deng's Two Basic Points, the other of which was the reform and opening up.<ref>{{Cite news |last=MacFarquhar |first=Roderick |author-link=Roderick MacFarquhar |title=Deng's Last Campaign |language=en |journal=[[New York Review of Books]] |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1992/12/17/dengs-last-campaign/ |access-date=2021-01-15 |issn=0028-7504}}</ref> | ||
== History == | == History == | ||
The Four Cardinal Principles were emphasized in the 1981 ''[[Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the People's Republic of China]]''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Karl |first=Rebecca E. |title=Mao Zedong and China in the Twentieth-Century World: a Concise History |date=2010 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8223-4780-4 |series=Asia-Pacific series |location=Durham, NC |doi=10.2307/j.ctv11hpp6w |jstor=j.ctv11hpp6w}}</ref>{{Rp|page=168}} and were enshrined in [[Constitution | The Four Cardinal Principles were emphasized in the 1981 ''[[Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the People's Republic of China]]''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Karl |first=Rebecca E. |title=Mao Zedong and China in the Twentieth-Century World: a Concise History |date=2010 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8223-4780-4 |series=Asia-Pacific series |location=Durham, NC |doi=10.2307/j.ctv11hpp6w |jstor=j.ctv11hpp6w}}</ref>{{Rp|page=168}} and were enshrined in [[Constitution of China]] in 1982.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Song |first=Yuehong |date=2015-04-25 |title=Sì xiàng jīběn yuánzé cóng tíchū dào xiě rù xiànfǎ |script-title=zh:四项基本原则从提出到写入宪法 |trans-title=From the proposal of the four basic principles to the writing into the constitution |url=http://dangshi.people.com.cn/n/2015/0425/c85037-26903076.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210402101005/http://dangshi.people.com.cn/n/2015/0425/c85037-26903076.html |archive-date=2 April 2021 |access-date=2021-01-10 |website=[[People's Daily|Renmin Wang]] |language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=vpQPjOi23Og|title=Caveman Marxists: Frank Dikötter on Whether China Is a Fiery Dragon or a Paper Tiger|first1=Frank|last1=Dikötter|work=GoodFellows: Conversations from the Hoover Institution|publisher=Hoover Institution|date=23 May 2025|first2=Niall|last2=Ferguson|first3=John|last3=Cochrane|first4=H.R.|last4=McMaster|access-date=27 May 2025|authorlink1=Frank Dikötter|authorlink2=Niall Ferguson}}</ref> | ||
== Content == | == Content == | ||
The principles include:<ref name="China Internet Information Center-2011" /> | The principles include:<ref name="China Internet Information Center-2011" /><ref name="Borst-2025">{{Cite book |last=Borst |first=Nicholas |title=The Bird and the Cage: China's Economic Contradictions |date=2025 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |isbn=978-981-96-3996-0 |location=}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=16}} | ||
# The principle of upholding the [[Socialism (Marxism)|socialist]] | # The principle of upholding the [[Socialism (Marxism)|socialist]] road. | ||
# The principle of upholding the [[people's democratic dictatorship]] | # The principle of upholding the [[people's democratic dictatorship]]. | ||
# The principle of upholding the leadership of the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP) | # The principle of upholding the leadership of the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP). | ||
# The principle of upholding [[ | # The principle of upholding [[Marxism–Leninism]] and [[Mao Zedong Thought]]. | ||
== Influence == | == Influence == | ||
Latest revision as of 15:31, 4 November 2025
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The Four Cardinal Principles (Template:Zh) were stated by Deng Xiaoping in March 1979 at a conference of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), during the early phase of the reform and opening up period, and are the four issues for which debate was not allowed within the People's Republic of China.[1][2][3] The Four Cardinal Principles were one of Deng's Two Basic Points, the other of which was the reform and opening up.[4]
History
The Four Cardinal Principles were emphasized in the 1981 Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the People's Republic of China[5]Template:Rp and were enshrined in Constitution of China in 1982.[6][7]
Content
The principles include:[3][8]Template:Reference page
- The principle of upholding the socialist road.
- The principle of upholding the people's democratic dictatorship.
- The principle of upholding the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).
- The principle of upholding Marxism–Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought.
Influence
Such principles marked a relaxation of control over ideology. In stating the four cardinal principles, an implication was that these four topics could not be questioned, but political ideas other than those in the list could be debated. Moreover, while the principles themselves are not subject to debate, the interpretations of those principles are.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
On the other hand, the principles were proclaimed as a sign of adherence to the communist ideology, thus paving the secure way to reevaluation of the Cultural Revolution while preserving ideological stability and legitimacy of the CCP as a response to the Democracy Wall movement.[9]
See also
References
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