Grey matter: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
imported>Aydoh8
m Reverted edits by 188.170.77.37 (talk) (AV)
 
imported>Citation bot
Altered journal. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Abductive | Category:Neuroanatomy | #UCB_Category 70/76
 
Line 18: Line 18:
}}
}}


'''Grey matter''', or '''gray matter''' in [[American English]], is a major component of the [[central nervous system]], consisting of [[neuron]]al [[Soma (biology)|cell bodies]], [[neuropil]] ([[dendrite]]s and unmyelinated [[axon]]s), [[Glia|glial cells]] ([[astrocyte]]s and [[oligodendrocyte]]s), [[synapse]]s, and [[Capillary|capillaries]]. Grey matter is distinguished from [[white matter]] in that it contains numerous cell bodies and relatively few myelinated axons, while white matter contains relatively few cell bodies and is composed chiefly of long-range myelinated axons.<ref name="Purves" >{{cite book | last1 = Purves | first1 = Dale | first2 = George J. | last2 = Augustine | first3 = David | last3 = Fitzpatrick | first4 = William C. | last4 = Hall | first5 = AS | last5 = LaMantia| first6 = James O. | last6 = McNamara | first7 = Leonard E. | last7 = White | name-list-style = vanc | title = Neuroscience | edition = 4th | publisher = Sinauer Associates | pages = 15–16 | year = 2008  | isbn = 978-0-87893-697-7 }}</ref> The colour difference arises mainly from the whiteness of [[myelin]]. In living tissue, grey matter actually has a very light grey colour with yellowish or pinkish hues, which come from capillary blood vessels and neuronal cell bodies.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kolb|first1=Bryan | first2 =Ian Q.| last2 =Whishaw | name-list-style = vanc |title=Fundamentals of human neuropsychology|date=2003|publisher=Worth Publishing|location=New York|isbn=978-0-7167-5300-1|edition=5th| page = 49 }}</ref>
'''Grey matter''' ('''gray matter''' in [[American English]]) is a major component of the [[central nervous system]], consisting of [[neuron]]al [[Soma (biology)|cell bodies]], [[neuropil]] ([[dendrite]]s and unmyelinated [[axon]]s), [[Glia|glial cells]] ([[astrocyte]]s and [[oligodendrocyte]]s), [[synapse]]s, and [[Capillary|capillaries]]. Grey matter is distinguished from [[white matter]] in that it contains numerous cell bodies and relatively few myelinated axons, while white matter contains relatively few cell bodies and is composed chiefly of long-range myelinated axons.<ref name="Purves" >{{cite book | last1 = Purves | first1 = Dale | first2 = George J. | last2 = Augustine | first3 = David | last3 = Fitzpatrick | first4 = William C. | last4 = Hall | first5 = AS | last5 = LaMantia| first6 = James O. | last6 = McNamara | first7 = Leonard E. | last7 = White | name-list-style = vanc | title = Neuroscience | edition = 4th | publisher = Sinauer Associates | pages = 15–16 | year = 2008  | isbn = 978-0-87893-697-7 }}</ref> The colour difference arises mainly from the whiteness of [[myelin]]. In living tissue, grey matter actually has a very light grey colour with yellowish or pinkish hues, which come from capillary blood vessels and neuronal cell bodies.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kolb|first1=Bryan | first2 =Ian Q.| last2 =Whishaw | name-list-style = vanc |title=Fundamentals of human neuropsychology|date=2003|publisher=Worth Publishing|location=New York|isbn=978-0-7167-5300-1|edition=5th| page = 49 }}</ref>


== Structure ==
== Structure ==
Line 54: Line 54:
Meditation has been shown to change grey matter structure.<ref name=pmid25632405>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kurth F, Luders E, Wu B, Black DS | title = Brain Gray Matter Changes Associated with Mindfulness Meditation in Older Adults: An Exploratory Pilot Study using Voxel-based Morphometry | journal = Neuro | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 23–26 | year = 2014 | pmid = 25632405 | pmc = 4306280 | doi = 10.17140/NOJ-1-106 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hölzel BK, Carmody J, Vangel M, Congleton C, Yerramsetti SM, Gard T, Lazar SW | title = Mindfulness practice leads to increases in regional brain gray matter density | journal = Psychiatry Research | volume = 191 | issue = 1 | pages = 36–43 | date = January 2011 | pmid = 21071182 | pmc = 3004979 | doi = 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.08.006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kurth F, MacKenzie-Graham A, Toga AW, Luders E | title = Shifting brain asymmetry: the link between meditation and structural lateralization | journal = Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 55–61 | date = January 2015 | pmid = 24643652 | pmc = 4994843 | doi = 10.1093/scan/nsu029 }}</ref><ref name="Fox et al 2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fox KC, Nijeboer S, Dixon ML, Floman JL, Ellamil M, Rumak SP, Sedlmeier P, Christoff K | title = Is meditation associated with altered brain structure? A systematic review and meta-analysis of morphometric neuroimaging in meditation practitioners | journal = Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews | volume = 43 | pages = 48–73 | date = June 2014 | pmid = 24705269 | doi = 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.03.016 | s2cid = 207090878 }}</ref><ref name=pmid19776221>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hölzel BK, Carmody J, Evans KC, Hoge EA, Dusek JA, Morgan L, Pitman RK, Lazar SW | title = Stress reduction correlates with structural changes in the amygdala | journal = Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = 11–7 | date = March 2010 | pmid = 19776221 | pmc = 2840837 | doi = 10.1093/scan/nsp034 }}</ref>
Meditation has been shown to change grey matter structure.<ref name=pmid25632405>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kurth F, Luders E, Wu B, Black DS | title = Brain Gray Matter Changes Associated with Mindfulness Meditation in Older Adults: An Exploratory Pilot Study using Voxel-based Morphometry | journal = Neuro | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 23–26 | year = 2014 | pmid = 25632405 | pmc = 4306280 | doi = 10.17140/NOJ-1-106 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hölzel BK, Carmody J, Vangel M, Congleton C, Yerramsetti SM, Gard T, Lazar SW | title = Mindfulness practice leads to increases in regional brain gray matter density | journal = Psychiatry Research | volume = 191 | issue = 1 | pages = 36–43 | date = January 2011 | pmid = 21071182 | pmc = 3004979 | doi = 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.08.006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kurth F, MacKenzie-Graham A, Toga AW, Luders E | title = Shifting brain asymmetry: the link between meditation and structural lateralization | journal = Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 55–61 | date = January 2015 | pmid = 24643652 | pmc = 4994843 | doi = 10.1093/scan/nsu029 }}</ref><ref name="Fox et al 2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fox KC, Nijeboer S, Dixon ML, Floman JL, Ellamil M, Rumak SP, Sedlmeier P, Christoff K | title = Is meditation associated with altered brain structure? A systematic review and meta-analysis of morphometric neuroimaging in meditation practitioners | journal = Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews | volume = 43 | pages = 48–73 | date = June 2014 | pmid = 24705269 | doi = 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.03.016 | s2cid = 207090878 }}</ref><ref name=pmid19776221>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hölzel BK, Carmody J, Evans KC, Hoge EA, Dusek JA, Morgan L, Pitman RK, Lazar SW | title = Stress reduction correlates with structural changes in the amygdala | journal = Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = 11–7 | date = March 2010 | pmid = 19776221 | pmc = 2840837 | doi = 10.1093/scan/nsp034 }}</ref>


Habitual playing of action video games has been reported to promote a reduction of grey matter in the hippocampus while 3D platformer games have been reported to increase grey matter in the hippocampus.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=West |first1=Greg L. |last2=Drisdelle |first2=Brandi Lee |last3=Konishi |first3=Kyoko |last4=Jackson |first4=Jonathan |last5=Jolicoeur |first5=Pierre |last6=Bohbot |first6=Veronique D. |title=Habitual action video game playing is associated with caudate nucleus-dependent navigational strategies |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |date=7 June 2015 |volume=282 |issue=1808 |pages=20142952 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2014.2952 |pmid=25994669 |pmc=4455792}}
Habitual playing of action video games has been reported to promote a reduction of grey matter in the hippocampus while 3D platformer games have been reported to increase grey matter in the hippocampus.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=West |first1=Greg L. |last2=Drisdelle |first2=Brandi Lee |last3=Konishi |first3=Kyoko |last4=Jackson |first4=Jonathan |last5=Jolicoeur |first5=Pierre |last6=Bohbot |first6=Veronique D. |title=Habitual action video game playing is associated with caudate nucleus-dependent navigational strategies |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |date=7 June 2015 |volume=282 |issue=1808 |article-number=20142952 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2014.2952 |pmid=25994669 |pmc=4455792}}
* {{cite press release |date=2017-08-07 |title=Playing action video games can actually harm your brain |publisher=Université de Montréal |url=https://nouvelles.umontreal.ca/en/article/2017/08/07/playing-action-video-games-can-actually-harm-your-brain/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://qz.com/1050472/video-games-can-either-grow-or-shrink-part-of-your-brain-depending-on-how-you-play|title=Video games can either grow or shrink part of your brain, depending on how you play|first=Keith|last=Collins | name-list-style = vanc |website=qz.com|date=10 August 2017 |access-date=5 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414092101/https://qz.com/1050472/video-games-can-either-grow-or-shrink-part-of-your-brain-depending-on-how-you-play/|archive-date=14 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = West GL, Zendel BR, Konishi K, Benady-Chorney J, Bohbot VD, Peretz I, Belleville S | title = Playing Super Mario 64 increases hippocampal grey matter in older adults | journal = PLOS One | volume = 12 | issue = 12 | pages = e0187779 | date = 5 May 2018 | pmc = 5718432 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0187779 | pmid = 29211727 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
* {{cite press release |date=2017-08-07 |title=Playing action video games can actually harm your brain |publisher=Université de Montréal |url=https://nouvelles.umontreal.ca/en/article/2017/08/07/playing-action-video-games-can-actually-harm-your-brain/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://qz.com/1050472/video-games-can-either-grow-or-shrink-part-of-your-brain-depending-on-how-you-play|title=Video games can either grow or shrink part of your brain, depending on how you play|first=Keith|last=Collins | name-list-style = vanc |website=qz.com|date=10 August 2017 |access-date=5 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414092101/https://qz.com/1050472/video-games-can-either-grow-or-shrink-part-of-your-brain-depending-on-how-you-play/|archive-date=14 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = West GL, Zendel BR, Konishi K, Benady-Chorney J, Bohbot VD, Peretz I, Belleville S | title = Playing Super Mario 64 increases hippocampal grey matter in older adults | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 12 | issue = 12 | article-number = e0187779 | date = 5 May 2018 | pmc = 5718432 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0187779 | pmid = 29211727 | doi-access = free }}</ref>


Women and men with equivalent IQ scores have differing proportions of grey to white matter in cortical brain regions associated with intelligence.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The neuroanatomy of general intelligence: sex matters.|journal=NeuroImage|vauthors=Haier RJ, Jung RE, Yeo RA, Head K, Alkire MT|date=March 2005|volume=25|issue=1|pages=320–7|pmid=15734366|doi=10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.11.019|s2cid=4127512}}</ref>
Women and men with equivalent IQ scores have differing proportions of grey to white matter in cortical brain regions associated with intelligence.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The neuroanatomy of general intelligence: sex matters.|journal=NeuroImage|vauthors=Haier RJ, Jung RE, Yeo RA, Head K, Alkire MT|date=March 2005|volume=25|issue=1|pages=320–7|pmid=15734366|doi=10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.11.019|s2cid=4127512}}</ref>

Latest revision as of 08:40, 9 October 2025

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "other uses". Template:Use British English Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other

Grey matter (gray matter in American English) is a major component of the central nervous system, consisting of neuronal cell bodies, neuropil (dendrites and unmyelinated axons), glial cells (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes), synapses, and capillaries. Grey matter is distinguished from white matter in that it contains numerous cell bodies and relatively few myelinated axons, while white matter contains relatively few cell bodies and is composed chiefly of long-range myelinated axons.[1] The colour difference arises mainly from the whiteness of myelin. In living tissue, grey matter actually has a very light grey colour with yellowish or pinkish hues, which come from capillary blood vessels and neuronal cell bodies.[2]

Structure

Grey matter refers to unmyelinated neurons and other cells of the central nervous system. It is present in the brain, brainstem and cerebellum, and present throughout the spinal cord.

Grey matter is distributed at the surface of the cerebral hemispheres (cerebral cortex) and of the cerebellum (cerebellar cortex), as well as in the depths of the cerebrum (the thalamus; hypothalamus; subthalamus, basal ganglia – putamen, globus pallidus and nucleus accumbens; as well as the septal nuclei), cerebellum (deep cerebellar nuclei – the dentate nuclei, globose nucleus, emboliform nucleus, and fastigial nucleus), and brainstem (the substantia nigra, red nucleus, olivary nuclei, and cranial nerve nuclei).

Grey matter in the spinal cord is known as the grey column which travels down the spinal cord distributed in three grey columns that are presented in an "H" shape. The forward-facing column is the anterior grey column, the rear-facing one is the posterior grey column and the interlinking one is the lateral grey column. The grey matter on the left and right side is connected by the grey commissure. The grey matter in the spinal cord consists of interneurons, as well as the cell bodies of projection neurons.

Grey matter undergoes development and growth throughout childhood and adolescence.[3] Recent studies using cross-sectional neuroimaging have shown that by around the age of 8 the volume of grey matter begins to decrease.[4] However, the density of grey matter appears to increase as a child develops into early adulthood.[4] Males tend to exhibit grey matter of increased volume but lower density than that of females.[5]

Function

Grey matter contains most of the brain's neuronal cell bodies.[6] The grey matter includes regions of the brain involved in muscle control, and sensory perception such as seeing and hearing, memory, emotions, speech, decision-making, and self-control.

The grey matter in the spinal cord is split into three grey columns:

The grey matter of the spinal cord can be divided into different layers, called Rexed laminae. These describe, in general, the purpose of the cells within the grey matter of the spinal cord at a particular location.

Clinical significance

High alcohol consumption has been correlated with significant reductions in grey matter volume.[7][8] Short-term cannabis use (30 days) is not correlated with changes in white or grey matter.[9] However, several cross-sectional studies have shown that repeated long-term cannabis use is associated with smaller grey matter volumes in the hippocampus, amygdala, medial temporal cortex, and prefrontal cortex, with increased grey matter volume in the cerebellum.[10][11][12] Long-term cannabis use is also associated with alterations in white matter integrity in an age-dependent manner,[13] with heavy cannabis use during adolescence and early adulthood associated with the greatest amount of change.[14]

Meditation has been shown to change grey matter structure.[15][16][17][18][19]

Habitual playing of action video games has been reported to promote a reduction of grey matter in the hippocampus while 3D platformer games have been reported to increase grey matter in the hippocampus.[20][21][22]

Women and men with equivalent IQ scores have differing proportions of grey to white matter in cortical brain regions associated with intelligence.[23]

Pregnancy renders substantial changes in brain structure, primarily reductions in grey matter volume in regions subserving social cognition. Grey matter reductions endure for at least 2 years post-pregnancy.[24] The profile of brain changes is comparable to that taking place during adolescence, a hormonally similar transitional period of life.[25]

History

Etymology

In the current edition[26] of the official Latin nomenclature, Terminologia Anatomica, substantia grisea is used for English grey matter. The adjective grisea for grey is however not attested in classical Latin.[27] The adjective grisea is derived from the French word for grey, gris.[27] Alternative designations like substantia cana[28] and substantia cinerea[29] are being used alternatively. The adjective cana, attested in classical Latin,[30] can mean grey,[27] or greyish white.[31] The classical Latin cinerea means ash-coloured.[30]

Additional images

See also

References

Template:Reflist

External links

  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Template:Nervous tissue Template:Spinal cord Script error: No such module "Navbox". Template:Authority control

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
    • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FCAT) (1998). Terminologia Anatomica. Stuttgart: ThiemeScript error: No such module "Unsubst".
  27. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
  30. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Retrieved from "http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=Grey_matter&oldid=3156236"