Expanded multiple sections with up-to-date data (2022–2025), added citations from reliable sources, included internal Wikipedia links, and addressed maintenance tags.
The [[Transport in Ukraine|transport sector]] in Ukraine has traditionally addressed only the basic needs of the [[Economy of Ukraine|economy]] and [[Demographics of Ukraine|population]]. However, it remains underdeveloped in terms of [[Transport safety|safety]], [[Transport efficiency|efficiency]], and [[Environmental impact of transport|environmental sustainability]]. Its [[Energy intensity|energy consumption]] is significantly higher than the [[European Union|EU]] average, and much of its [[Infrastructure|infrastructure]] dates back to the Soviet era.<ref>[https://www.csis.org/analysis/modernizing-ukraines-transport-and-logistics-infrastructure Center for Strategic & International Studies (CSIS), 2024]</ref><ref>[https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/099042424091023011/pdf/P5049991d1f22c031bbfe121b704dfa038.pdf World Bank, 2023 – NTSU 2030 Strategy Summary]</ref>
{{unreferenced section|date=September 2013}}
Today the transport sector in [[Ukraine]] generally meets only the basic needs of the economy and population. The level of safety, quality and efficiency of passenger and freight transport, as well as the infrastructure's amount of energy usage, and the technological burden it places on the environment do not meet modern-day requirements.
Despite its advantageous [[Geography of Ukraine|geographical location]] and historically important [[Transit transport|transit]] position between Europe and Asia, Ukraine’s [[Logistics|logistics sector]] has long suffered from chronic underinvestment and poor connectivity. This has led to high domestic transport costs and reduced [[Export|export]] competitiveness.<ref>[https://www.itf-oecd.org/report-ukraine-implementation-quality-charter OECD – Ukraine Transport Quality Charter, 2025]</ref><ref>[https://www.csis.org/analysis/modernizing-ukraines-transport-and-logistics-infrastructure CSIS – Ukraine Logistics & Multimodal Gaps, 2024]</ref>
Due to the low level of demand, the country's existing transit potential and advantageous geographical position is not fully utilised. There is thus a lag in the development of transport infrastructure, transport and logistics technologies and [[multimodal transport]]. All this has made Ukraine uncompetitive as the high costs of transport across the country make the cost of production in the country uncommonly high.
Since the start of the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] in February 2022, Ukraine’s transport infrastructure has experienced widespread damage. According to a joint assessment by the [[World Bank]], [[European Commission]], and [[United Nations]], total losses in the transport sector alone exceeded '''US$95.5 billion''' by mid‑2023, with about 60% of [[Roads in Ukraine|roads]] and significant parts of the [[Rail transport in Ukraine|railway network]] affected.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-says-war-has-damaged-most-its-civilian-airports-2024-11-30 Reuters, Nov 2024]</ref><ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-needs-524-billion-recover-rebuild-after-three-years-war-world-bank-says-2025-02-25 Reuters, Feb 2025]</ref>
In response, Ukraine has adopted the national strategy [[Drive Ukraine 2030]], which aims to modernize infrastructure, decarbonize freight transport, and integrate Ukraine into the [[Trans-European Transport Network|Trans-European Transport Network (TEN‑T)]]. The strategy outlines reforms in [[Public procurement|procurement]], [[Digitalization|digitalization]], and [[Multimodal transport|multimodal logistics]].<ref>[https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/099042424091023011/pdf/P5049991d1f22c031bbfe121b704dfa038.pdf World Bank, NTSU 2030]</ref><ref>[https://enlargement.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2023-11/SWD_2023_699%20Ukraine%20report.pdf European Commission Ukraine Progress Report 2023]</ref>
Major donors including the [[World Bank]], [[International Finance Corporation|IFC]], [[European Investment Bank]], and [[G7]] partners have committed funding to support Ukraine’s recovery. In December 2024, the World Bank approved a '''US$2.05 billion''' package for economic stabilization, transport sector reform, and reconstruction of critical infrastructure, including roads and [[Ukrainian Railways]].<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/world-bank-approves-2-billion-ukraine-recovery-plan-2024-12-10 Reuters, Dec 2024]</ref><ref>[https://www.reuters.com/markets/europe/world-bank-financing-arm-ifc-plans-19-bln-ukraine-investments-2024-04-22 Reuters, Apr 2024]</ref>
The total reconstruction cost is estimated at over '''US$524 billion''' over 10 years, with about 15% allocated to transport, including [[Ports in Ukraine|ports]], [[Bridges in Ukraine|bridges]], rail, and urban transit.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-needs-524-billion-recover-rebuild-after-three-years-war-world-bank-says-2025-02-25 Reuters, Feb 2025]</ref>
Despite reform efforts, Ukraine’s transport infrastructure remains inefficient. Transport and heating account for a significant share of the country’s energy consumption. Decarbonization and modernization of logistics chains remain among the core challenges for the coming decade.<ref>[https://www.transportenvironment.org/uploads/files/BBB_UA_lessons-2.pdf Transport & Environment – Building Back Better in Ukraine, 2024]</ref>
===International transport corridors===
===International transport corridors===
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=== Transport industry ===
=== Transport industry ===
{{update|section|date=September 2013}}
{{update|section|date=September 2013}}
The share of the transport sector in Ukraine's gross domestic product (according to statista) as of 2021 was 5.42%.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20240519151733/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1322567/ukraine-share-of-gdp-by-sector/</ref> The number of workers employed in the sector is 8% of total employment.<ref>https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/ukraines-wages-and-job-loss-trends-during-war</ref> The transportation infrastructure of Ukraine is adequately developed overall, however it is obsolete and in need of major modernization. A remarkable boost in the recent development of the country's transportation infrastructure was noticed after winning the right to host a major continental sport event the [[UEFA Euro 2012]].
The share of the transport sector in Ukraine's gross domestic product (according to statista) as of 2021 was 5.42%.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Ukraine: share of GDP by sector 2021 {{!}} Statista | url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1322567/ukraine-share-of-gdp-by-sector/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519151733/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1322567/ukraine-share-of-gdp-by-sector/ | archive-date=2024-05-19 | access-date=2025-08-18}}</ref> The number of workers employed in the sector is 8% of total employment.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Ukraine’s wages and job loss trends during the war {{!}} CEPR | url=https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/ukraines-wages-and-job-loss-trends-during-war | access-date=2025-08-18 | website=cepr.org}}</ref> The transportation infrastructure of Ukraine is adequately developed overall, however it is obsolete and in need of major modernization. A remarkable boost in the recent development of the country's transportation infrastructure was noticed after winning the right to host a major continental sport event the [[UEFA Euro 2012]].
In 2009, Ukrainian infrastructure provided for the transportation of 1.5 billion tons of cargo and 7.3 billion passengers. Due to the [[2008 financial crisis]], the volume of freight traffic decreased by 17.6% in 2009 when compared with figures from 2008; passenger transport fell by 12.7%.
In 2009, Ukrainian infrastructure provided for the transportation of 1.5 billion tons of cargo and 7.3 billion passengers. Due to the [[2008 financial crisis]], the volume of freight traffic decreased by 17.6% in 2009 when compared with figures from 2008; passenger transport fell by 12.7%.
{{center|'''Freight and Passenger Transportation Statistics'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stat6.stat.lviv.ua/PXWEB2006p/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=13010102&ti=13010102%%202E%20+%%20C2%%20E0%%20ED%%20F2%%20E0%%20E6%%20ED%%20B3%20+%%20F2%%20E0%20+%%20EF%%20E0%%20F1%%20E0%%20E6%%20E8%%20F0%%20F1%%20FC%%20EA%%20B3%20+%%20E0%%20E2%%20F2%%20EE%%20EF%%20E5%%20F0%%20E5%%20E2%%20E5%%20E7%%20E5%%20ED%%20ED%%20FF%20&%20path%20=..%20/%20Database/Regiostat/13/01%20/%20&%20lang%20=%201|title=Freight and passenger road transportation in Ukraine|website=stat.lviv.ua}}</ref> }}
{| Class = "wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
{| Class = "wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
!
!
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* [[Transportation in Moldova|Moldova]]
* [[Transportation in Moldova|Moldova]]
* [[Transportation in Romania|Romania]] ([[break-of-gauge]]: {{RailGauge|1520mm}} / {{RailGauge|1435mm}})
* [[Transportation in Romania|Romania]] ([[break-of-gauge]]: {{RailGauge|1520mm}} / {{RailGauge|1435mm}})
* [[File:Metro Kharkiv (Sportyvna).jpg|thumb|[[Sportyvna (Kharkiv Metro)|Sportyvna]] station on the Holodnohirsko-Zavodska metro line in [[Kharkiv]]]][[Transportation in Hungary|Hungary]] ([[break-of-gauge]]: {{RailGauge|1520mm}} / {{RailGauge|1435mm}})
* [[File:Metro Kharkiv (Sportyvna).jpg|thumb|[[Sportyvna (Kharkiv Metro)|Sportyvna]] station on the Kholodnohirsko-Zavodska metro line in [[Kharkiv]]]][[Transportation in Hungary|Hungary]] ([[break-of-gauge]]: {{RailGauge|1520mm}} / {{RailGauge|1435mm}})
* [[Transportation in Slovakia|Slovakia]] ([[break-of-gauge]]: {{RailGauge|1520mm}} / {{RailGauge|1435mm}})
* [[Transportation in Slovakia|Slovakia]] ([[break-of-gauge]]: {{RailGauge|1520mm}} / {{RailGauge|1435mm}})
* [[Transportation in Poland|Poland]] ([[break-of-gauge]]: {{RailGauge|1520mm}} / {{RailGauge|1435mm}} plus a standard gauge cross-border cargo line)
* [[Transportation in Poland|Poland]] ([[break-of-gauge]]: {{RailGauge|1520mm}} / {{RailGauge|1435mm}} plus a standard gauge cross-border cargo line)
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'''''Note:''''' ''State highways are important national routes and are not necessarily high-speed roads''
'''''Note:''''' ''State highways are important national routes and are not necessarily high-speed roads''
== Bus ==
=== Bus ===
=== Overview ===
{{Needs expansion|date=February 2024}}
Bus transport forms a vital part of Ukraine's passenger transit, encompassing:
* '''Urban and suburban buses''' operated by municipal entities like [[Kyivpastrans]] and private companies.
* '''International bus routes''' to Europe (e.g., [[Poland]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Germany]]).
In 2023, bus passenger turnover totalled 49 billion passenger-kilometres—around 38% of domestic passenger transport—ahead of [[Trolleybus|trolleybuses]] (6%) and [[Tram|trams]] (3%).<ref>[https://mtu.gov.ua/news/34915.html Ministry for Communities, Territories and Infrastructure Development of Ukraine – 2023 Report on Passenger Transport (in Ukrainian)]</ref>
* [[Autolux Bus]]
=== Kyiv ===
==Aviation==
[[Kyivpastrans]], the city’s municipal operator established in 2001, runs a fleet of approximately 650 buses across 107 urban routes.<ref>[https://kpt.kyiv.ua/pages/buses Kyivpastrans official page]</ref>
[[File:UR-PSA.jpg|right|thumb|A [[Boeing 737]] of [[Ukraine International Airlines|UIA]], one of Ukraine's flag carriers, taxiing at [[Barcelona Airport|Barcelona (El Prat) Airport]]]]
The main coach hub is the [[Kyiv Central Bus Station]], rebuilt in 2021. It includes 16 platforms and hosts major carriers such as Autolux, Gunsel, and [[Ecolines]].<ref>[https://bustation.kiev.ua Kyiv Central Bus Station]</ref>
===Outlook===
{{update|section|date=September 2013}}
=== Lviv ===
The aviation section in Ukraine is developing very quickly, having recently established a visa-free program for EU nationals and citizens of a number of other 'Western' nations,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrconsul.org/visa/visa_drops.htm|title=Consular Information|access-date=2010-11-12|archive-date=2010-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201111208/http://ukrconsul.org///visa/visa_drops.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> the nation's aviation sector is handling a significantly increased number of travellers. Additionally, the granting of the [[Euro 2012]] football tournament to Poland and Ukraine as joint hosts has prompted the government to invest huge amounts of money into transport infrastructure, and in particular airports.<ref name="Kharkiv airport gets">{{cite web | url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/news/0254-0d7c95168e53-446d67122b3e-1000--kharkiv-airport-gets-new-terminal/ | title=Kharkiv airport gets new terminal | access-date=11 September 2013 |author1=Patkevich, Kostyantyn |author2=Sobko, Dmytro | date=28 August 2010 }}</ref>
The bus network in [[Lviv]] includes around 69 routes (49 in service as of 2021), operated by four private firms and one municipal company, with approximately 390 vehicles. In 2024, buses carried nearly 89.9 million passengers, comprising ~70% of total public transport use in the city.<ref>[https://city-institute.org/lviv-urban-mobility Urban Mobility Data – City Institute of Lviv, 2024]</ref>
=== Autolux ===
'''Autolux''' is a major private bus operator in Ukraine:
{| class="wikitable"
Currently there are three major new airport terminals under construction in [[Donetsk]], [[Lviv]] and [[Kyiv]], a new terminal has already opened in [[Kharkiv]] and Kyiv's [[Boryspil International Airport]] has recently begun operations at Terminal F,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kbp.com.ua/english/for-passengers/z-terminalu-f-pochali-zdiysnyuvatisya-mizhnarodni-reysi-2.html |title=Terminal F serviced 30 000 passengers during the first week of its operation |website=kbp.com.ua |access-date=2010-11-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120012938/http://kbp.com.ua/english/for-passengers/z-terminalu-f-pochali-zdiysnyuvatisya-mizhnarodni-reysi-2.html |archive-date=2010-11-20 }}</ref> the first of its two new international terminals. Ukraine has a number of airlines, the largest of which is the nation's [[flag carrier]], [[Ukraine International Airlines|UIA]]. [[Antonov Airlines]], a subsidiary of the [[Antonov|Antonov Aerospace Design Bureau]] is the only operator of the world's largest fixed wing aircraft, the [[An-225]].
|-
! Detail !! Information
|-
| '''Founded''' || 1997 by AAZ Trading Co., based in [[Kyiv]]
|-
| '''Fleet''' || Over 50 intercity passenger coaches (Neoplan, MAN, Setra, Temsa)<ref>[https://autolux.ua/en/about-us Autolux official page]</ref>
|-
| '''Network''' || Domestic routes: Kyiv–[[Lviv]], Kyiv–[[Odessa|Odesa]], Kyiv–[[Kharkiv]], Kyiv–[[Poltava]], Kyiv–[[Dnipro]], Kyiv–[[Zaporizhzhia]]. International routes to [[Poland]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Germany]], and [[Baltic states]]<ref>[https://autolux.ua Autolux route map]</ref>
|-
| '''Frequency''' || ~40 domestic and international departures per day<ref name="autolux_about">[https://autolux.ua Autolux – About Us]</ref>
|-
| '''On-board services''' || Reclining seats, air conditioning, Wi-Fi, USB/power outlets, toilet (on international coaches)
|-
| '''Baggage policy''' || 1–2 pieces of luggage up to 30 kg and 1 carry-on up to 5 kg
|}
=== Other operators ===
Donetsk Airport destroyed due to War in Donbass.
Other intercity and international bus companies include:
* [[Ecolines]]
* Gunsel
* [[Ukrbus]]
==Aviation==
[[File:UR-PSA.jpg|right|thumb|A [[Boeing 737]] of [[Ukraine International Airlines|UIA]], one of Ukraine's flag carriers, taxiing at [[Barcelona Airport|Barcelona (El Prat) Airport]]]]
===Outlook===
New terminal at [[Odesa International Airport]] has been opened for arrival flights on April 14, 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rusaviainsider.com/new-terminal-launched-odesa-airport/|title=New terminal launched at Odesa airport – Russian aviation news|date=2017-04-19|work=Russian Aviation Insider|access-date=2018-06-09|language=en-US}}</ref>
Since the full-scale [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] in February 2022, Ukraine has closed its airspace to all civilian flights; it remains suspended as of May 2025.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-says-war-has-damaged-most-of-its-civilian-airports-2024-11-30 Reuters: Ukraine says war has damaged most of its civilian airports, Nov 2024]</ref>
Ukraine currently operates about 20 civilian airports, of which 15 have sustained wartime damage.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-says-war-has-damaged-most-of-its-civilian-airports-2024-11-30 Reuters, Nov 2024]</ref>
Negotiations are underway to partially reopen several airports—potentially including Lviv—in 2025, pending risk assessments and safety clearances.<ref>[https://english.nv.ua/nation/ukraine-plans-to-open-airports-in-2025-says-lviv-mayor-50484575.html NV.UA, Jan 2025]</ref><ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-could-reopen-lviv-airport-in-2025-broker-says-2024-11-15 Reuters, Nov 2024]</ref>
Boryspil Airport authorities report that a new joint military-civil security framework is already 60–70 % complete, aiming to enable a phased reopening.<ref>[https://english.nv.ua/business/ukraine-70-done-with-airspace-security-plan-says-boryspil-chief-50487815.html NV.UA, Feb 2025]</ref>
While the aviation sector has largely been dormant, commercial airlines such as [[Wizz Air]] and [[Ryanair]] have announced plans to resume flights within **6 weeks of a ceasefire**, aiming to re-establish routes and bases in [[Kyiv]] and [[Lviv]].<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/wizz-air-aims-restart-ukraine-flights-within-six-weeks-any-ceasefire-2025-02-11 Reuters, Feb 2025]</ref><ref>[https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/ryanair-expects-summer-fares-rise-4-6-ceo-says-2025-02-25 Reuters, Feb 2025]</ref>
===Airports===
{{see also|List of airports in Ukraine}}
*Total: '''412''' (2012)
=== Airlines ===
====Airports with paved runways====
* Ukraine International Airlines (UIA) – founded 1992, pre-war fleet ~40 aircraft; operations suspended in 2022 and bankruptcy proceedings opened in Nov 2023.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/ukrainian-air-carrier-skyup-builds-up-europe-business-survive-war-2024-03-18 Reuters, Mar 2024]</ref>
*Total: '''179'''
* SkyUp Airlines – low-cost/charter operator founded 2018, fleet ~11 Boeing 737s; shifted primarily to ACMI leasing and continues operating via EU subsidiary.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/ukrainian-air-carrier-skyup-builds-up-europe-business-survive-war-2024-03-18 Reuters, Mar 2024]</ref>
*Over 3,047 m: '''13'''
* Constanta Airline – Zaporizhzhia-based charter carrier with An-26/An-74 and Boeing 737-300, holds EU/US certificates; serves humanitarian and commercial missions.<ref>[https://www.constanta-airline.com.ua/en/about Constanta Airline – Official Website]</ref>
*2,438 to 3,047 m: '''49'''
* Bees Airline – launched 2021 with Airbus A320s; Ukrainian AOC revoked in 2022, now flying under Romanian AOC.<ref>[https://aviationvoice.com/bees-airline-has-lost-its-ukrainian-aoc-202203181511/ Aviation Voice – Bees Airline loses Ukrainian AOC, Mar 2022]</ref>
*1,524 to 2,437 m: '''22'''
*914 to 1,523 m: '''6'''
*Under 914 m: '''89''' (2012)
=== Airports ===
Major airports are: [[Boryspil Airport|Kyiv Boryspil Airport]], [[Dnipro International Airport]], [[Kharkiv Airport]], [[Lviv Airport]], [[Donetsk Airport]], [[Odesa Airport]], and [[Simferopol Airport]].
{{See_also|List of airports in Ukraine}}
* Civilian airports in operation (May 2025): ~20, many non‑operational due to damage.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-says-war-has-damaged-most-of-its-civilian-airports-2024-11-30 Reuters, Nov 2024]</ref>
==== Airports with unpaved runways ====
* Pre-war total airports and airfields: ~148 (paved + unpaved) per CIA World Factbook.
*Total: '''233'''
* Major international hubs include Boryspil (Ukraine's largest, pre-war handling ~65% of traffic), Lviv, Odesa, Kharkiv, Dnipro, among others.<ref>[https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2024-11-15/ukraine-could-reopen-lviv-airport-in-2025-broker-says US News/Reuters, Nov 2024]</ref>
*2,438 to 3,047 m: '''2'''
* Odesa International Airport opened its new arrival terminal in April 2017.<ref>[http://www.rusaviainsider.com/new-terminal-launched-odesa-airport/ Russian Aviation Insider, Apr 2017]</ref>
*1,524 to 2,437 m: '''6'''
* Zaporizhzhia International Airport’s new terminal (opened Oct 2020) was destroyed by Russian missile in May 2024.<ref>[https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3740620-zaporizhzhia-airport-terminal-destroyed-by-russian-missile.html Ukrinform – Russian missile destroys Zaporizhzhia Airport terminal, May 2024]</ref>
*914 to 1,523 m: '''9'''
*Under 914 m: '''216''' (2012)
=== Future developments ===
===Heliports===
* Lviv International Airport may reopen in spring–summer 2025; airlines including Wizz Air, SkyUp, Lufthansa, LOT, Turkish Airlines, airBaltic, and Austrian Airlines have signaled readiness.<ref>[https://aviation.direct/en/Resumption-of-commercial-air-traffic-in-Ukraine%3A-Lviv-and-Uzhhorod-in-focus Aviation Direct, Mar 2025]</ref>
*Total: '''7''' (2012)
* Uzhhorod International, on the Slovak border, is being upgraded (≈ €700 000) to support early commercial operations.<ref>[https://aviation.direct/en/Resumption-of-commercial-air-traffic-in-Ukraine%3A-Lviv-and-Uzhhorod-in-focus Aviation Direct, Mar 2025]</ref>
* Reopening of Boryspil and other major airports depends on military-air‑defence coordination, security clearances, and insurers’ risk coverage.<ref>[https://english.nv.ua/business/ukraine-70-done-with-airspace-security-plan-says-boryspil-chief-50487815.html NV.UA, Feb 2025]</ref><ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-could-reopen-lviv-airport-in-2025-broker-says-2024-11-15 Reuters, Nov 2024]</ref>
==Water transport==
==Water transport==
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====Important supporting agencies====
====Important supporting agencies====
* [[Delta Lotsman]], the [[maritime pilot]] company serving the territorial waters of Ukraine
* [[Delta Lotsman]], the [[maritime pilot]] company serving the territorial waters of Ukraine
* "Derzhhidrohrafiya" (State Hydro Geography),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hydrography.com.ua/|title=Парковая страница Imena.UA|website=www.hydrography.com.ua}}</ref> a scientific-production complex of hydro-geographical state companies and science-research center "Ukrmorkartohrafiya" (all lighthouses located in Ukraine belong to the institution)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ua.comments.ua/politics/158215-yezhel-vimagaie-povernuti-ukraini.html|title=Єжель вимагає повернути Україні маяки в Криму|website=comments.ua}}</ref> The [[Black Sea Fleet]] of the [[Russian Federation]] refuses to surrender former Soviet navigational facilities since 1997
* "Derzhhidrohrafiya" (State Hydro Geography),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hydrography.com.ua/|title=Про Держгідрографію|website=Держгідрографія|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713113734/http://www.hydrography.com.ua/|archive-date=13 July 2014|url-status=usurped|language=uk|access-date=9 March 2013}}</ref> a scientific-production complex of hydro-geographical state companies and science-research center "Ukrmorkartohrafiya" (all lighthouses located in Ukraine belong to the institution)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ua.comments.ua/politics/158215-yezhel-vimagaie-povernuti-ukraini.html|title=Єжель вимагає повернути Україні маяки в Криму|website=comments.ua}}</ref> The [[Black Sea Fleet]] of the [[Russian Federation]] refuses to surrender former Soviet navigational facilities since 1997
* Maritime Security Agency<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dp-amb.kiev.ua/index_eng.htm|title=Official website of the Maritime Security Agency|website=dp-amb.kiev.ua|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821172718/http://dp-amb.kiev.ua/index_eng.htm|archive-date=2013-08-21}}</ref> in correspondence of the [[International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea|SOLAS]] International Convention (including its amendment the [[International Ship and Port Facility Security Code|ISPS]] Code)
* Maritime Security Agency<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dp-amb.kiev.ua/index_eng.htm|title=Official website of the Maritime Security Agency|website=dp-amb.kiev.ua|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821172718/http://dp-amb.kiev.ua/index_eng.htm|archive-date=2013-08-21}}</ref> in correspondence of the [[International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea|SOLAS]] International Convention (including its amendment the [[International Ship and Port Facility Security Code|ISPS]] Code)
* Shipping registry of Ukraine
* Shipping registry of Ukraine
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==Pipelines==
==Pipelines==
[[File:Ammiakoprovod NS.jpg|thumb|upright|The world's longest [[ammonia]] [[pipeline transport|pipeline]], running from the [[TogliattiAzot]] plant in [[Russia]] to [[Odesa]] in Ukraine.]]
[[File:Ammiakoprovod NS.jpg|thumb|upright|The world's longest [[ammonia]] [[pipeline transport|pipeline]], running from the [[TogliattiAzot]] plant in [[Russia]] to [[Odesa]] in Ukraine.]]
Ukraine’s [[Natural gas transmission system of Ukraine|natural gas transmission system]]—one of the world’s largest—comprised approximately 38,550 km of pipelines as of 2024, including 22,160 km of mainlines and 16,390 km of branch lines.<ref name="GTS">[[Natural gas transmission system of Ukraine]]</ref>
It includes 72 [[Compressor station|compressor stations]] (702 compressor units, total power 5,442.9 MW) and 13 [[Underground gas storage|underground gas storage]] facilities with a combined active capacity of about 30.9 billion m³.<ref name="GTS"/>
As of 2009, the system could import up to 288 billion m³ of gas annually and export up to 178.5 billion m³—including around 142.2 billion m³ to [[Europe]].<ref name="GTS"/><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091120022042/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/52859/ Natural gas transit through Ukraine down 24.8% year on year], ''[[Kyiv Post]]'', 16 November 2009</ref>
* [[ammonia]]
In 2024, [[Russia]] shipped approximately 14 billion m³ of gas through Ukraine—down sharply from peak years—as [[Russia–Ukraine gas disputes|contracts expired]] and pipelines were damaged during the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/ukraine-transit-operator-says-russia-has-not-nominated-gas-volumes-jan-1-so-far-2024-12-31 Reuters, December 2024]</ref>
=== Crude oil ===
The natural gas transport-system can take in a maximum of 288 billion cubic meters of natural gas per year. Its annual output capacity is 178.5 billion cubic meters, including 142.2 billion to be forwarded to European countries.<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/52859/ Natural gas transit through Ukraine down 24.8% year on year], [[Kyiv Post]] (November 16, 2009)</ref>
Ukraine’s [[Oil pipeline|crude oil pipeline]] network includes both domestic and international routes.
It consisted of 4,514 km of pipelines as of 2010.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Ukraine Transport in Ukraine]</ref>
Notably, the southern branch of the [[Druzhba pipeline]] system passes through Ukraine, carrying [[Russian oil]] and [[Kazakhstan|Kazakh]] oil toward [[Central Europe]].<ref>[https://www.iea.org/reports/ukraine-energy-profile/energy-security International Energy Agency – Ukraine Energy Profile]</ref>
The 674 km-long [[Odesa–Brody pipeline]] links [[Odesa]] to [[Brody]], near the [[Poland–Ukraine border|Polish border]], and has been used for both northbound and southbound flows since 2002.<ref>[[Odesa–Brody pipeline]]</ref>
In 2024, about 230,000 barrels per day (≈11.5 million tonnes/year) of Russian crude flowed through Ukraine—mainly to [[Hungary]], [[Slovakia]], and the [[Czech Republic]]—via the Druzhba system.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/russias-oil-transit-via-ukraine-down-15-2024-vedomosti-says-2025-02-07 Reuters, February 2025]</ref>
=== Petroleum products ===
Ukraine had about 4,211 km of [[Petroleum product|petroleum products]] pipelines as of 2010.<ref>[[Transport in Ukraine]]</ref>
These pipelines carry [[Gasoline]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], [[Fuel oil|heating oil]], and other refined products across the country, linking [[Refinery|refineries]], storage depots, and key [[Border checkpoint|border points]]—primarily in the eastern and central regions.
=== Ammonia ===
The Soviet-era [[Togliatti–Odesa ammonia pipeline]], operated in Ukraine by [[Ukrhimtransamiak]], was the longest of its kind in the world, with a total length of approximately 2,200 to 2,470 km.<ref>[https://forumulsecuritatiimaritime.ro/the-togliatti-odesa-ammonia-pipeline The Togliatti–Odesa ammonia pipeline (Forumul Securității Maritime)]</ref><ref>[https://en.wikimannia.org/Togliatti-Odessa_ammonia_pipeline Technical description of the Togliatti–Odesa ammonia pipeline]</ref>
It had an annual capacity of 2.5 million tonnes of [[Ammonia]] transported to the [[Port of Odesa]] for global export.<ref>[https://en.wikimannia.org/Togliatti-Odessa_ammonia_pipeline]</ref>
Operations were halted in 2022 after damage caused by the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], including a confirmed rupture in [[Kharkiv Oblast]] in June 2023.<ref>[https://en.wikimannia.org/Togliatti-Odessa_ammonia_pipeline]</ref>
=== Summary table ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Product !! Length (km) !! Notes
|-
| [[Natural gas]] || 38,550 || Includes 22,160 km trunk, 16,390 km branches; 13 underground storages; max transit ~288 billion m³/year
|-
| [[Crude oil]] || 4,514 || Includes [[Druzhba pipeline]] and [[Odesa–Brody pipeline]] (674 km)
|-
| [[Petroleum product]] || 4,211 || National refined fuels distribution
* [[Transport in Ukraine#Rail transport|Rail transport in Ukraine]]
* [[Transport in Ukraine#Road transport|Road transport in Ukraine]]
* [[Russia–Ukraine gas disputes]]
* [[Druzhba pipeline]]
* [[Odesa–Brody pipeline]]
* [[Natural gas transmission system of Ukraine]]
==References==
==References==
Latest revision as of 14:22, 13 November 2025
Template:Short descriptionScript error: No such module "Unsubst".Transport in Ukraine includes ground transportation (road and rail), water (sea and river), air transportation, and pipelines. The transportation sector accounts for roughly 11% of the country's gross domestic product and 7% of total employment.
In total, Ukrainian paved roads stretch for Template:Convert.[1] Major routes, marked with the letter 'M' for 'International' (Ukrainian: Міжнародний), extend nationwide and connect all major cities of Ukraine, and provide cross-border routes to the country's neighbours.
International maritime travel is mainly provided through the Port of Odesa, from where ferries sail regularly to Istanbul, Varna and Haifa. The largest ferry company presently operating these routes is Ukrferry.[2]
The total amount of railroad track in Ukraine extends for Template:Convert, of which Template:Convert was electrified in the 2000s.[1] The state has a monopoly on the provision of passenger rail transport, and all trains, other than those with cooperation of other foreign companies on international routes, are operated by its company Ukrzaliznytsia.
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Today the transport sector in Ukraine generally meets only the basic needs of the economy and population. The level of safety, quality and efficiency of passenger and freight transport, as well as the infrastructure's amount of energy usage, and the technological burden it places on the environment do not meet modern-day requirements.
Due to the low level of demand, the country's existing transit potential and advantageous geographical position is not fully utilised. There is thus a lag in the development of transport infrastructure, transport and logistics technologies and multimodal transport. All this has made Ukraine uncompetitive as the high costs of transport across the country make the cost of production in the country uncommonly high.
International transport corridors
The advantageous geographical position of Ukraine allows for the location of a number of International Transport Corridors on its territory, in particular :
European Transport Corridors – Caucasus – Asia (TRACECA) and Europe – Asia.
Transport industry
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The share of the transport sector in Ukraine's gross domestic product (according to statista) as of 2021 was 5.42%.[4] The number of workers employed in the sector is 8% of total employment.[5] The transportation infrastructure of Ukraine is adequately developed overall, however it is obsolete and in need of major modernization. A remarkable boost in the recent development of the country's transportation infrastructure was noticed after winning the right to host a major continental sport event the UEFA Euro 2012.
In 2009, Ukrainian infrastructure provided for the transportation of 1.5 billion tons of cargo and 7.3 billion passengers. Due to the 2008 financial crisis, the volume of freight traffic decreased by 17.6% in 2009 when compared with figures from 2008; passenger transport fell by 12.7%.
Freight and Passenger Transportation Statistics[6]
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The development of public roads in Ukraine is currently lagging behind the pace of motorisation in the country. During 1990-2010 the length of the highways network hardly increased at all. The density of highways in Ukraine is 6.6 times lower than in France (respectively 0.28 and 1.84 kilometres of roads per square kilometre area of the country). The length of express roads in Ukraine is 0.28 thousand km (in Germany – 12.5 thousand kilometres in France – 7.1 thousand kilometres), and the level of funding for each kilometre of road in Ukraine is around 5.5 – 6 times less than in those locations.
This is due to a number of objective reasons, including that the burden of maintaining the transport network per capita is significantly higher than in European countries because of Ukraine's relatively low population density (76 people per square kilometre), low purchasing power of citizens (1/5 of the Eurozone's purchasing capacity), relatively low car ownership and the nation's large territory.
The operational condition of roads is very poor; around 51.1% of roads do not meet minimum standards, and 39.2% require major rebuilds. The average speed on roads in Ukraine 2–3 times lower than in Western countries.
As of 2016, many of Ukraine's major provincial highways are in very poor condition, with an Ukravtodor official stating that 97% of roads are in need of repair. The road repair budget was set at about ₴20 billion, but corruption causes the budget to be poorly spent and overweight trucks are common place rapidly causing more road damage.[8]
Total: 169,477 km
Paved: Template:Convert (including Template:Convert of expressways); note – these roads, classified as "hard-surfaced", include both hard-paved highways and some all-weather gravel-surfaced roads.
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The aviation section in Ukraine is developing very quickly, having recently established a visa-free program for EU nationals and citizens of a number of other 'Western' nations,[9] the nation's aviation sector is handling a significantly increased number of travellers. Additionally, the granting of the Euro 2012 football tournament to Poland and Ukraine as joint hosts has prompted the government to invest huge amounts of money into transport infrastructure, and in particular airports.[10]
Currently there are three major new airport terminals under construction in Donetsk, Lviv and Kyiv, a new terminal has already opened in Kharkiv and Kyiv's Boryspil International Airport has recently begun operations at Terminal F,[11] the first of its two new international terminals. Ukraine has a number of airlines, the largest of which is the nation's flag carrier, UIA. Antonov Airlines, a subsidiary of the Antonov Aerospace Design Bureau is the only operator of the world's largest fixed wing aircraft, the An-225.
Template:Convertnavigable waterways on 7 rivers, most of them are on Danube, Dnieper and Pripyat rivers. All Ukraine's rivers freeze over in winter (usually December through March), limiting navigation. However, river icebreakers are available on the Dnieper, at least in vicinity of Kyiv.[13]
Danube
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As of July 2013, Ukraine had 18 "marine trade ports" available for foreign ships' entry.[15] Some of these "marine trade ports" are actually port conglomerates comprising several non-adjacent ports and tenant private terminals. Major river ports are also considered "marine" international ports.
"Derzhhidrohrafiya" (State Hydro Geography),[19] a scientific-production complex of hydro-geographical state companies and science-research center "Ukrmorkartohrafiya" (all lighthouses located in Ukraine belong to the institution)[20] The Black Sea Fleet of the Russian Federation refuses to surrender former Soviet navigational facilities since 1997
Maritime Security Agency[21] in correspondence of the SOLAS International Convention (including its amendment the ISPS Code)
The natural gas transport-system can take in a maximum of 288 billion cubic meters of natural gas per year. Its annual output capacity is 178.5 billion cubic meters, including 142.2 billion to be forwarded to European countries.[23]
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