Pie menu: Difference between revisions

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*[[PowerAnimator]], a commercial 3D modelling program that used marking menus<ref>{{cite web| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7wEAAAAAMBAJ&dq=PowerAnimator+marking+menu+maya&pg=PT89| title = Maximum PC Oct 1998| date = October 1998}}</ref>
*[[PowerAnimator]], a commercial 3D modelling program that used marking menus<ref>{{cite web| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7wEAAAAAMBAJ&dq=PowerAnimator+marking+menu+maya&pg=PT89| title = Maximum PC Oct 1998| date = October 1998}}</ref>
*[[Mozilla Application Suite|Mozilla]] and [[Mozilla Firefox]] extensions RadialContext<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newtechpost.com/2007/09/18/a-tale-of-two-atoms-atompub-and-atom-interface|title=A Tale Of Two Atoms: AtomPub And Atom Interface|author=John Breslin|publisher=newtechpost.com|author-link=John Breslin}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=C55YaWmDBiAC&dq=radialcontext&pg=PA26| title = AUUGN Mar 2003| date = March 2003}}</ref> and easyGestures<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=3WdQ3CZSw7UC&dq=easygestures&pg=PA155 Mozilla Firefox 4] (in German)</ref>
*[[Mozilla Application Suite|Mozilla]] and [[Mozilla Firefox]] extensions RadialContext<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newtechpost.com/2007/09/18/a-tale-of-two-atoms-atompub-and-atom-interface|title=A Tale Of Two Atoms: AtomPub And Atom Interface|author=John Breslin|publisher=newtechpost.com|author-link=John Breslin}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=C55YaWmDBiAC&dq=radialcontext&pg=PA26| title = AUUGN Mar 2003| date = March 2003}}</ref> and easyGestures<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=3WdQ3CZSw7UC&dq=easygestures&pg=PA155 Mozilla Firefox 4] (in German)</ref>
*[[Metisse]] and [[UDE|Unix Desktop Environment]], [[X window manager|window managers]] for the [[X Window System]]
*[[Metisse]] and Unix Desktop Environment, [[X window manager|window managers]] for the [[X Window System]]
*[[modo (software)|modo]], an advanced polygon and subdivision surface modeling package
*[[modo (software)|modo]], an advanced polygon and subdivision surface modeling package
*[[SolidWorks]], a 3D modeling software.
*[[SolidWorks]], a 3D modeling software.
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===Games===<!-- Note to future editors: This section should be reserved for maybe the initial game to implement a pie menu and subsequent games that innovated the menu or have gained acclaim specifically for their implementation. Also, pictures of these would be great. Vetting this list would be helpful in the future: are these just other editors' favorite games that happen to have pie menus? Or are they legitimately significant? -->
===Games===<!-- Note to future editors: This section should be reserved for maybe the initial game to implement a pie menu and subsequent games that innovated the menu or have gained acclaim specifically for their implementation. Also, pictures of these would be great. Vetting this list would be helpful in the future: are these just other editors' favorite games that happen to have pie menus? Or are they legitimately significant? -->
* In the game [[Counter-Strike:_Global_Offensive|Counter-Strike: Global Offensive]], the buy menu is a radial menu.
* In the game [[Counter-Strike: Global Offensive]], the buy menu is a radial menu.
* The 2000 videogame ''[[The Sims (video game)|The Sims]]'' extensively utilized pie menus for player-directed interaction. These pie menus were primarily developed by [[Don Hopkins]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hopkins |first1=Don |title=The Sims, Pie Menus, Edith Editing, and SimAntics Visual Programming Demo |url=https://medium.com/@donhopkins/the-sims-pie-menus-49ca02a74da3 |website=medium.com |access-date=18 December 2018 |date=2018-07-07 |archive-date=2018-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219001040/https://medium.com/@donhopkins/the-sims-pie-menus-49ca02a74da3 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* The 2000 videogame ''[[The Sims (video game)|The Sims]]'' extensively utilized pie menus for player-directed interaction. These pie menus were primarily developed by [[Don Hopkins]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hopkins |first1=Don |title=The Sims, Pie Menus, Edith Editing, and SimAntics Visual Programming Demo |url=https://medium.com/@donhopkins/the-sims-pie-menus-49ca02a74da3 |website=medium.com |access-date=18 December 2018 |date=2018-07-07 |archive-date=2018-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219001040/https://medium.com/@donhopkins/the-sims-pie-menus-49ca02a74da3 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* The videogame ''[[Grand Theft Auto V]]'', for weapon and radio station selection<ref name="Seitz">{{cite web|url=http://uproxx.com/gammasquad/2013/09/grand-theft-auto-v-plays-like-whole-new-game/|title='Grand Theft Auto V' Plays Like A Whole New Game |last=Seitz |first=Dan |work=Uproxx |access-date=5 February 2015|date=2013-09-17 }}</ref>
* The videogame ''[[Grand Theft Auto V]]'', for weapon and radio station selection<ref name="Seitz">{{cite web|url=http://uproxx.com/gammasquad/2013/09/grand-theft-auto-v-plays-like-whole-new-game/|title='Grand Theft Auto V' Plays Like A Whole New Game |last=Seitz |first=Dan |work=Uproxx |access-date=5 February 2015|date=2013-09-17 }}</ref>
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*[https://archive.today/20130204094930/http://www.tikku.com/jquery-radmenu-plugin JavaScript/jQuery Radmenu Plugin], Open source
*[https://archive.today/20130204094930/http://www.tikku.com/jquery-radmenu-plugin JavaScript/jQuery Radmenu Plugin], Open source
* The [http://www.gillesbailly.fr/flowermenu.html Flower Menu] is a marking menu implementation for [[Qt (software)|Qt]]
* The [http://www.gillesbailly.fr/flowermenu.html Flower Menu] is a marking menu implementation for [[Qt (software)|Qt]]
*[http://piemenu.sourceforge.net/ Tcl/Tk] - A simple implementation in pure [[Tcl/Tk]]
*[https://piemenu.sourceforge.net/ Tcl/Tk] - A simple implementation in pure [[Tcl/Tk]]
*[http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?PieMenus Pie Menus in c2 wiki]
*[http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?PieMenus Pie Menus in c2 wiki]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080410001552/http://trolltech.com/products/qt/addon/solutions/catalog/4/Widgets/qtpiemenu/ Pie Menus for Qt]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080410001552/http://trolltech.com/products/qt/addon/solutions/catalog/4/Widgets/qtpiemenu/ Pie Menus for Qt]
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090106021223/http://www.donhopkins.com/drupal/node/84 X10] - Free software Theta menus, proof of concept prototype for X10, written in June 1986 by Don Hopkins.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090106021223/http://www.donhopkins.com/drupal/node/84 X10] - Free software Theta menus, proof of concept prototype for X10, written in June 1986 by Don Hopkins.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070427222309/http://www.donhopkins.com/drupal/node/128 Pie Menu Articles by Don Hopkins].
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070427222309/http://www.donhopkins.com/drupal/node/128 Pie Menu Articles by Don Hopkins].
*[http://www.cs.cornell.edu/boom/2001sp/Bronevetsky/Circle%20Menu%20Documentation.htm Circle Menus], by Greg Bronevetsky.
*[https://www.cs.cornell.edu/boom/2001sp/Bronevetsky/Circle%20Menu%20Documentation.htm Circle Menus], by Greg Bronevetsky.
*[http://blog.conquex.com/?p=28 3D Circle Menu Variation - Cube Menu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704114033/http://blog.conquex.com/?p=28 |date=2009-07-04 }}, by conquex with source code.
*[http://blog.conquex.com/?p=28 3D Circle Menu Variation - Cube Menu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704114033/http://blog.conquex.com/?p=28 |date=2009-07-04 }}, by conquex with source code.
*Asymetrix [ToolBook] pie menu component, by [https://web.archive.org/web/20080907222106/http://www.tosolini.com/publications.html Paolo Tosolini]. Source code: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040814/http://www.piemenu.com/piemnu30.zip Piemenu.com] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224812/http://www.piemenu.com/pie2lang.zip Piemenu.com].
*Asymetrix [ToolBook] pie menu component, by [https://web.archive.org/web/20080907222106/http://www.tosolini.com/publications.html Paolo Tosolini]. Source code: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040814/http://www.piemenu.com/piemnu30.zip Piemenu.com] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224812/http://www.piemenu.com/pie2lang.zip Piemenu.com].

Latest revision as of 06:47, 31 October 2025

Template:Short description

File:EasyGestures PieMenu.png
A pie menu

In user interface design, a pie menu or radial menu is a circular context menu where selection depends on direction. It is a graphical control element. A pie menu is made of several "pie slices" around an inactive center and works best with stylus input, and well with a mouse. Pie slices are drawn with a hole in the middle for an easy way to exit the menu.

Pie menus work well with keyboard acceleration, particularly four and eight item menus, on the cursor keys and the number pad. A goal of pie menus is to provide a smooth, reliable gestural style of interaction for novices and experts.[1] A slice can lead to another pie menu; selecting this may center the pointer in the new menu.

A marking menu[2] is a variant of this technique that makes the menu less sensitive to variance in gesture size.[3]

As a kind of context menu, pie menus are often context-sensitive,[4] showing different options depending on what the pointer was pointing at when the menu was requested.

History

The first documented radial menu is attributed to a system called PIXIE in 1969. Some universities explored alternative visual layouts.[5]

In 1986, Mike Gallaher and Don Hopkins together independently arrived at the concept of a context menu based on the angle to the origin where the exact angle and radius could be passed as parameters to a command, and a mouse click could be used to trigger an item or submenu.[6]

The first performance comparison to linear menus was performed in 1988, and showed an increase in performance of 15% less time and a reduction of selection errors.[7]

The role-playing video game Secret of Mana featured an innovative icon-based radial menu system in 1993.[8] Its ring menu system was adopted by later video games.[9]

Usage

Template:More citations needed section Pie menus are a self-revealing gestural interface: they display multiple options to a user and direct them to select one.

Users operate the menu by observing the labels or icons present as options, moving the pointer in the desired direction, then clicking to make a selection. This action is called a "mark ahead" ("mouse ahead" in the case of a mouse, "wave ahead" in the case of a dataglove).Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Repetition of actions and memorization of the interface further simplify the user experience. Pie menus take advantage of the body's ability to remember muscle motion and direction, even when the mind has forgotten the corresponding symbolic labels.[1]

Comparison with other interaction techniques

Pie menus are faster and more reliable to select from than linear menus, because selection depends on direction instead of distance. The circular menu slices are large in size and near the pointer for fast interaction (see Fitts's law). Experienced users use muscle memory without looking at the menu while selecting from it.[1][10] Nested pie menus can efficiently offer many options, and some pie menus can pop up linear menus, and combine linear and radial items in the same menu.[11] Pie menus, just like any popup menu, are shown only when requested, resulting in less visual distraction and cognitive load than toolbars and menu bars that are always shown.

Pie menus show available options, in contrast to invisible mouse gestures. Pie menus, which delay appearance until the pointer is not moving, reduce intrusiveness to the same level as mouse gestures for experienced users. Pie menus take up more screen space than linear menus, and the number of slices in an individual menu must be kept low for effectiveness by using submenus. When using pie menus, submenus may overlap with the parent menu, but the parent menu may become translucent or hidden.

Pie menus are most suited for actions that have been laid out by humans, and have logical grouping choices. Linear menus are most suited for dynamic, large menus that have many possible options, without any logical grouping,[1] since pie menus can only show a limited number of menu items. Around 3-12 items can be reasonably accommodated in a radial layout, but additional items past that tend to counteract the benefits of using pie menus in the first place. This can be overcome with related techniques that allow chaining commands in one single gesture through submenus.[3][12]

However, using interaction techniques that are not pointer-based have proven problematic with both pie and linear menus for cluttered digital tabletop, where physical objects might occlude menu items.[13]

Pie menus are unavailable as standard graphical control element in common commercial toolkits. Video games often require custom widget development, so pie menu cost is lower in that particular scenario.

Notable implementations

Template:Importance section

Software

File:XO laptop running GUI "Sugar" in "home view".png
A pie menu in the Sugar desktop environment

Games

See also

References

Template:Reflist

  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

External links

Template:Graphical control elements

  1. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Cbignore
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Callahan, Jack; Hopkins, Don; Weiser, Mark; Shneiderman, Ben (1988). "An empirical comparison of pie vs. linear menus". Proceedings of ACM CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. pp. 95–100. http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/57167.57182.
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Understanding 3-D animation using Maya by John Edgar Park
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Dead link
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Mozilla Firefox 4 (in German)
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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