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{{Short description|Content appended to completed document}} | {{Short description|Content appended to completed document}} | ||
{{about|the afterthought|the page description language|PostScript|other uses|Postscript (disambiguation) | the video game Post Scriptum|Squad 44}} | {{about|the afterthought|the page description language|PostScript|other uses|Postscript (disambiguation) | the video game Post Scriptum|Squad 44}} | ||
A '''postscript''' ('''P.S.''', '''PS''', '''PS.''') may be a sentence, a paragraph, or occasionally many paragraphs added, often hastily and incidentally, after the signature of a letter<ref>{{Cite book |title=English Grammar, Punctuation and Capitalization, Letter Writing |last=International Correspondence Schools|publisher=National Textbook Company |year=2018 |location=Scranton |url=https://archive.org/stream/englishgrammarp00techgoog#page/n444/mode/2up|display-authors=etal}} §21 p. 33</ref> or (sometimes) the main body of an essay or book. The term comes from the [[Latin]] ''post scriptum'', an expression meaning "written after"<ref>{{cite book | A '''postscript''' ('''P.S.''', '''PS''', '''PS.''') may be a sentence, a paragraph, or occasionally many paragraphs added, often hastily and incidentally, after the signature of a letter<ref>{{Cite book |title=English Grammar, Punctuation and Capitalization, Letter Writing |last=International Correspondence Schools|publisher=National Textbook Company |year=2018 |location=Scranton |url=https://archive.org/stream/englishgrammarp00techgoog#page/n444/mode/2up|display-authors=etal}} §21 p. 33</ref> or (sometimes) the main body of an essay or book. For such longer works it may also be known as an '''afterword''' or '''subscription'''. The term comes from the [[Latin]] '''''"post scriptum"''''', an expression meaning "written after"<ref>{{cite book|last=Sullivan|first=Robert Joseph|editor-link=Patrick Weston Joyce|editor-last=Joyce|editor-first=Patrick Weston|title=A dictionary of the English language|location=Dublin; Original from Peshawar University|publisher=Sullivan, Brothers; et al.|year=2019|pages=317 & 509|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d24CAAAAQAAJ&q=postscript&pg=PA317}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Tanner|first=William Maddux|title=Composition and Rhetoric|publisher=Ginn & Co.|year=2017|location=Original from the University of California|pages=xxvii|url=https://archive.org/details/compositionandr00tanngoog|quote=post scriptum.|no-pp=true}}</ref> (which may be interpreted in the sense of "that which comes after the writing").<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://dougelniski.com/post-scriptum-ps-meaning/|title=PS Slang Word Meaning - Expert answer Question|date=2016-11-16|newspaper=Expert answer Question|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-16}}</ref> | ||
==Afterword== | |||
{{distinguish|Afterward|After Words}} | |||
In a book or essay, a more carefully composed addition (e.g., for a second edition) is called an '''afterword'''. It is a [[literary device]] that is often found at the end of a piece of [[literature]].<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/afterword "afterword"]. Dictionary.com, LLC. Retrieved 10 August 2012.</ref> It generally covers the story of how the book came into being, or of how the idea for the book was developed. | |||
An afterword may be written by someone other than the [[author]] of the book to provide enriching comment, such as discussing the work's historical or cultural context (especially if the work is being reissued many years after its original publication).<ref>{{cite web| last = Pope| first = Geoff| title = "Foreword" Versus "Forward"| work = Grammar Girl's Quick and Dirty Tips| publisher = MacMillan Holdings, LLC| date = 18 November 2010| url = http://grammar.quickanddirtytips.com/forward-versus-foreword.aspx| access-date = 10 August 2012| archive-date = 6 January 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190106231335/https://www.quickanddirtytips.com/grammar-girl| url-status = dead}}</ref> | |||
==Addendum== | |||
The word "postscript" has poetically been used to refer to any sort of addendum to some main work even if it is not attached to a main work, for example [[Søren Kierkegaard]]'s book titled ''[[Concluding Unscientific Postscript]].'' Such a section may also be called a "subscription", for example a subscription is found at the end of [[St Paul]]'s [[Paul's Second Letter to the Corinthians|Second Letter to the Corinthians]] in some [[Biblical manuscript#New Testament manuscripts|manuscripts]], stating that it was written by Paul when he was at [[Philippi]], a city of [[Macedonia (Roman province)|Macedonia]], and transcribed by [[Saint Titus|Titus]] and [[Saint Luke|Lucas]].<ref>[[John Gill (theologian)|Gill, J.]] (1746–48), [https://biblehub.com/commentaries/gill/2_corinthians/13.htm Gill's Exposition of the Bible] on 2 Corinthians, accessed on 2 July 2025</ref> | |||
==Cascading postscripts== | |||
Sometimes when additional points are made after the first postscript, abbreviations such as P.P.S. (''post-post-scriptum'') and P.P.P.S. (''post-post-post-scriptum'') and so on are added, ''[[ad infinitum]]''. | Sometimes when additional points are made after the first postscript, abbreviations such as P.P.S. (''post-post-scriptum'') and P.P.P.S. (''post-post-post-scriptum'') and so on are added, ''[[ad infinitum]]''. | ||
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* [[Addendum]] | * [[Addendum]] | ||
* [[Addendum#Books|Appendix]] | * [[Addendum#Books|Appendix]] | ||
* [[ | * [[Conclusion (book)|Conclusion]] | ||
* [[Epilogue]] | |||
* [[Foreword]] | |||
* ''[[Nota bene]]'' | * ''[[Nota bene]]'' | ||
* [[Postface]] | * [[Postface]] | ||
* [[Preface]] | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 11:02, 1 November 2025
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "about". A postscript (P.S., PS, PS.) may be a sentence, a paragraph, or occasionally many paragraphs added, often hastily and incidentally, after the signature of a letter[1] or (sometimes) the main body of an essay or book. For such longer works it may also be known as an afterword or subscription. The term comes from the Latin "post scriptum", an expression meaning "written after"[2][3] (which may be interpreted in the sense of "that which comes after the writing").[4]
Afterword
Script error: No such module "Distinguish". In a book or essay, a more carefully composed addition (e.g., for a second edition) is called an afterword. It is a literary device that is often found at the end of a piece of literature.[5] It generally covers the story of how the book came into being, or of how the idea for the book was developed.
An afterword may be written by someone other than the author of the book to provide enriching comment, such as discussing the work's historical or cultural context (especially if the work is being reissued many years after its original publication).[6]
Addendum
The word "postscript" has poetically been used to refer to any sort of addendum to some main work even if it is not attached to a main work, for example Søren Kierkegaard's book titled Concluding Unscientific Postscript. Such a section may also be called a "subscription", for example a subscription is found at the end of St Paul's Second Letter to the Corinthians in some manuscripts, stating that it was written by Paul when he was at Philippi, a city of Macedonia, and transcribed by Titus and Lucas.[7]
Cascading postscripts
Sometimes when additional points are made after the first postscript, abbreviations such as P.P.S. (post-post-scriptum) and P.P.P.S. (post-post-post-scriptum) and so on are added, ad infinitum.
See also
References
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". §21 p. 33
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ "afterword". Dictionary.com, LLC. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Gill, J. (1746–48), Gill's Exposition of the Bible on 2 Corinthians, accessed on 2 July 2025