Growth factor: Difference between revisions

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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
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A '''growth factor''' is a naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating [[cell proliferation]], [[wound healing]], and occasionally [[cellular differentiation]].<ref>{{DorlandsDict|three/000038554|growth factor}}</ref> Usually it is a secreted [[protein]] or a [[steroid hormone]]. Growth factors are important for regulating a variety of cellular processes.
A '''growth factor''' is a naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating [[cell proliferation]], [[wound healing]], and occasionally [[cellular differentiation]].<ref>{{DorlandsDict|three/000038554|growth factor}}</ref> Usually it is a secreted [[protein]] or a [[steroid hormone]].  
 
Growth factors typically act as [[cell signaling|signaling]] molecules between cells. Examples are [[cytokine]]s and [[hormone]]s that bind to specific [[receptor (biochemistry)|receptors]] on the surface of their target [[cell (biology)|cells]].
 
They often promote cell differentiation and maturation, which varies between growth factors. For example, [[epidermal growth factor]] (EGF) enhances osteogenic differentiation ([[osteogenesis]] or bone formation),<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Del Angel-Mosqueda C, Gutiérrez-Puente Y, López-Lozano AP, Romero-Zavaleta RE, Mendiola-Jiménez A, Medina-De la Garza CE, Márquez-M M, De la Garza-Ramos MA | title = Epidermal growth factor enhances osteogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells in vitro | journal = Head & Face Medicine | volume = 11 | pages = 29 | date = September 2015 | pmid = 26334535 | doi = 10.1186/s13005-015-0086-5 | pmc = 4558932 | doi-access = free }}</ref> while [[fibroblast growth factor]]s and [[vascular endothelial growth factor]]s stimulate blood vessel differentiation ([[angiogenesis]]).


{{anchor|cytokine}}
{{anchor|cytokine}}
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While ''growth factor'' implies a positive effect on [[cell proliferation]], ''cytokine'' is a neutral term with respect to whether a molecule affects proliferation. While some cytokines can be growth factors, such as [[Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor|G-CSF]] and [[Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor|GM-CSF]], others have an inhibitory effect on [[cell growth]] or cell proliferation. Some cytokines, such as [[Fas ligand]], are used as "death" signals; they cause target cells to undergo programmed [[cell death]] or ''[[apoptosis]]''.
While ''growth factor'' implies a positive effect on [[cell proliferation]], ''cytokine'' is a neutral term with respect to whether a molecule affects proliferation. While some cytokines can be growth factors, such as [[Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor|G-CSF]] and [[Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor|GM-CSF]], others have an inhibitory effect on [[cell growth]] or cell proliferation. Some cytokines, such as [[Fas ligand]], are used as "death" signals; they cause target cells to undergo programmed [[cell death]] or ''[[apoptosis]]''.
The [[nerve growth factor]] (NGF) was first discovered by [[Rita Levi-Montalcini]], which won her a [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]].


== List of classes ==
== List of classes ==
{{Incomplete list|date=February 2011}}
{{Incomplete list|date=February 2011}}
{{no references|section|date=August 2025}}
Individual growth factor proteins tend to occur as members of larger families of structurally and [[evolution]]arily related proteins.  There are many families, some of which are listed below:
Individual growth factor proteins tend to occur as members of larger families of structurally and [[evolution]]arily related proteins.  There are many families, some of which are listed below:
* [[Adrenomedullin]] (AM)
* [[Adrenomedullin]] (AM)
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* [[Bone morphogenetic protein]]s (BMPs)
* [[Bone morphogenetic protein]]s (BMPs)
* Ciliary neurotrophic factor family
* Ciliary neurotrophic factor family
** [[Ciliary neurotrophic factor]] (CNTF)
** [[Leukemia inhibitory factor]] (LIF)
** [[Interleukin-6]] (IL-6)
* [[Colony-stimulating factor]]s
* [[Colony-stimulating factor]]s
** [[Macrophage colony-stimulating factor]] (M-CSF)
** [[Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor]] (G-CSF)
** [[Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor]] (GM-CSF)
* [[Epidermal growth factor]] (EGF)
* [[Epidermal growth factor]] (EGF)
* [[Ephrin]]s
* [[Ephrin]]s
** [[Ephrin A1]]
** [[Ephrin A2]]
** [[Ephrin A3]]
** [[Ephrin A4]]
** [[Ephrin A5]]
** [[Ephrin B1]]
** [[Ephrin B2]]
** [[Ephrin B3]]
* [[Erythropoietin]] (EPO)
* [[Erythropoietin]] (EPO)
* [[Fibroblast growth factor]] (FGF)
* [[Fibroblast growth factor]] (FGF)
** [[Fibroblast growth factor 1|Fibroblast growth factor 1(FGF1)]]
** [[Basic fibroblast growth factor|Fibroblast growth factor 2(FGF2)]]
** [[FGF3|Fibroblast growth factor 3(FGF3)]]
** [[FGF4|Fibroblast growth factor 4(FGF4)]]
** [[FGF5|Fibroblast growth factor 5(FGF5)]]
** [[FGF6|Fibroblast growth factor 6(FGF6)]]
** [[FGF7|Fibroblast growth factor 7(FGF7]])
** [[Fibroblast growth factor 8|Fibroblast growth factor 8(FGF8)]]
** [[FGF9|Fibroblast growth factor 9(FGF9)]]
** [[FGF10|Fibroblast growth factor 10(FGF10)]]
** [[FGF11|Fibroblast growth factor 11(FGF11)]]
** [[FGF12|Fibroblast growth factor 12(FGF12)]]
** [[FGF13|Fibroblast growth factor 13(FGF13)]]
** [[FGF14|Fibroblast growth factor 14(FGF14)]]
** [[FGF15|Fibroblast growth factor 15(FGF15)]]
** [[FGF16|Fibroblast growth factor 16(FGF16)]]
** [[FGF17|Fibroblast growth factor 17(FGF17)]]
** [[FGF18|Fibroblast growth factor 18(FGF18)]]
** [[FGF19|Fibroblast growth factor 19(FGF19)]]
** [[FGF20|Fibroblast growth factor 20(FGF20)]]
** [[FGF21|Fibroblast growth factor 21(FGF21)]]
** [[FGF22|Fibroblast growth factor 22(FGF22)]]
** [[Fibroblast growth factor 23|Fibroblast growth factor 23(FGF23)]]
* [[Bovine somatotropin|Foetal Bovine Somatotrophin]] (FBS)
* [[Bovine somatotropin|Foetal Bovine Somatotrophin]] (FBS)
* [[GDNF family of ligands]]
* [[GDNF family of ligands]]
** [[Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor]] (GDNF)
** [[Neurturin]]
** [[Persephin]]
** [[Artemin]]
* [[Growth differentiation factor-9]] (GDF9)
* [[Growth differentiation factor-9]] (GDF9)
* [[Hepatocyte growth factor]] (HGF)
* [[Hepatocyte growth factor]] (HGF)
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* [[Insulin]]
* [[Insulin]]
* [[Insulin-like growth factor]]s
* [[Insulin-like growth factor]]s
** [[Insulin-like growth factor-1]] (IGF-1)
** [[Insulin-like growth factor-2]] (IGF-2)
*Interleukins
*Interleukins
** [[Interleukin 1 family|IL-1]]- Cofactor for IL-3 and IL-6. Activates T cells.
** [[Interleukin 2|IL-2]] – T-cell growth factor. Stimulates IL-1 synthesis. Activates B-cells and NK cells.
** [[Interleukin 3|IL-3]] – Stimulates production of all non-lymphoid cells.
** [[Interleukin 4|IL-4]] – Growth factor for activated B cells, resting T cells, and mast cells.
** [[Interleukin 5|IL-5]] – Induces differentiation of activated B cells and eosinophils.
** [[Interleukin 6|IL-6]] – Stimulates Ig synthesis. Growth factor for plasma cells.
** [[Interleukin 7|IL-7]] – Growth factor for pre-B cells.
* [[Keratinocyte growth factor]] (KGF)
* [[Keratinocyte growth factor]] (KGF)
* [[PRG4|Migration-stimulating factor]] (MSF)
* [[PRG4|Migration-stimulating factor]] (MSF)
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* [[Myostatin]] (GDF-8)
* [[Myostatin]] (GDF-8)
* [[Neuregulin]]s
* [[Neuregulin]]s
** [[Neuregulin 1]] (NRG1)
** [[Neuregulin 2]] (NRG2)
** [[Neuregulin 3]] (NRG3)
** [[Neuregulin 4]] (NRG4)
* [[Neurotrophins]]
* [[Neurotrophins]]
** [[Brain-derived neurotrophic factor]] (BDNF)
** [[Nerve growth factor]] (NGF)
** [[Neurotrophin-3]] (NT-3)
** [[Neurotrophin-4]] (NT-4)
* [[Placental growth factor]] (PGF)
* [[Placental growth factor]] (PGF)
* [[Platelet-derived growth factor]] (PDGF)
* [[Platelet-derived growth factor]] (PDGF)
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* [[Thrombopoietin]] (TPO)
* [[Thrombopoietin]] (TPO)
* [[Transforming growth factor]]s
* [[Transforming growth factor]]s
** [[Transforming growth factor alpha]] (TGF-α)
** [[Transforming growth factor beta]] (TGF-β)
* [[Tumor necrosis factor-alpha]] (TNF-α)
* [[Tumor necrosis factor-alpha]] (TNF-α)
* [[Vascular endothelial growth factor]] (VEGF)
* [[Vascular endothelial growth factor]] (VEGF)
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== Uses in medicine ==
== Uses in medicine ==
For the last two decades, growth factors have been increasingly used in the treatment of [[hematology|hematologic]] and [[oncology|oncologic]] diseases<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cottler-Fox M, Klein HG | title = Transfusion support of hematology and oncology patients. The role of recombinant hematopoietic growth factors | journal = Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine | volume = 118 | issue = 4 | pages = 417–20 | date = April 1994 | pmid = 7909429 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Aaronson SA | title = Growth factors and cancer | journal = Science | volume = 254 | issue = 5035 | pages = 1146–53 | date = November 1991 | pmid = 1659742 | doi = 10.1126/science.1659742 | bibcode = 1991Sci...254.1146A }}</ref> and cardiovascular diseases<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Domouzoglou EM, Naka KK, Vlahos AP, Papafaklis MI, Michalis LK, Tsatsoulis A, Maratos-Flier E | title = Fibroblast growth factors in cardiovascular disease: The emerging role of FGF21 | journal = American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology | volume = 309 | issue = 6 | pages = H1029-38 | date = September 2015 | pmid = 26232236 | pmc = 4747916 | doi = 10.1152/ajpheart.00527.2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gorenoi|first1=Vitali|last2=Brehm|first2=Michael U.|last3=Koch|first3=Armin|last4=Hagen|first4=Anja|date=2017|title=Growth factors for angiogenesis in peripheral arterial disease|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2017|issue=6 |pages=CD011741|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD011741.pub2|issn=1469-493X|pmid=28594443|pmc=6481523}}</ref> such as:
For the last two decades, growth factors have been increasingly used in the treatment of [[hematology|hematologic]] and [[oncology|oncologic]] diseases<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cottler-Fox M, Klein HG | title = Transfusion support of hematology and oncology patients. The role of recombinant hematopoietic growth factors | journal = Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine | volume = 118 | issue = 4 | pages = 417–20 | date = April 1994 | pmid = 7909429 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Aaronson SA | title = Growth factors and cancer | journal = Science | volume = 254 | issue = 5035 | pages = 1146–53 | date = November 1991 | pmid = 1659742 | doi = 10.1126/science.1659742 | bibcode = 1991Sci...254.1146A }}</ref> and cardiovascular diseases<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Domouzoglou EM, Naka KK, Vlahos AP, Papafaklis MI, Michalis LK, Tsatsoulis A, Maratos-Flier E | title = Fibroblast growth factors in cardiovascular disease: The emerging role of FGF21 | journal = American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology | volume = 309 | issue = 6 | pages = H1029-38 | date = September 2015 | pmid = 26232236 | pmc = 4747916 | doi = 10.1152/ajpheart.00527.2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gorenoi|first1=Vitali|last2=Brehm|first2=Michael U.|last3=Koch|first3=Armin|last4=Hagen|first4=Anja|date=2017|title=Growth factors for angiogenesis in peripheral arterial disease|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2017|issue=6 |article-number=CD011741|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD011741.pub2|issn=1469-493X|pmid=28594443|pmc=6481523}}</ref> such as:


* [[skin wound healing and regeneration of other tissues such as bone]] (PDGF-BB)
* [[skin wound healing and regeneration of other tissues such as bone]] (PDGF-BB)

Latest revision as of 20:27, 29 September 2025

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "redirect hatnote". Template:More citations needed Template:Use dmy dates

A growth factor is a naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating cell proliferation, wound healing, and occasionally cellular differentiation.[1] Usually it is a secreted protein or a steroid hormone.

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Comparison to cytokines

Growth factor is sometimes used interchangeably among scientists with the term cytokine.[2] Historically, cytokines were associated with hematopoietic (blood and lymph forming) cells and immune system cells (e.g., lymphocytes and tissue cells from spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes). For the circulatory system and bone marrow in which cells can occur in a liquid suspension and not bound up in solid tissue, it makes sense for them to communicate by soluble, circulating protein molecules. However, as different lines of research converged, it became clear that some of the same signaling proteins which the hematopoietic and immune systems use were also being used by all sorts of other cells and tissues, during development and in the mature organism.

While growth factor implies a positive effect on cell proliferation, cytokine is a neutral term with respect to whether a molecule affects proliferation. While some cytokines can be growth factors, such as G-CSF and GM-CSF, others have an inhibitory effect on cell growth or cell proliferation. Some cytokines, such as Fas ligand, are used as "death" signals; they cause target cells to undergo programmed cell death or apoptosis.

List of classes

Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Template:No references Individual growth factor proteins tend to occur as members of larger families of structurally and evolutionarily related proteins. There are many families, some of which are listed below:

In platelets

The alpha granules in blood platelets contain growth factors PDGF, IGF-1, EGF, and TGF-β which begin healing of wounds by attracting and activating macrophages, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells.

Uses in medicine

For the last two decades, growth factors have been increasingly used in the treatment of hematologic and oncologic diseases[3][4] and cardiovascular diseases[5][6] such as:

See also

References

Template:Reflist

External links

Template:Signaling proteins Template:Cytokines Template:Wound healing Template:Growth factor receptor modulators

Template:Authority control

  1. ↑ Template:DorlandsDict
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  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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