Altair: Difference between revisions

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{{Starbox observe
  | epoch = [[J2000.0]]97
  | epoch = J2000
| equinox = [[J2000.0]] ([[International Celestial Reference System|ICRS]])
  | constell = [[Aquila (constellation)|Aquila]]
  | constell = [[Aquila (constellation)|Aquila]]
  | pronounce = {{IPAc-en|'|æ|l|t|ɛər|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Altair.wav}}, {{IPAc-en|'|æ|l|t|aɪər|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Altair (alt).wav}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/altair|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512142137/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/Altair|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 12, 2014|title=Altair: definition of Altair in Oxford dictionary (American English)}}</ref><ref name=Kunitzsch>{{cite book |last1=Kunitzsch |first1=Paul |last2=Smart |first2=Tim |date = 2006 |edition = 2nd rev. |title = A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations |publisher = Sky Pub |location = Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn = 978-1-931559-44-7
  | pronounce = {{IPAc-en|'|æ|l|t|ɛər|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Altair.wav}}, {{IPAc-en|'|æ|l|t|aɪər|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Altair (alt).wav}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/altair|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512142137/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/Altair|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 12, 2014|title=Altair: definition of Altair in Oxford dictionary (American English)}}</ref><ref name=Kunitzsch>{{cite book |last1=Kunitzsch |first1=Paul |last2=Smart |first2=Tim |date = 2006 |edition = 2nd rev. |title = A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations |publisher = Sky Pub |location = Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn = 978-1-931559-44-7
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'''Altair''' is the brightest [[star]] in the [[constellation]] of [[Aquila (constellation)|Aquila]] and the [[list of brightest stars|twelfth-brightest star]] in the [[night sky]]. It has the [[Bayer designation]] Alpha&nbsp;Aquilae, which is [[Latinisation of names|Latinised]] from '''α&nbsp;Aquilae''' and abbreviated '''Alpha&nbsp;Aql''' or '''α&nbsp;Aql'''. Altair is an [[A-type main-sequence star|A-type]] [[main-sequence star]] with an [[apparent visual magnitude]] of 0.77 and is one of the vertices of the [[Summer Triangle]] [[Asterism (astronomy)|asterism]]; the other two vertices are marked by [[Deneb]] and [[Vega]].<ref name=sb0/><ref name=darlingaltair/><ref name="darlingsummer">{{Cite web |last=Darling |first=David |title=Summer Triangle |url=https://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/S/Summer_Triangle.html |access-date=2008-11-26 |website=www.daviddarling.info}}</ref> It is located at a distance of {{convert|16.7|ly|pc|abbr=off|lk=on}} from the [[Sun]].<ref name="schaaf2008">{{Cite book |last=Hoboken |first=Fred Schaaf |title=The brightest stars : discovering the universe through the sky's most brilliant stars |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc. |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-471-70410-2 |location=New Jersey |pages= |oclc=440257051}}</ref>{{Citation page|page=194}} Altair is currently in the [[G-cloud]]—a nearby [[interstellar cloud]] formed from an accumulation of gas and dust.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://interstellar.jpl.nasa.gov/interstellar/probe/introduction/neighborhood.html|title=Our Local Galactic Neighborhood|publisher=[[NASA]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121061128/http://interstellar.jpl.nasa.gov/interstellar/probe/introduction/neighborhood.html|archive-date=2013-11-21|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.centauri-dreams.org/?p=14203|title=Into the Interstellar Void|last=Gilster|first=Paul|date=2010-09-01|work=Centauri Dreams|access-date=2017-03-26|language=en-US}}</ref>  
'''Altair''' is the brightest [[star]] in the equatorial [[constellation]] of [[Aquila (constellation)|Aquila]] and the [[list of brightest stars|twelfth-brightest star]] in the [[night sky]]. It has the [[Bayer designation]] Alpha&nbsp;Aquilae, which is [[Latinisation of names|Latinised]] from '''α&nbsp;Aquilae''' and abbreviated '''Alpha&nbsp;Aql''' or '''α&nbsp;Aql'''. Altair is an [[A-type main-sequence star|A-type]] [[main-sequence star]] with an [[apparent visual magnitude]] of 0.77 and is one of the vertices of the [[Summer Triangle]] [[Asterism (astronomy)|asterism]]; the other two vertices are marked by [[Deneb]] and [[Vega]].<ref name=sb0/><ref name=darlingaltair/><ref name="darlingsummer">{{Cite web |last=Darling |first=David |title=Summer Triangle |url=https://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/S/Summer_Triangle.html |access-date=2008-11-26 |website=www.daviddarling.info}}</ref> It is located at a distance of {{convert|16.7|ly|pc|abbr=off|lk=on}} from the [[Sun]].<ref name="schaaf2008">{{Cite book |last=Hoboken |first=Fred Schaaf |title=The brightest stars : discovering the universe through the sky's most brilliant stars |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc. |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-471-70410-2 |location=New Jersey |pages= |oclc=440257051}}</ref>{{Citation page|page=194}} Altair is currently in the [[G-cloud]]—a nearby [[interstellar cloud]] formed from an accumulation of gas and dust.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://interstellar.jpl.nasa.gov/interstellar/probe/introduction/neighborhood.html|title=Our Local Galactic Neighborhood|publisher=[[NASA]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121061128/http://interstellar.jpl.nasa.gov/interstellar/probe/introduction/neighborhood.html|archive-date=2013-11-21|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.centauri-dreams.org/?p=14203|title=Into the Interstellar Void|last=Gilster|first=Paul|date=2010-09-01|work=Centauri Dreams|access-date=2017-03-26|language=en-US}}</ref>


Altair rotates rapidly, with a velocity at the [[equator]] of approximately 286&nbsp;km/s.<ref group=nb>From values of ''v'' sin ''i'' and ''i'' in the second column of Table 1, Monnier et al. 2007.</ref><ref name=monnier07/> This is a significant fraction of the star's estimated breakup speed of 400&nbsp;km/s.<ref name=robrade2009/> A study with the [[Palomar Testbed Interferometer]] revealed that Altair is not spherical, but is flattened at the poles due to its high rate of rotation.<ref name="pti2001">{{Cite journal|last1=Belle|first1=Gerard T. van|last2=Ciardi|first2=David R.|last3=Thompson|first3=Robert R.|last4=Akeson|first4=Rachel L.|last5=Lada|first5=Elizabeth A.|year=2001|title=Altair's Oblateness and Rotation Velocity from Long-Baseline Interferometry|url=http://stacks.iop.org/0004-637X/559/i=2/a=1155|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|language=en|volume=559|issue=2|pages=1155–1164|bibcode=2001ApJ...559.1155V|doi=10.1086/322340|s2cid=13969695 |issn=0004-637X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Other [[interferometric]] studies with multiple telescopes, operating in the [[infrared]], have imaged and confirmed this phenomenon.<ref name="monnier07">{{Cite journal|last2=Zhao|first2=M|last3=Pedretti|first3=E|last4=Thureau|first4=N|last5=Ireland|first5=M|last6=Muirhead|first6=P|last7=Berger|first7=J. P.|last8=Millan-Gabet|first8=R|last9=Van Belle|first9=G|year=2007|title=Imaging the surface of Altair|journal=Science|volume=317|issue=5836|pages=342–345|bibcode=2007Sci...317..342M|doi=10.1126/science.1143205|pmid=17540860|last1=Monnier|first1=J. D.|last10=Ten Brummelaar|first10=T|last11=McAlister|first11=H|last12=Ridgway|first12=S|last13=Turner|first13=N|last14=Sturmann|first14=L|last15=Sturmann|first15=J|last16=Berger|first16=D|arxiv = 0706.0867 |s2cid=4615273}}  See second column of Table 1 for stellar parameters.</ref>
Altair rotates rapidly, with a velocity at the [[equator]] of approximately 286&nbsp;km/s.<ref group=nb>From values of ''v'' sin ''i'' and ''i'' in the second column of Table 1, Monnier et al. 2007.</ref><ref name=monnier07/> This is a significant fraction of the star's estimated breakup speed of 400&nbsp;km/s.<ref name=robrade2009/> A study with the [[Palomar Testbed Interferometer]] revealed that Altair is not spherical, but is flattened at the poles due to its high rate of rotation.<ref name="pti2001">{{Cite journal|last1=Belle|first1=Gerard T. van|last2=Ciardi|first2=David R.|last3=Thompson|first3=Robert R.|last4=Akeson|first4=Rachel L.|last5=Lada|first5=Elizabeth A.|year=2001|title=Altair's Oblateness and Rotation Velocity from Long-Baseline Interferometry|url=http://stacks.iop.org/0004-637X/559/i=2/a=1155|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|language=en|volume=559|issue=2|pages=1155–1164|bibcode=2001ApJ...559.1155V|doi=10.1086/322340|s2cid=13969695 |issn=0004-637X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Other [[interferometric]] studies with multiple telescopes, operating in the [[infrared]], have imaged and confirmed this phenomenon.<ref name="monnier07">{{Cite journal|last2=Zhao|first2=M|last3=Pedretti|first3=E|last4=Thureau|first4=N|last5=Ireland|first5=M|last6=Muirhead|first6=P|last7=Berger|first7=J. P.|last8=Millan-Gabet|first8=R|last9=Van Belle|first9=G|year=2007|title=Imaging the surface of Altair|journal=Science|volume=317|issue=5836|pages=342–345|bibcode=2007Sci...317..342M|doi=10.1126/science.1143205|pmid=17540860|last1=Monnier|first1=J. D.|last10=Ten Brummelaar|first10=T|last11=McAlister|first11=H|last12=Ridgway|first12=S|last13=Turner|first13=N|last14=Sturmann|first14=L|last15=Sturmann|first15=J|last16=Berger|first16=D|arxiv = 0706.0867 |s2cid=4615273}}  See second column of Table 1 for stellar parameters.</ref>
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==Nomenclature==
==Nomenclature==
[[File:AquilaCC.jpg|thumb|left|Altair is the brightest star in the constellation Aquila.]]
[[File:AquilaCC.jpg|thumb|left|Altair is the brightest star in the constellation Aquila.]]
''α Aquilae'' ([[Latinisation of names|Latinised]] to ''Alpha Aquilae'') is the star's [[Bayer designation]]. The traditional name ''Altair'' has been used since medieval times. It is an abbreviation of the [[Arabic]] phrase {{lang|ar|النسر الطائر}} ''Al-Nisr Al-Ṭa'ir'', "{{lang|en|the flying eagle}}".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/altair|title=the definition of altair|website=www.dictionary.com|language=en|access-date=2018-09-30}}</ref>
''α Aquilae'' ([[Latinisation of names|Latinised]] to ''Alpha Aquilae'') is the star's [[Bayer designation]]. The traditional name ''Altair'' has been used since medieval times. It is an abbreviation of the [[Arabic]] phrase {{lang|ar|النسر الطائر}} ''Al-Nasr Al-Ṭa'ir'', "{{lang|en|the flying eagle}}".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/altair|title=the definition of altair|website=www.dictionary.com|language=en|access-date=2018-09-30}}</ref>


In 2016, the [[International Astronomical Union]] organized a [[Working Group on Star Names]] (WGSN)<ref name="WGSN">{{cite web | url=https://www.iau.org/science/scientific_bodies/working_groups/280/ | title=IAU Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)|access-date=22 May 2016}}</ref> to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016<ref name="WGSN1">{{cite web | url=http://www.pas.rochester.edu/~emamajek/WGSN/WGSN_bulletin1.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.pas.rochester.edu/~emamajek/WGSN/WGSN_bulletin1.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live | title=Bulletin of the IAU Working Group on Star Names, No. 1 |access-date=28 July 2016}}</ref> included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN, which included ''Altair'' for this star. It is now so entered in the IAU Catalog of Star Names.<ref name="IAU-CSN">{{cite web | url=https://www.pas.rochester.edu/~emamajek/WGSN/IAU-CSN.txt | title=IAU Catalog of Star Names |access-date=28 July 2016}}</ref>
In 2016, the [[International Astronomical Union]] organized a [[Working Group on Star Names]] (WGSN)<ref name="WGSN">{{cite web | url=https://www.iau.org/science/scientific_bodies/working_groups/280/ | title=IAU Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)|access-date=22 May 2016}}</ref> to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016<ref name="WGSN1">{{cite web | url=http://www.pas.rochester.edu/~emamajek/WGSN/WGSN_bulletin1.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.pas.rochester.edu/~emamajek/WGSN/WGSN_bulletin1.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live | title=Bulletin of the IAU Working Group on Star Names, No. 1 |access-date=28 July 2016}}</ref> included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN, which included ''Altair'' for this star. It is now so entered in the IAU Catalog of Star Names.<ref name="IAU-CSN">{{cite web | url=https://www.pas.rochester.edu/~emamajek/WGSN/IAU-CSN.txt | title=IAU Catalog of Star Names |access-date=28 July 2016}}</ref>
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[[File:Altair-Sun comparison.png|thumb|left|Altair in comparison with the Sun]]
[[File:Altair-Sun comparison.png|thumb|left|Altair in comparison with the Sun]]


Along with [[β Aquilae]] and [[γ Aquilae]], Altair forms the well-known line of stars sometimes referred to as the ''Family of Aquila'' or ''Shaft of Aquila''.<ref name="schaaf2008" />{{Citation page|page=190}}  
Along with [[β Aquilae]] and [[γ Aquilae]], Altair forms the well-known line of stars sometimes referred to as the ''Family of Aquila'' or ''Shaft of Aquila''.<ref name="schaaf2008" />{{Citation page|page=190}}


Altair is a [[Type-A star|type-A]] [[main-sequence star]] with about 1.8 times the [[mass of the Sun]] and 11 times [[Solar luminosity|its luminosity]].<ref name=monnier07/><ref name=peterson06/> It is thought to be a young star close to the [[zero age main sequence]] at about 100 million years old, although previous estimates gave an age closer to one billion years old.<ref name=bouchaud2020/>  Altair rotates rapidly, with a rotational period of under eight hours;<ref name=bouchaud2020/> for comparison, the equator of the [[Sun]] makes a complete rotation in a little more than 25 days. Altair's rotation is similar to, and slightly faster than, those of [[Jupiter]] and [[Saturn]]. Like those two planets, its rapid rotation causes the star to be [[oblate spheroid|oblate]]; its equatorial diameter is over 20 percent greater than its polar diameter.<ref name=monnier07/>
Altair is a [[Type-A star|type-A]] [[main-sequence star]] with about 1.8 times the [[mass of the Sun]] and 11 times [[Solar luminosity|its luminosity]].<ref name=monnier07/><ref name=peterson06/> It is thought to be a young star close to the [[zero age main sequence]] at about 100 million years old, although previous estimates gave an age closer to one billion years old.<ref name=bouchaud2020/>  Altair rotates rapidly, with a rotational period of under eight hours;<ref name=bouchaud2020/> for comparison, the equator of the [[Sun]] makes a complete rotation in a little more than 25 days. Altair's rotation is similar to, and slightly faster than, those of [[Jupiter]] and [[Saturn]]. Like those two planets, its rapid rotation causes the star to be [[oblate spheroid|oblate]]; its equatorial diameter is over 20 percent greater than its polar diameter.<ref name=monnier07/>
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Satellite measurements made in 1999 with the [[Wide Field Infrared Explorer]] showed that the brightness of Altair fluctuates slightly, varying by just a few thousandths of a magnitude with several different periods less than 2 hours.<ref name="Buzasi et al 2005"/> As a result, it was identified in 2005 as a [[Delta Scuti variable]] star. Its [[light curve]] can be approximated by adding together a number of [[sine wave]]s, with periods that range between 0.8 and 1.5 hours.<ref name="Buzasi et al 2005">{{Cite journal |last1=Buzasi |first1=D. L. |last2=Bruntt |first2=H. |last3=Bedding |first3=T. R. |last4=Retter |first4=A. |last5=Kjeldsen |first5=H. |last6=Preston |first6=H. L. |last7=Mandeville |first7=W. J. |last8=Suarez |first8=J. C. |last9=Catanzarite |first9=J. |date=February 2005 |title=Altair: The Brightest δ Scuti Star |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |language=en |volume=619 |issue=2 |pages=1072–1076 |arxiv=astro-ph/0405127 |bibcode=2005ApJ...619.1072B |doi=10.1086/426704 |s2cid=16524681 |issn=0004-637X}}</ref> It is a weak source of [[stellar corona|coronal]] [[X-ray astronomy|X-ray]] emission, with the most active sources of emission being located near the star's equator. This activity may be due to [[Convection zone|convection]] cells forming at the cooler equator.<ref name=robrade2009/>
Satellite measurements made in 1999 with the [[Wide Field Infrared Explorer]] showed that the brightness of Altair fluctuates slightly, varying by just a few thousandths of a magnitude with several different periods less than 2 hours.<ref name="Buzasi et al 2005"/> As a result, it was identified in 2005 as a [[Delta Scuti variable]] star. Its [[light curve]] can be approximated by adding together a number of [[sine wave]]s, with periods that range between 0.8 and 1.5 hours.<ref name="Buzasi et al 2005">{{Cite journal |last1=Buzasi |first1=D. L. |last2=Bruntt |first2=H. |last3=Bedding |first3=T. R. |last4=Retter |first4=A. |last5=Kjeldsen |first5=H. |last6=Preston |first6=H. L. |last7=Mandeville |first7=W. J. |last8=Suarez |first8=J. C. |last9=Catanzarite |first9=J. |date=February 2005 |title=Altair: The Brightest δ Scuti Star |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |language=en |volume=619 |issue=2 |pages=1072–1076 |arxiv=astro-ph/0405127 |bibcode=2005ApJ...619.1072B |doi=10.1086/426704 |s2cid=16524681 |issn=0004-637X}}</ref> It is a weak source of [[stellar corona|coronal]] [[X-ray astronomy|X-ray]] emission, with the most active sources of emission being located near the star's equator. This activity may be due to [[Convection zone|convection]] cells forming at the cooler equator.<ref name=robrade2009/>
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===Rotational effects===
===Rotational effects===
[[Image:Altair_PR_image6_(white).jpg|thumb|left|Direct image of Altair, taken with the [[CHARA array]]]]
[[Image:Altair_PR_image6_(white).jpg|thumb|left|Direct image of Altair, taken with the [[CHARA array]]]]
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Theory predicts that, owing to Altair's rapid rotation, its [[surface gravity]] and [[effective temperature]] should be lower at the equator, making the equator less luminous than the poles. This phenomenon, known as [[gravity darkening]] or the [[von Zeipel effect]], was confirmed for Altair by measurements made by the [[Navy Precision Optical Interferometer]] in 2001, and analyzed by Ohishi et al. (2004) and Peterson et al. (2006).<ref name=peterson06/><ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1086/422422| title = Asymmetric Surface Brightness Distribution of Altair Observed with the Navy Prototype Optical Interferometer| year = 2004| last1 = Ohishi| first1 = Naoko| last2 = Nordgren| first2 = Tyler E.| last3 = Hutter| first3 = Donald J.| journal = The Astrophysical Journal| volume = 612| issue = 1| pages = 463–471| arxiv = astro-ph/0405301| bibcode = 2004ApJ...612..463O| s2cid = 15857535}}</ref> Also, A. Domiciano de Souza et al. (2005) verified gravity darkening using the measurements made by the Palomar and Navy interferometers, together with new measurements made by the VINCI instrument at the [[VLTI]].<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1051/0004-6361:20042476| title = Gravitational-darkening of Altair from interferometry| year = 2005| last1 = Domiciano de Souza| first1 = A. | last2 = Kervella| first2 = P.| last3 = Jankov| first3 = S.| last4 = Vakili| first4 = F.| last5 = Ohishi| first5 = N.| last6 = Nordgren| first6 = T. E.| last7 = Abe| first7 = L.| journal = Astronomy & Astrophysics| volume = 442| issue = 2| pages = 567–578| bibcode = 2005A&A...442..567D| doi-access = free}}</ref>
Theory predicts that, owing to Altair's rapid rotation, its [[surface gravity]] and [[effective temperature]] should be lower at the equator, making the equator less luminous than the poles. This phenomenon, known as [[gravity darkening]] or the [[von Zeipel effect]], was confirmed for Altair by measurements made by the [[Navy Precision Optical Interferometer]] in 2001, and analyzed by Ohishi et al. (2004) and Peterson et al. (2006).<ref name=peterson06/><ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1086/422422| title = Asymmetric Surface Brightness Distribution of Altair Observed with the Navy Prototype Optical Interferometer| year = 2004| last1 = Ohishi| first1 = Naoko| last2 = Nordgren| first2 = Tyler E.| last3 = Hutter| first3 = Donald J.| journal = The Astrophysical Journal| volume = 612| issue = 1| pages = 463–471| arxiv = astro-ph/0405301| bibcode = 2004ApJ...612..463O| s2cid = 15857535}}</ref> Also, A. Domiciano de Souza et al. (2005) verified gravity darkening using the measurements made by the Palomar and Navy interferometers, together with new measurements made by the VINCI instrument at the [[VLTI]].<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1051/0004-6361:20042476| title = Gravitational-darkening of Altair from interferometry| year = 2005| last1 = Domiciano de Souza| first1 = A. | last2 = Kervella| first2 = P.| last3 = Jankov| first3 = S.| last4 = Vakili| first4 = F.| last5 = Ohishi| first5 = N.| last6 = Nordgren| first6 = T. E.| last7 = Abe| first7 = L.| journal = Astronomy & Astrophysics| volume = 442| issue = 2| pages = 567–578| bibcode = 2005A&A...442..567D| doi-access = free}}</ref>


Altair is one of the few [[List of stars with resolved images|stars for which a resolved image]] has been obtained.<ref name=nsf>{{cite press release |url=https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=109612 |title=Gazing up at the Man in the Star? |publisher=[[National Science Foundation]] |date=May 31, 2007 |access-date=2022-08-03 }}</ref> In 2006 and 2007, J. D. Monnier and his coworkers produced an image of Altair's surface from 2006 infrared observations made with the [[Michigan Infrared Combiner|MIRC]] instrument on the [[CHARA array]] interferometer; this was the first time the surface of any [[main-sequence star]], apart from the Sun, had been imaged.<ref name=nsf/> The false-color image was published in 2007. The equatorial radius of the star was estimated to be 2.03 [[solar radii]], and the polar radius 1.63 solar radii—a 25% increase of the stellar radius from pole to equator.<ref name=monnier07/> The polar axis is inclined by about 60° to the line of sight from the Earth.<ref name=robrade2009/>
Altair is one of the few [[List of stars with resolved images|stars for which a resolved image]] has been obtained.<ref name=nsf>{{cite press release |url=https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=109612 |title=Gazing up at the Man in the Star? |publisher=[[National Science Foundation]] |date=May 31, 2007 |access-date=2022-08-03 }}</ref> In 2006 and 2007, J. D. Monnier and his coworkers produced an image of Altair's surface from 2006 infrared observations made with the [[Michigan Infrared Combiner|MIRC]] instrument on the [[CHARA array]] interferometer; this was the first time the surface of any [[main-sequence star]], apart from the Sun, had been imaged.<ref name=nsf/> The false-color image was published in 2007. The equatorial radius of the star was estimated to be 2.03 [[solar radii]], and the polar radius 1.63 solar radii—a 25% increase of the stellar radius from pole to equator, versus 19% for [[Vega]], 11% for [[Saturn]], and 9% for [[Jupiter]].<ref name=monnier07/> The polar axis is inclined by about 60° to the line of sight from the Earth.<ref name=robrade2009/>
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This star is one of the asterisms used by [[Bugis]] sailors for navigation, called ''bintoéng timoro'', meaning "eastern star".<ref name="kelley11">{{cite book|author1=Kelley, David H. |author2=Milone, Eugene F. |author3=Aveni, A.F. |title=Exploring Ancient Skies: A Survey of Ancient and Cultural Astronomy|publisher=Springer|location=New York, New York|year=2011|page=344|isbn=978-1-4419-7623-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ILBuYcGASxcC&pg=PA307}}</ref>
This star is one of the asterisms used by [[Bugis]] sailors for navigation, called ''bintoéng timoro'', meaning "eastern star".<ref name="kelley11">{{cite book|author1=Kelley, David H. |author2=Milone, Eugene F. |author3=Aveni, A.F. |title=Exploring Ancient Skies: A Survey of Ancient and Cultural Astronomy|publisher=Springer|location=New York, New York|year=2011|page=344|isbn=978-1-4419-7623-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ILBuYcGASxcC&pg=PA307}}</ref>


A group of [[Japan]]ese scientists sent a radio signal to Altair in 1983 with the hopes of contacting extraterrestrial life.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14985246 |title='Anybody there?' Astronomers waiting for a reply from Altair |date=August 20, 2023 |website= |access-date=2023-08-25 }}</ref>
A group of [[Japan]]ese scientists [[Message to Altair|sent a radio signal to Altair]] in 1983 with the hopes of contacting extraterrestrial life.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14985246 |title='Anybody there?' Astronomers waiting for a reply from Altair |date=August 20, 2023 |website= |access-date=2023-08-25 }}</ref>


NASA announced ''Altair'' as the name of the [[Lunar Surface Access Module]] (LSAM) on December 13, 2007.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-121307a.html |title=NASA names next-gen lunar lander Altair |date=December 13, 2007 |website=.collectSPACE |access-date=2022-08-03 }}</ref> The Russian-made [[Beriev Be-200]] Altair seaplane is also named after the star.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.beriev.com/eng/Pr_rel_e/pr_58e.html |title=Results of the competition for the best personal names for the Be-103 and the Be-200 amphibious aircraft |publisher=[[Beriev Aircraft Company]] |date=February 12, 2003 |access-date=2022-08-03 |archive-date=2021-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105063444/http://www.beriev.com/eng/Pr_rel_e/pr_58e.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
NASA announced ''Altair'' as the name of the [[Lunar Surface Access Module]] (LSAM) on December 13, 2007.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-121307a.html |title=NASA names next-gen lunar lander Altair |date=December 13, 2007 |website=.collectSPACE |access-date=2022-08-03 }}</ref> The Russian-made [[Beriev Be-200]] Altair seaplane is also named after the star.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.beriev.com/eng/Pr_rel_e/pr_58e.html |title=Results of the competition for the best personal names for the Be-103 and the Be-200 amphibious aircraft |publisher=[[Beriev Aircraft Company]] |date=February 12, 2003 |access-date=2022-08-03 |archive-date=2021-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105063444/http://www.beriev.com/eng/Pr_rel_e/pr_58e.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{clear left}}
{{clear left}}
==Visual companions==
==Visual companions==
The bright primary [[star]] has the [[multiple star]] designation [[Washington Double Star Catalog|WDS]]&nbsp;19508+0852A and has several faint visual companion stars, WDS&nbsp;19508+0852B, C, D, E, F and G.<ref name="wds" /> All are much more distant than Altair and not physically associated.<ref>{{cite DR2}}</ref>
The bright primary [[star]] has the [[multiple star]] designation [[Washington Double Star Catalog|WDS]]&nbsp;19508+0852A and has several faint visual companion stars, WDS&nbsp;19508+0852B, C, D, E, F and G.<ref name="wds" /> All are much more distant than Altair and not physically associated.<ref>{{cite DR2}}</ref>
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==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category|Altair}}
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090414054427/http://origins.jpl.nasa.gov/library/story/072501-a.html Star with Midriff Bulge Eyed by Astronomers], JPL press release, July 25, 2001.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090414054427/http://origins.jpl.nasa.gov/library/story/072501-a.html Star with Midriff Bulge Eyed by Astronomers], JPL press release, July 25, 2001.
* [https://sl.voxastro.org/library/UVES-POP/details/?star=Altair Spectrum of Altair]
* [https://sl.voxastro.org/library/UVES-POP/details/?star=Altair Spectrum of Altair]
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{{Portal bar|Astronomy|Stars|Outer space}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
<!-- Properties -->
{{DEFAULTSORT:Altair}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Altair}}
<!-- Properties -->
[[Category:Altair| ]]
[[Category:Altair| ]]
[[Category:A-type main-sequence stars]]
[[Category:A-type main-sequence stars]]
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[[Category:TIC objects]]
[[Category:TIC objects]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects known since antiquity]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects known since antiquity]]
[[Category:Lucidae]]

Latest revision as of 23:10, 4 November 2025

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "about". Template:Good article

Altair
Template:Location mark
Location of Altair (circled)
Observation data
Epoch J2000      Equinox J2000
Constellation Aquila
Pronunciation Template:IPAc-en, Template:IPAc-en[1][2]
Right ascension Template:RA[3]
Declination Template:DEC[3]
Apparent magnitude (V) 0.76[4]
Characteristics
Evolutionary stage Main sequence
Spectral type A7Vn[5]
U−B Template:Engvar +0.09[4]
B−V Template:Engvar +0.22[4]
V−R Template:Engvar +0.14[4]
R−I Template:Engvar +0.13[4]
Variable type Delta Scuti[6]
Astrometry
Radial velocity (Rv)Template:Val[7] km/s
Proper motion (μ) RA: +536.23[3] mas/yr
Dec.: +385.29[3] mas/yr
Parallax (π)194.95±0.57 mas[3]
DistanceTemplate:Rnd ± Template:Rnd ly
(Template:Rnd ± Template:Rnd pc)
Absolute magnitude (MV)2.22[6]
Details
MassTemplate:Val[8] Template:Solar mass
Radius2.007 (equatorial)
1.565 (polar)[8] Template:Solar radius
Luminosity10.6[9] Template:Solar luminosity
Surface gravity (log g)4.29[10] cgs
Temperature6,780 (equatorial)
8,620 (polar)[8] K
Metallicity [Fe/H]−0.2[11] dex
Rotation7.77 hours[9]
Rotational velocity (v sin i)242[8] km/s
AgeTemplate:Val[12] Myr
Metallicity [Fe/H]{{{metal_fe2}}} dex
Other designations
Template:Odlist[7][13][14]
Database references
SIMBADdata

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Altair is the brightest star in the equatorial constellation of Aquila and the twelfth-brightest star in the night sky. It has the Bayer designation Alpha Aquilae, which is Latinised from α Aquilae and abbreviated Alpha Aql or α Aql. Altair is an A-type main-sequence star with an apparent visual magnitude of 0.77 and is one of the vertices of the Summer Triangle asterism; the other two vertices are marked by Deneb and Vega.[7][15][16] It is located at a distance of Template:Convert from the Sun.[17]Template:Citation page Altair is currently in the G-cloud—a nearby interstellar cloud formed from an accumulation of gas and dust.[18][19]

Altair rotates rapidly, with a velocity at the equator of approximately 286 km/s.[nb 1][11] This is a significant fraction of the star's estimated breakup speed of 400 km/s.[20] A study with the Palomar Testbed Interferometer revealed that Altair is not spherical, but is flattened at the poles due to its high rate of rotation.[21] Other interferometric studies with multiple telescopes, operating in the infrared, have imaged and confirmed this phenomenon.[11]

Nomenclature

File:AquilaCC.jpg
Altair is the brightest star in the constellation Aquila.

α Aquilae (Latinised to Alpha Aquilae) is the star's Bayer designation. The traditional name Altair has been used since medieval times. It is an abbreviation of the Arabic phrase Script error: No such module "Lang". Al-Nasr Al-Ṭa'ir, "Script error: No such module "Lang".".[22]

In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)[23] to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016[24] included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN, which included Altair for this star. It is now so entered in the IAU Catalog of Star Names.[25]

Physical characteristics

File:Altair-Sun comparison.png
Altair in comparison with the Sun

Along with β Aquilae and γ Aquilae, Altair forms the well-known line of stars sometimes referred to as the Family of Aquila or Shaft of Aquila.[17]Template:Citation page

Altair is a type-A main-sequence star with about 1.8 times the mass of the Sun and 11 times its luminosity.[11][9] It is thought to be a young star close to the zero age main sequence at about 100 million years old, although previous estimates gave an age closer to one billion years old.[8] Altair rotates rapidly, with a rotational period of under eight hours;[8] for comparison, the equator of the Sun makes a complete rotation in a little more than 25 days. Altair's rotation is similar to, and slightly faster than, those of Jupiter and Saturn. Like those two planets, its rapid rotation causes the star to be oblate; its equatorial diameter is over 20 percent greater than its polar diameter.[11]

File:AlphaAqlLightCurve.png
A light curve for Altair, adapted from Buzasi et al. (2005)[6]

Satellite measurements made in 1999 with the Wide Field Infrared Explorer showed that the brightness of Altair fluctuates slightly, varying by just a few thousandths of a magnitude with several different periods less than 2 hours.[6] As a result, it was identified in 2005 as a Delta Scuti variable star. Its light curve can be approximated by adding together a number of sine waves, with periods that range between 0.8 and 1.5 hours.[6] It is a weak source of coronal X-ray emission, with the most active sources of emission being located near the star's equator. This activity may be due to convection cells forming at the cooler equator.[20]

Rotational effects

File:Altair PR image6 (white).jpg
Direct image of Altair, taken with the CHARA array

The angular diameter of Altair was measured interferometrically by R. Hanbury Brown and his co-workers at Narrabri Observatory in the 1960s. They found a diameter of 3Template:Nbspmilliarcseconds.[26] Although Hanbury Brown et al. realized that Altair would be rotationally flattened, they had insufficient data to experimentally observe its oblateness. Later, using infrared interferometric measurements made by the Palomar Testbed Interferometer in 1999 and 2000, Altair was found to be flattened. This work was published by G. T. van Belle, David R. Ciardi and their co-authors in 2001.[21]

Theory predicts that, owing to Altair's rapid rotation, its surface gravity and effective temperature should be lower at the equator, making the equator less luminous than the poles. This phenomenon, known as gravity darkening or the von Zeipel effect, was confirmed for Altair by measurements made by the Navy Precision Optical Interferometer in 2001, and analyzed by Ohishi et al. (2004) and Peterson et al. (2006).[9][27] Also, A. Domiciano de Souza et al. (2005) verified gravity darkening using the measurements made by the Palomar and Navy interferometers, together with new measurements made by the VINCI instrument at the VLTI.[28]

Altair is one of the few stars for which a resolved image has been obtained.[29] In 2006 and 2007, J. D. Monnier and his coworkers produced an image of Altair's surface from 2006 infrared observations made with the MIRC instrument on the CHARA array interferometer; this was the first time the surface of any main-sequence star, apart from the Sun, had been imaged.[29] The false-color image was published in 2007. The equatorial radius of the star was estimated to be 2.03 solar radii, and the polar radius 1.63 solar radii—a 25% increase of the stellar radius from pole to equator, versus 19% for Vega, 11% for Saturn, and 9% for Jupiter.[11] The polar axis is inclined by about 60° to the line of sight from the Earth.[20]

Etymology, mythology and culture

File:Altair.jpg
Altair

The term Al Nesr Al Tair appeared in Al Achsasi al Mouakket's catalogue, which was translated into Latin as Vultur Volans.[30] This name was applied by the Arabs to the asterism of Altair, β Aquilae and γ Aquilae and probably goes back to the ancient Babylonians and Sumerians, who called Altair "the eagle star".[2]Template:Citation page The spelling Atair has also been used.[31] Medieval astrolabes of England and Western Europe depicted Altair and Vega as birds.[32]

The Koori people of Victoria also knew Altair as Bunjil, the wedge-tailed eagle, and β and γ Aquilae are his two wives the black swans. The people of the Murray River knew the star as Totyerguil.[33]Template:Citation page The Murray River was formed when Totyerguil the hunter speared Otjout, a giant Murray cod, who, when wounded, churned a channel across southern Australia before entering the sky as the constellation Delphinus.[33]Template:Citation page

In Chinese astronomy, the asterism consisting of Altair, β Aquilae and γ Aquilae is known as Hé Gǔ (Script error: No such module "Lang".; lit. "river drum").[31] The Chinese name for Altair is thus Hé Gǔ èr (Script error: No such module "Lang".; lit. "river drum two", meaning the "second star of the drum at the river").[34] However, Altair is better known by its other names: Qiān Niú Xīng (Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "Lang".) or Niú Láng Xīng (Script error: No such module "Lang".), translated as the cowherd star.[35][36] These names are an allusion to a love story, The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl, in which Niulang (represented by Altair) and his two children (represented by β Aquilae and γ Aquilae) are separated from respectively their wife and mother Zhinü (represented by Vega) by the Milky Way. They are only permitted to meet once a year, when magpies form a bridge to allow them to cross the Milky Way.[36][37] In the Japanese version of this legend, celebrated in the Tanabata festival, Altair is known as Hikoboshi (彦星).[38]

The people of Micronesia called Altair Mai-lapa, meaning "big/old breadfruit", while the Māori people called this star Poutu-te-rangi, meaning "pillar of heaven".[39]

In Western astrology, the star was ill-omened, portending danger from reptiles.[31]

This star is one of the asterisms used by Bugis sailors for navigation, called bintoéng timoro, meaning "eastern star".[40]

A group of Japanese scientists sent a radio signal to Altair in 1983 with the hopes of contacting extraterrestrial life.[41]

NASA announced Altair as the name of the Lunar Surface Access Module (LSAM) on December 13, 2007.[42] The Russian-made Beriev Be-200 Altair seaplane is also named after the star.[43]

Visual companions

The bright primary star has the multiple star designation WDS 19508+0852A and has several faint visual companion stars, WDS 19508+0852B, C, D, E, F and G.[14] All are much more distant than Altair and not physically associated.[44]

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See also

Notes

Template:Reflist

References

Template:Reflist

External links

Template:Sister project

Template:Sky Template:Nearest systems Template:Stars of Aquila Template:Portal bar Template:Authority control

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ a b c d e Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named aaa474_2_653
  4. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named gray_et_al_2003
  6. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ a b c Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named sb0
  8. ↑ a b c d e f Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named bouchaud2020
  9. ↑ a b c d Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named peterson06
  10. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named aass85_3_1015
  11. ↑ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1". See second column of Table 1 for stellar parameters.
  12. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Rieutord2024
  13. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named bsc1
  14. ↑ a b Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named wds
  15. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named darlingaltair
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ a b c Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named robrade2009
  21. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ a b Aboriginal mythology: an A-Z spanning the history of aboriginal mythology from the earliest legends to the present day, Mudrooroo, London: HarperCollins, 1994, Template:ISBN.
  34. ↑ Template:In lang 香港太空館 - 研究資源 - 亮星中英對照表 Template:Webarchive, Hong Kong Space Museum. Accessed on line November 26, 2008.
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ a b p. 72, China, Japan, Korea Culture and Customs: Culture and Customs, Ju Brown and John Brown, 2006, Template:ISBN.
  37. ↑ pp. 105–107, Magic Lotus Lantern and Other Tales from the Han Chinese, Haiwang Yuan and Michael Ann Williams, Libraries Unlimited, 2006, Template:ISBN.
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  44. ↑ Template:Cite DR2


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