Alpha Kappa Alpha: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|International historically African American collegiate sorority}} | {{Short description|International historically African American collegiate sorority}} | ||
{{Primary sources|date=September 2021}} | |||
{{use mdy dates|date=January 2025}} | {{use mdy dates|date=January 2025}} | ||
{{Infobox Sorority | {{Infobox Sorority | ||
| letters = {{lang|grc|ΑΚΑ}} | | letters = {{lang|grc|ΑΚΑ}} | ||
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{{African American topics sidebar}} | {{African American topics sidebar}} | ||
'''Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc.''' ('''{{lang|grc|ΑΚΑ}}''') is an [[List of African American fraternities|historically African-American]] [[Fraternities and sororities|sorority]]. The sorority was founded in 1908 at [[Howard University]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]. Alpha Kappa Alpha was incorporated in 1913. It is a member of the [[National Pan-Hellenic Council]] (NPHC), a group of historically Black fraternities and sororities often called the [[Divine Nine]]. | '''Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc.''' ('''{{lang|grc|ΑΚΑ}}''') is an [[List of African American fraternities|historically African-American]] [[Fraternities and sororities|sorority]]. The sorority was founded in 1908 at [[Howard University]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]. Alpha Kappa Alpha was incorporated in 1913. It is a member of the [[National Pan-Hellenic Council]] (NPHC), a group of historically Black fraternities and sororities often called the [[Divine Nine]]. | ||
In 2025, Alpha Kappa Alpha had more than 365,000 members in 1,085 chapters in the United States and eleven other countries. Women may join through undergraduate chapters at a college or university, or graduate chapters after acquiring an undergraduate or advanced college degree. | In 2025, Alpha Kappa Alpha had more than 365,000 members in 1,085 chapters in the United States and eleven other countries. Women may join through undergraduate chapters at a college or university, or graduate chapters after acquiring an undergraduate or advanced college degree. | ||
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In the spring of 1907, student [[Ethel Hedgemon Lyle]] led efforts to create a sorority at [[Howard University]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] Forming a sorority broke barriers for African-American women in areas where they had little power or authority due to a lack of opportunities for Black Americans in the early 20th century.<ref>Brown, Tamara L., Gregory Parks, Clarenda M. Phillips (2005), ''African American Fraternities and Sororities: The Legacy and the Vision''. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, p. 342.</ref> Faculty member [[Ethel T. Robinson]] encouraged Hedgemon by relating her observations of sorority life at the Women's College at [[Brown University]]. Hedgemon began recruiting interested classmates; the group used the summer of 1907 to research and explore options for their new organization.<ref name="McNealey19">McNealey, E., ''Pearls of Service'', p. 19.</ref> | In the spring of 1907, student [[Ethel Hedgemon Lyle]] led efforts to create a sorority at [[Howard University]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] Forming a sorority broke barriers for African-American women in areas where they had little power or authority due to a lack of opportunities for Black Americans in the early 20th century.<ref>Brown, Tamara L., Gregory Parks, Clarenda M. Phillips (2005), ''African American Fraternities and Sororities: The Legacy and the Vision''. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, p. 342.</ref> Faculty member [[Ethel T. Robinson]] encouraged Hedgemon by relating her observations of sorority life at the Women's College at [[Brown University]]. Hedgemon began recruiting interested classmates; the group used the summer of 1907 to research and explore options for their new organization.<ref name="McNealey19">McNealey, E., ''Pearls of Service'', p. 19.</ref> | ||
In November 1907, Hedgemon and Marie Woolfolk Taylor gave a presentation to the university's administration to secure approval for a sorority, which was granted immediately.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Brown|first=Anna|title=A Brief History of the Founding of Alpha Kappa Alpha.|year=1908|location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> Thus, Alpha Kappa Alpha became the first sorority member of the [[Divine Nine]] to be created at a historically black college or university.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Josephs|first=Ruth|title=The History of Alpha Kappa Alpha in the North Atlantic Region|year=1952}}</ref> [[Nellie Quander]] was selected as the sorority's first president. | In November 1907, Hedgemon and Marie Woolfolk Taylor gave a presentation to the university's administration to secure approval for a sorority, which was granted immediately.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Brown|first=Anna|title=A Brief History of the Founding of Alpha Kappa Alpha.|year=1908|location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> Thus, Alpha Kappa Alpha became the first sorority member of the [[Divine Nine]] to be created at a historically black college or university.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Josephs|first=Ruth|title=The History of Alpha Kappa Alpha in the North Atlantic Region|year=1952}}</ref> [[Nellie Quander]] was selected as the sorority's first president. | ||
On January 15, 1908, the nine founders held the first official meeting of Alpha Kappa Alpha in Miner Hall. On February 21, 1908, the seven sophomores were admitted to the sorority without initiation and were also given a status as founders.<ref>{{Cite book|last=McNealy|first=Earnestine|title=Pearls of Service|year=2006|pages=20}}</ref> In its first few months, Alpha Kappa Alpha created its rituals, held social events, and made presentations for the general public. On May 1, 1908, members planted ivy and a tree on the Howard campus; this practice was later adopted by the university and continued for decades.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parker |first=Marjorie |title=Alpha Kappa Alpha 1908 - 1958, Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated |year=1958 |pages=11}}</ref><ref>"HU Journal, Volume 9 Issue 29" (1912). Volume 09. 29. | On January 15, 1908, the nine founders held the first official meeting of Alpha Kappa Alpha in Miner Hall. On February 21, 1908, the seven sophomores were admitted to the sorority without initiation and were also given a status as founders.<ref>{{Cite book|last=McNealy|first=Earnestine|title=Pearls of Service|year=2006|pages=20}}</ref> In its first few months, Alpha Kappa Alpha created its rituals, held social events, and made presentations for the general public. On May 1, 1908, members planted ivy and a tree on the Howard campus; this practice was later adopted by the university and continued for decades.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parker |first=Marjorie |title=Alpha Kappa Alpha 1908 - 1958, Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated |year=1958 |pages=11}}</ref><ref>"HU Journal, Volume 9 Issue 29" (1912). Volume 09. 29. | ||
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===Incorporation: 1912–1913=== | ===Incorporation: 1912–1913=== | ||
By the end of the 1911–12 school year, Alpha Kappa Alpha had more than forty members at Howard.<ref>McNealey, E., ''Pearls of Service''.</ref> In October, former president Nellie Quander was invited to attend a sorority meeting. In this meeting, the active members proposed changing the sorority's name, colors, and symbols.<ref name=":0">Quander, Nellie M. "Soror Nellie Quander reviews period of storm & stress." Ivy Leaf, vol. 26, no. 4, December 1948,32.</ref> Quander opposed the changes, advising the students that they had no right, legally or ethically, to make such changes.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="McNealey, Earnestine Green 2017" /> Quander advised them to hold a poll of the entirety of the sorority.<ref name="McNealey, Earnestine Green 2017" /> That poll found that the vast majority did not favor the change.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="McNealey, Earnestine Green 2017">McNealey, Earnestine Green. Priceless Pearls: Dimensions of Sisterhood and Service in Alpha Kappa Alpha. United States, Alpha Kappa Alpha, 2017.</ref> | By the end of the 1911–12 school year, Alpha Kappa Alpha had more than forty members at Howard.<ref>McNealey, E., ''Pearls of Service''.</ref> In October, former president Nellie Quander was invited to attend a sorority meeting. In this meeting, the active members proposed changing the sorority's name, colors, and symbols.<ref name=":0">Quander, Nellie M. "Soror Nellie Quander reviews period of storm & stress." Ivy Leaf, vol. 26, no. 4, December 1948,32.</ref> Quander opposed the changes, advising the students that they had no right, legally or ethically, to make such changes.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="McNealey, Earnestine Green 2017" /> Quander advised them to hold a poll of the entirety of the sorority.<ref name="McNealey, Earnestine Green 2017" /> That poll found that the vast majority did not favor the change.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="McNealey, Earnestine Green 2017">McNealey, Earnestine Green. Priceless Pearls: Dimensions of Sisterhood and Service in Alpha Kappa Alpha. United States, Alpha Kappa Alpha, 2017.</ref> | ||
Some of the undergraduate members who favored the changes held a meeting the next month with other collegiate women and voted to established a new group that incorporated the changes, forming what became [[Delta Sigma Theta]].<ref>{{Cite conference|last=Johnson-Morris|first=Edna J.|date=1941|title=Queen Delta's Violets|conference=Sixteenth National Convention}}</ref><ref>Giddings, Paula In Search of Sisterhood: Delta Sigma Theta and the Challenges of the Black Sorority Movement (New York: William Morrow and Company, 1988)</ref> Quander set up a committee that worked to incorporate Alpha Kappa Alpha to ensure its continuation. Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority became the first African-American sorority to incorporate nationally on January 29, 1913.<ref> Evening star, Fri, Jan 31, 1913 ·Page 7</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aka1908.com/centennial/pdf/quickfacts_pdf.pdf |title=Centennial Celebration Quick Facts |access-date=2014-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121150928/http://www.aka1908.com/centennial/pdf/quickfacts_pdf.pdf |archive-date=2015-01-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | Some of the undergraduate members who favored the changes held a meeting the next month with other collegiate women and voted to established a new group that incorporated the changes, forming what became [[Delta Sigma Theta]].<ref>{{Cite conference|last=Johnson-Morris|first=Edna J.|date=1941|title=Queen Delta's Violets|conference=Sixteenth National Convention}}</ref><ref>Giddings, Paula In Search of Sisterhood: Delta Sigma Theta and the Challenges of the Black Sorority Movement (New York: William Morrow and Company, 1988)</ref> Quander set up a committee that worked to incorporate Alpha Kappa Alpha to ensure its continuation. Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority became the first African-American sorority to incorporate nationally on January 29, 1913.<ref>Evening star, Fri, Jan 31, 1913 ·Page 7</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aka1908.com/centennial/pdf/quickfacts_pdf.pdf |title=Centennial Celebration Quick Facts |access-date=2014-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121150928/http://www.aka1908.com/centennial/pdf/quickfacts_pdf.pdf |archive-date=2015-01-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
[[File:BadgeAKA2.jpg|150px|right|thumb|A closeup of an [[Alpha Phi Alpha]] delegate badge from the 23rd Boulé. The tri-convention—consisting of Alpha Kappa Alpha, Alpha Phi Alpha, and [[Kappa Alpha Psi]]—was held December 27–31, 1940, in [[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City]], [[Missouri]].<ref name=akatimeline/><ref>Parker, M., ''Alpha Kappa Alpha Through the Years'', p. 140.</ref>]] | [[File:BadgeAKA2.jpg|150px|right|thumb|A closeup of an [[Alpha Phi Alpha]] delegate badge from the 23rd Boulé. The tri-convention—consisting of Alpha Kappa Alpha, Alpha Phi Alpha, and [[Kappa Alpha Psi]]—was held December 27–31, 1940, in [[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City]], [[Missouri]].<ref name=akatimeline/><ref>Parker, M., ''Alpha Kappa Alpha Through the Years'', p. 140.</ref>]] | ||
===Expansion and implementation of programs: 1913–1940=== | ===Expansion and implementation of programs: 1913–1940=== | ||
Alpha Kappa Alpha helped to support members by providing scholarship funds for school and foreign studies and by raising money for Howard University's Miner Hall.<ref>Jones-Wilson, Faustine Childress. ''Encyclopedia of African-American Education''. Westport, CT: [[Greenwood Press]], 1996. p. 196. {{ISBN|0-313-28931-X}}.</ref> It was the first of the historically Black fraternities and sororities at Howard University to offer a scholarship program.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority Prize |url=https://hustorage.wrlc.org/disk2/catalogs/1914-15/files/assets/common/downloads/page0033.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026232137/https://hustorage.wrlc.org/disk2/catalogs/1914-15/files/assets/common/downloads/page0033.pdf |archive-date=2021-10-26 |access-date=October 11, 2021 |website=hustorage.wrlc.org}}</ref> | Alpha Kappa Alpha helped to support members by providing scholarship funds for school and foreign studies and by raising money for Howard University's Miner Hall.<ref>Jones-Wilson, Faustine Childress. ''Encyclopedia of African-American Education''. Westport, CT: [[Greenwood Press]], 1996. p. 196. {{ISBN|0-313-28931-X}}.</ref> It was the first of the historically Black fraternities and sororities at Howard University to offer a scholarship program.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority Prize |url=https://hustorage.wrlc.org/disk2/catalogs/1914-15/files/assets/common/downloads/page0033.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026232137/https://hustorage.wrlc.org/disk2/catalogs/1914-15/files/assets/common/downloads/page0033.pdf |archive-date=2021-10-26 |access-date=October 11, 2021 |website=hustorage.wrlc.org}}</ref> | ||
A second chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha was chartered at the [[University of Chicago]] in the fall of 1913.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.uic.edu/stud_orgs/greek/akab/beta.htm |title=Beta Chapter History |access-date=2008-03-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327063352/http://www2.uic.edu/stud_orgs/greek/akab/beta.htm |archive-date=2008-03-27 }}. Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated. Retrieved January 21, 2008.</ref> This sorority held its first annual [[#Boulé|Boulé]], a meeting of the sorority's governing body, at Howard University in December 1918.<ref name="akatimeline" /> The sorority's pledge was written by Grace Edwards and was adopted by the 1920 Boulé. <ref name="mcnealey329"/> In addition, the sorority's crest was designed by Phyllis Wheatley Waters and accepted in the same Boulé.<ref name="mcnealey329"/> | A second chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha was chartered at the [[University of Chicago]] in the fall of 1913.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.uic.edu/stud_orgs/greek/akab/beta.htm |title=Beta Chapter History |access-date=2008-03-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327063352/http://www2.uic.edu/stud_orgs/greek/akab/beta.htm |archive-date=2008-03-27 }}. Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated. Retrieved January 21, 2008.</ref> This sorority held its first annual [[#Boulé|Boulé]], a meeting of the sorority's governing body, at Howard University in December 1918.<ref name="akatimeline" /> The sorority's pledge was written by Grace Edwards and was adopted by the 1920 Boulé.<ref name="mcnealey329"/> In addition, the sorority's crest was designed by Phyllis Wheatley Waters and accepted in the same Boulé.<ref name="mcnealey329"/> | ||
At the 1921 Boulé, the ''Ivy Leaf'' was designated as the sorority's publication, and Founders' Week, paying honor to ΆKΆ's founders, was established.<ref name="mcnealey329" /><ref name="Ross167">Ross, Jr., ''The Divine Nine'', p. 167.</ref> Pearls were first introduced to the sorority in the same year.<ref name="mcnealey329">McNealey, E., ''Pearls of Service'', p. 329.</ref> The sorority membership pin was approved in the following Boulé in [[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City]], [[Missouri]].<ref name="Midwestern">{{cite web|url=http://www.aka1908.com/centennial/region-mid-western.html|title=Regional Tributes: Midwestern Region|publisher=Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated|access-date=2006-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221023752/http://aka1908.com/centennial/region-mid-western.html|archive-date=2011-02-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the 1947, Boulé, pins for honorary members were designed and approved.<ref name="mcnealey327">McNealey, E., ''Pearls of Service'', p. 327.</ref> | At the 1921 Boulé, the ''Ivy Leaf'' was designated as the sorority's publication, and Founders' Week, paying honor to ΆKΆ's founders, was established.<ref name="mcnealey329" /><ref name="Ross167">Ross, Jr., ''The Divine Nine'', p. 167.</ref> Pearls were first introduced to the sorority in the same year.<ref name="mcnealey329">McNealey, E., ''Pearls of Service'', p. 329.</ref> The sorority membership pin was approved in the following Boulé in [[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City]], [[Missouri]].<ref name="Midwestern">{{cite web|url=http://www.aka1908.com/centennial/region-mid-western.html|title=Regional Tributes: Midwestern Region|publisher=Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated|access-date=2006-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221023752/http://aka1908.com/centennial/region-mid-western.html|archive-date=2011-02-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the 1947, Boulé, pins for honorary members were designed and approved.<ref name="mcnealey327">McNealey, E., ''Pearls of Service'', p. 327.</ref> | ||
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By 1920, the sorority created a national service plan catered to the surrounding communities of each chapter. By May 1924, Alpha Kappa Alpha opened its vocational guidance program.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/40062122/?match=1&terms=The%20Pittsburgh%20Courier%20%28Pittsburgh%2C%20Pennsylvania%29%20%C2%B7%2031%20May%201924%2C%20Sat%20%C2%B7%20Page%2013 |access-date=15 January 2025 |newspaper=New Pittsburgh Courier |title=Woman's Page |date=May 31, 1924 |page=4}}</ref> Throughout the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]], members assisted the [[Travelers Aid Society]] to help thousands of [[Southern United States|Southern]] Blacks adjust to [[Northern United States|Northern]] society, find housing, and navigate around the city. Members also volunteered at the [[Freedman's Hospital]].<ref name="Ross167" /> | By 1920, the sorority created a national service plan catered to the surrounding communities of each chapter. By May 1924, Alpha Kappa Alpha opened its vocational guidance program.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/40062122/?match=1&terms=The%20Pittsburgh%20Courier%20%28Pittsburgh%2C%20Pennsylvania%29%20%C2%B7%2031%20May%201924%2C%20Sat%20%C2%B7%20Page%2013 |access-date=15 January 2025 |newspaper=New Pittsburgh Courier |title=Woman's Page |date=May 31, 1924 |page=4}}</ref> Throughout the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]], members assisted the [[Travelers Aid Society]] to help thousands of [[Southern United States|Southern]] Blacks adjust to [[Northern United States|Northern]] society, find housing, and navigate around the city. Members also volunteered at the [[Freedman's Hospital]].<ref name="Ross167" /> | ||
In 1921, the sorority sent telegrams to seven other historically Black fraternities and sororities, suggesting that they form a panhellenic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waters |first=Phyllis |date=1922 |title=Boule Notes |journal=The Ivy Leaf |volume=2 |issue=2}}</ref> On May 10, 1930, Alpha Kappa Alpha, along with the fraternities [[Kappa Alpha Psi]] and [[Omega Psi Phi]] and sororities Delta Sigma Theta and [[Zeta Phi Beta]], formed the [[National Pan-Hellenic Council]] (NPHC) at Howard University.<ref name="NPHC">{{cite web|url=http://www.nphchq.org/mission.htm |title=National Pan-Hellenic Council: About |publisher=NPHC |access-date=2011-01-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100801220537/http://www.nphchq.org/mission.htm |archive-date=August 1, 2010 }}</ref> | In 1921, the sorority sent telegrams to seven other historically Black fraternities and sororities, suggesting that they form a panhellenic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waters |first=Phyllis |date=1922 |title=Boule Notes |journal=The Ivy Leaf |volume=2 |issue=2}}</ref> On May 10, 1930, Alpha Kappa Alpha, along with the fraternities [[Kappa Alpha Psi]] and [[Omega Psi Phi]] and sororities Delta Sigma Theta and [[Zeta Phi Beta]], formed the [[National Pan-Hellenic Council]] (NPHC) at Howard University.<ref name="NPHC">{{cite web|url=http://www.nphchq.org/mission.htm |title=National Pan-Hellenic Council: About |publisher=NPHC |access-date=2011-01-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100801220537/http://www.nphchq.org/mission.htm |archive-date=August 1, 2010 }}</ref> | ||
In April 1933, the sorority's international president [[Ida Louise Jackson]] visited All Saints Industrial School in [[Lexington, Mississippi]], learning of the difficult conditions in the [[Mississippi Delta]] during the [[Great Depression]]. Some of the school's teachers did not have an education past the seventh grade. African Americans were trying to make a living sharecropping on plantation land as agricultural prices continued to fall.<ref name="OLDMISS">{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Susan L. |title=Arenia Mallory |publisher=The [[University of Mississippi]] |date=June 2003 |url=http://www.olemiss.edu/depts/south/ms_encyclopedia/areniamallorysample.htm |access-date=2007-10-20 | In April 1933, the sorority's international president [[Ida Louise Jackson]] visited All Saints Industrial School in [[Lexington, Mississippi]], learning of the difficult conditions in the [[Mississippi Delta]] during the [[Great Depression]]. Some of the school's teachers did not have an education past the seventh grade. African Americans were trying to make a living sharecropping on plantation land as agricultural prices continued to fall.<ref name="OLDMISS">{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Susan L. |title=Arenia Mallory |publisher=The [[University of Mississippi]] |date=June 2003 |url=http://www.olemiss.edu/depts/south/ms_encyclopedia/areniamallorysample.htm |access-date=2007-10-20 | ||
|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205182053/http://www.olemiss.edu/depts/south/ms_encyclopedia/areniamallorysample.htm | |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205182053/http://www.olemiss.edu/depts/south/ms_encyclopedia/areniamallorysample.htm | ||
|archive-date=2012-02-05 }}</ref><ref name="nealey150">McNealey E., ''Pearls of Service'', p. 150.</ref> | |archive-date=2012-02-05 }}</ref><ref name="nealey150">McNealey E., ''Pearls of Service'', p. 150.</ref> | ||
In the summer of 1934, Jackson initiated the Summer School for Rural Teachers to train future teachers. She worked with a total of 22 student teachers and 243 school children. In addition, she held night classes for 48 adults.<ref name="nealey151">McNealey, E., ''Pearls of Service'', p. 151.</ref> By obtaining 2,600 books for the school's library, Jackson made it "the largest library owned by white or colored in all Holmes County."<ref name="nealey151" /> | In the summer of 1934, Jackson initiated the Summer School for Rural Teachers to train future teachers. She worked with a total of 22 student teachers and 243 school children. In addition, she held night classes for 48 adults.<ref name="nealey151">McNealey, E., ''Pearls of Service'', p. 151.</ref> By obtaining 2,600 books for the school's library, Jackson made it "the largest library owned by white or colored in all Holmes County."<ref name="nealey151" /> | ||
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=== Centennial celebration: 2008 === | === Centennial celebration: 2008 === | ||
Alpha Kappa Alpha celebrated its centenary with a year-long commemoration in 2008. The celebration coincided with the sorority's biennial Boulé. <ref name=Centennial/> Internationally, some Alpha Kappa Alpha members began marking the festivities by making a [[pilgrimage]] to Howard University from January 12 to January 15, 2008.<ref name=Centennial>{{cite web |url=http://aka1908.com/future/centennial/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102033952/http://aka1908.com/future/centennial/ |archive-date=2008-01-02 |title=Celebrating 100 Years of Service |publisher=aka1908.com |access-date=2007-04-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=pilgrim>{{cite web |url=http://www.aka1908.com/news/alphachapter/ |title=AKA Returns to Its Roots |publisher=aka1908.com |access-date=2007-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930013028/http://www.aka1908.com/news/alphachapter/ |archive-date=September 30, 2007 |url-status=dead | Alpha Kappa Alpha celebrated its centenary with a year-long commemoration in 2008. The celebration coincided with the sorority's biennial Boulé.<ref name=Centennial/> Internationally, some Alpha Kappa Alpha members began marking the festivities by making a [[pilgrimage]] to Howard University from January 12 to January 15, 2008.<ref name=Centennial>{{cite web |url=http://aka1908.com/future/centennial/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102033952/http://aka1908.com/future/centennial/ |archive-date=2008-01-02 |title=Celebrating 100 Years of Service |publisher=aka1908.com |access-date=2007-04-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=pilgrim>{{cite web |url=http://www.aka1908.com/news/alphachapter/ |title=AKA Returns to Its Roots |publisher=aka1908.com |access-date=2007-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930013028/http://www.aka1908.com/news/alphachapter/ |archive-date=September 30, 2007 |url-status=dead | ||
}}</ref> The activities included sorority members donating $1 million in scholarship funds to Howard University,<ref>[http://www.blacknews.com/pr/akasorority701.html Alpha Kappa Alpha Donates $1 Million to Howard University: Contribution Caps Emotional Day of Tributes During ΑΚΑ's Centennial Celebration]. Black News Press Release. Retrieved January 18, 2008. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080122134954/http://www.blacknews.com/pr/akasorority701.html |date=January 22, 2008 }}.</ref> contributing libraries for Middle School for Mathematics and Science and Asbury Dwelling for Senior Citizens, and unveiling a digital version of the entire ''Ivy Leaf'' publication.<ref>[http://www.blacknews.com/pr/akasorority601.html "Alpha Kappa Alpha Ushers in Centennial Year"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110104947/http://www.blacknews.com/pr/akasorority601.html |date=January 10, 2008 }}. BlackNews.com. Retrieved January 8, 2008.</ref> | }}</ref> The activities included sorority members donating $1 million in scholarship funds to Howard University,<ref>[http://www.blacknews.com/pr/akasorority701.html Alpha Kappa Alpha Donates $1 Million to Howard University: Contribution Caps Emotional Day of Tributes During ΑΚΑ's Centennial Celebration]. Black News Press Release. Retrieved January 18, 2008. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080122134954/http://www.blacknews.com/pr/akasorority701.html |date=January 22, 2008 }}.</ref> contributing libraries for Middle School for Mathematics and Science and Asbury Dwelling for Senior Citizens, and unveiling a digital version of the entire ''Ivy Leaf'' publication.<ref>[http://www.blacknews.com/pr/akasorority601.html "Alpha Kappa Alpha Ushers in Centennial Year"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110104947/http://www.blacknews.com/pr/akasorority601.html |date=January 10, 2008 }}. BlackNews.com. Retrieved January 8, 2008.</ref> | ||
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[[File:Ivyleaf.jpg|140px|thumb|''Ivy Leaf'' issue, 1934]] | [[File:Ivyleaf.jpg|140px|thumb|''Ivy Leaf'' issue, 1934]] | ||
== Symbols == | == Symbols == | ||
The sorority's motto is "By Culture and By Merit".<ref name="akaterms">{{cite web |title=AKA Quick Facts |url=http://aka1908.com/centennial/pdf/quickfacts_pdf.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630203451/http://aka1908.com/centennial/pdf/quickfacts_pdf.pdf |archive-date=2007-06-30 |access-date=2007-05-09 |publisher=Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated}}</ref> Its colors are salmon pink and apple green.<ref name="akaterms" /> Its symbol is the [[Ivy|Ivy leaf]] and its flower is the pink tea rose.<ref name="akaterms" /> Its publication is the ''Ivy Leaf'' magazine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc. - History |url=https://aka1908.com/about/history/ |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc. |language=English}}</ref> | The sorority's motto is "By Culture and By Merit".<ref name="akaterms">{{cite web |title=AKA Quick Facts |url=http://aka1908.com/centennial/pdf/quickfacts_pdf.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630203451/http://aka1908.com/centennial/pdf/quickfacts_pdf.pdf |archive-date=2007-06-30 |access-date=2007-05-09 |publisher=Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated}}</ref> Its colors are salmon pink and apple green.<ref name="akaterms" /> Its symbol is the [[Ivy|Ivy leaf]] and its flower is the pink tea rose.<ref name="akaterms" /> Its publication is the ''Ivy Leaf'' magazine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc. - History |url=https://aka1908.com/about/history/ |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc. |language=English}}</ref> | ||
The term ''soror'', derived from the [[Latin]] for "sister", is used between members of the sorority.<ref>{{cite book |last=Simpson |first=D.P. |title=Cassell's Latin Dictionary |publisher=Cassell Ltd. |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-304-52257-6 |edition=5 |location=London |page=883}}</ref> Deceased members are referred to as "Ivies Beyond the Wall".<ref name="akaterms" /> | The term ''soror'', derived from the [[Latin]] for "sister", is used between members of the sorority.<ref>{{cite book |last=Simpson |first=D.P. |title=Cassell's Latin Dictionary |publisher=Cassell Ltd. |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-304-52257-6 |edition=5 |location=London |page=883}}</ref> Deceased members are referred to as "Ivies Beyond the Wall".<ref name="akaterms" /> | ||
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|year=1999 |location=New York, New York |isbn=978-0-06-018352-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/ourkindofpeople00lawr/page/96 96]}}</ref>}} | |year=1999 |location=New York, New York |isbn=978-0-06-018352-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/ourkindofpeople00lawr/page/96 96]}}</ref>}} | ||
According to Graham, the sorority would have "Pledge Week", a period where chapter members reviewed a candidate's grades and behavior. Candidates who withstood this period were initiated into the sorority.<ref name=log/> | According to Graham, the sorority would have "Pledge Week", a period where chapter members reviewed a candidate's grades and behavior. Candidates who withstood this period were initiated into the sorority.<ref name=log/> | ||
[[File:AKAheadquarters.jpg|thumb|Alpha Kappa Alpha's National Headquarters in [[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]], [[Illinois]]]] | [[File:AKAheadquarters.jpg|thumb|Alpha Kappa Alpha's National Headquarters in [[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]], [[Illinois]]]] | ||
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===International Presidents=== | ===International Presidents=== | ||
Listed below are the thirty International Presidents since the 1913 institution of the office.<ref name="PastPresidents">{{Cite web|url=http://aka1908.com/about/former-international-presidents|title=Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc. - Service to All Mankind Since 1908|website=aka1908.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-07-13}}</ref> "Supreme" is added to the title of an international officeholder, such as ''Supreme Basileus''.<ref name="akaterms" /> | Listed below are the thirty International Presidents since the 1913 institution of the office.<ref name="PastPresidents">{{Cite web|url=http://aka1908.com/about/former-international-presidents|title=Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc. - Service to All Mankind Since 1908|website=aka1908.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-07-13}}</ref> "Supreme" is added to the title of an international officeholder, such as ''Supreme Basileus''.<ref name="akaterms" /> | ||
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em| | {{columns-list|colwidth=22em| | ||
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===Boulé=== | ===Boulé=== | ||
The Boulé{{Efn|The word ''boulé'', derived from ancient Greek [[Boule (ancient Greece)|βουλή]] and originally referring to a council of nobles advising a king, is also used by the African-American professional organization [[Sigma Pi Phi]].}} is the regulating institution of the sorority and meets every two years.<ref name=akaterms/> The first Boulé was held at Howard University in December 1918.<ref name="akatimeline" /> Meetings were held annually in December.<ref name="akatimeline" /> No Boulé occurred in 1942 due to [[World War II]].<ref name="akatimeline" /> The 41st Boulé in 1964 was the last annual meeting scheduled around the [[Christmas]] holiday.<ref name="akatimeline" /> After the 41st Boulé, Boulé meetings were held every two years.<ref name="akatimeline" /> The 69th Annual Boule scheduled for July 15–19, 2020, in [[Philadelphia]], was canceled because of concerns about COVID-19. | The Boulé{{Efn|The word ''boulé'', derived from ancient Greek [[Boule (ancient Greece)|βουλή]] and originally referring to a council of nobles advising a king, is also used by the African-American professional organization [[Sigma Pi Phi]].}} is the regulating institution of the sorority and meets every two years.<ref name=akaterms/> The first Boulé was held at Howard University in December 1918.<ref name="akatimeline" /> Meetings were held annually in December.<ref name="akatimeline" /> No Boulé occurred in 1942 due to [[World War II]].<ref name="akatimeline" /> The 41st Boulé in 1964 was the last annual meeting scheduled around the [[Christmas]] holiday.<ref name="akatimeline" /> After the 41st Boulé, Boulé meetings were held every two years.<ref name="akatimeline" /> The 69th Annual Boule scheduled for July 15–19, 2020, in [[Philadelphia]], was canceled because of concerns about COVID-19. | ||
Notable speakers at Boulé conventions include civil rights activists [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] and [[Roy Wilkins]]. | Notable speakers at Boulé conventions include civil rights activists [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] and [[Roy Wilkins]]. | ||
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{{Main|List of Alpha Kappa Alpha chapters}} | {{Main|List of Alpha Kappa Alpha chapters}} | ||
After establishing 32 graduate and undergraduate chapters in 1924, Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority organized chapters according to their regions in the United States and abroad. The Boulé determines the boundaries of the regions.<ref name="regions">{{cite web |url=http://aka1908.com/centennial/regional-tributes.html |title=Regional Tributes |publisher=Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated |access-date=2007-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070528093935/http://aka1908.com/centennial/regional-tributes.html |archive-date=2007-05-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The ten regions are each led by a regional director, who serves a member of the sorority's board of directors. As of 2025, Alpha Kappa Alpha has 1,085 chapters in the United States and eleven other countries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc. - Homepage |url=https://aka1908.com/ |access-date=2025-05-02 |website=Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc. |language=English}}</ref> For graduate chapters, "Omega" is added to distinguish those that consist of college graduates from undergraduate chapters. | After establishing 32 graduate and undergraduate chapters in 1924, Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority organized chapters according to their regions in the United States and abroad. The Boulé determines the boundaries of the regions.<ref name="regions">{{cite web |url=http://aka1908.com/centennial/regional-tributes.html |title=Regional Tributes |publisher=Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated |access-date=2007-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070528093935/http://aka1908.com/centennial/regional-tributes.html |archive-date=2007-05-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The ten regions are each led by a regional director, who serves a member of the sorority's board of directors. As of 2025, Alpha Kappa Alpha has 1,085 chapters in the United States and eleven other countries.<ref name="aka1908.com">{{Cite web |title=Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc. - Homepage |url=https://aka1908.com/ |access-date=2025-05-02 |website=Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc. |language=English}}</ref> For graduate chapters, "Omega" is added to distinguish those that consist of college graduates from undergraduate chapters. | ||
== Philanthropy == | == Philanthropy == | ||
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===Partnerships in Mathematics and Science=== | ===Partnerships in Mathematics and Science=== | ||
The sorority started Partnerships in Mathematics and Science (PIMS) in 1994 to encourage Black girls to pursue math, science, and technology careers.<ref name="mcnealey152">McNealey, E., ''Pearls of Service'', p. 152.</ref> The [[National Science Foundation]] and historically black colleges nationwide sponsored campaigns to highlight the program's importance.<ref name="mcnealey152"/> Several chapters provided two-week math and science summer camps on college and day school campuses.<ref name=programs/><ref name="McNealey153"/> | The sorority started Partnerships in Mathematics and Science (PIMS) in 1994 to encourage Black girls to pursue math, science, and technology careers.<ref name="mcnealey152">McNealey, E., ''Pearls of Service'', p. 152.</ref> The [[National Science Foundation]] and historically black colleges nationwide sponsored campaigns to highlight the program's importance.<ref name="mcnealey152"/> Several chapters provided two-week math and science summer camps on college and day school campuses.<ref name=programs/><ref name="McNealey153"/> | ||
===Young Authors Program=== | ===Young Authors Program=== | ||
The Young Authors Program aims to encourage and raise reading and writing involvement in kindergarten through third-grade children. Each of the ten regions in the sorority selected a child's story to be published in a two-volume anthology entitled ''The Spirit Within: Voices of Young Authors''.<ref name=programs/> | The Young Authors Program aims to encourage and raise reading and writing involvement in kindergarten through third-grade children. Each of the ten regions in the sorority selected a child's story to be published in a two-volume anthology entitled ''The Spirit Within: Voices of Young Authors''.<ref name=programs/> | ||
==Foundation== | ==Foundation== | ||
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The foundation was founded in 1978 by Constance Holland, the sister of former Alpha Kappa Alpha International president Barbara Phillips. It officially began in 1980, and the sorority donated US$10,000 for the project. Eight years later, the organization awarded $10,000 to fourteen students. In 1991, EAF awarded mini-grants to community organizations. In 1998, EAF provided the first Youth Partners Accessing Capital (PAC) award to an undergraduate member. | The foundation was founded in 1978 by Constance Holland, the sister of former Alpha Kappa Alpha International president Barbara Phillips. It officially began in 1980, and the sorority donated US$10,000 for the project. Eight years later, the organization awarded $10,000 to fourteen students. In 1991, EAF awarded mini-grants to community organizations. In 1998, EAF provided the first Youth Partners Accessing Capital (PAC) award to an undergraduate member. | ||
At the organization's twentieth anniversary in 2000, EAF published ''Perpetuating Our Posterity: A Blueprint for Excellence''. The book served as a comprehensive history of the organization and a source of advice for other beginning philanthropies. [[File:Akamuseumcropped.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Centennial museum at the [[Walter E. Washington Convention Center]]]]For the sorority's centennial, the foundation created the Alpha Kappa Alpha Exhibit to travel to several U.S. cities from 2006 to 2008.<ref name="EAF">{{cite web |title=Travelling Exhibit |url=http://www.akaeaf.org/travelingexhibit/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070604111147/http://www.akaeaf.org/travelingexhibit/ |archive-date=4 June 2007 |access-date=2007-05-16 |publisher=Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated — Educational Advancement Foundation}}</ref> The foundation also celebrated the centennial by donating $2 million to Howard University. Half of the gift supported the Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, which houses the historical artifacts, photographs, documents, and recordings of Alpha Kappa Alpha. The other half of the gift went to the Nellie M. Quander Scholarship Fund for partial or full scholarships junior and senior female students at Howard.<ref name="NI">{{cite web |title=New Initiatives |url=http://www.akaeaf.org/programsandinitiatives/initiatives/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516062151/http://www.akaeaf.org/programsandinitiatives/initiatives/ |archive-date=16 May 2007 |access-date=2007-05-17 |publisher=Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated — Educational Advancement Foundation}}</ref> | At the organization's twentieth anniversary in 2000, EAF published ''Perpetuating Our Posterity: A Blueprint for Excellence''. The book served as a comprehensive history of the organization and a source of advice for other beginning philanthropies. [[File:Akamuseumcropped.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Centennial museum at the [[Walter E. Washington Convention Center]]]]For the sorority's centennial, the foundation created the Alpha Kappa Alpha Exhibit to travel to several U.S. cities from 2006 to 2008.<ref name="EAF">{{cite web |title=Travelling Exhibit |url=http://www.akaeaf.org/travelingexhibit/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070604111147/http://www.akaeaf.org/travelingexhibit/ |archive-date=4 June 2007 |access-date=2007-05-16 |publisher=Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated — Educational Advancement Foundation}}</ref> The foundation also celebrated the centennial by donating $2 million to Howard University. Half of the gift supported the Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, which houses the historical artifacts, photographs, documents, and recordings of Alpha Kappa Alpha. The other half of the gift went to the Nellie M. Quander Scholarship Fund for partial or full scholarships junior and senior female students at Howard.<ref name="NI">{{cite web |title=New Initiatives |url=http://www.akaeaf.org/programsandinitiatives/initiatives/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516062151/http://www.akaeaf.org/programsandinitiatives/initiatives/ |archive-date=16 May 2007 |access-date=2007-05-17 |publisher=Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated — Educational Advancement Foundation}}</ref> | ||
==Notable members== | ==Notable members== | ||
{{main|List of Alpha Kappa Alpha members}}As of 2025, Alpha Kappa Alpha has initiated more than 365,000 women and has 90,000 active members.<ref | {{main|List of Alpha Kappa Alpha members}}As of 2025, Alpha Kappa Alpha has initiated more than 365,000 women and has 90,000 active members.<ref name="aka1908.com"/> Graduate members constitute the largest percentage of membership.<ref name="AKAmember" /> Former Vice President [[Kamala Harris]] is one of the sorority's most notable members, having joined during her time at Howard University.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Harmeet |date=2024-07-25 |title=A look at Alpha Kappa Alpha, the legendary sorority repped by Kamala Harris |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/25/us/aka-alpha-kappa-alpha-kamala-harris-cec/index.html |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> | ||
== Member and chapter misconduct== | == Member and chapter misconduct== | ||
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In 2018, the [[University of Pittsburgh]] suspended the ''Iota chapter'' because of [[hazing]]—a mother reported bruises on her daughter's arm. The daughter, along with eleven other students, admitted to having been involved in hazing practices at the sorority.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dzhanova |first=Yelena |date=March 1, 2018 |title=Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority suspended at Pitt after 12 claims of hazing |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/alpha-kappa-alpha-sorority-suspended-pitt-after-12-claims-hazing-n852066 |access-date=2024-07-03 |work=NBC News}}</ref> | In 2018, the [[University of Pittsburgh]] suspended the ''Iota chapter'' because of [[hazing]]—a mother reported bruises on her daughter's arm. The daughter, along with eleven other students, admitted to having been involved in hazing practices at the sorority.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dzhanova |first=Yelena |date=March 1, 2018 |title=Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority suspended at Pitt after 12 claims of hazing |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/alpha-kappa-alpha-sorority-suspended-pitt-after-12-claims-hazing-n852066 |access-date=2024-07-03 |work=NBC News}}</ref> | ||
In a 2019 lawsuit filed in the U.S. District Court of Illinois, the family of Jordan Hankins blamed Alpha Kappa Alpha, Inc. for her 2017 [[suicide]]. Hankins, a sophomore basketball player at [[Northwestern University]], pledged to the sorority after receiving official membership. While backward pledging to gain respect from chapter members who went through a similar process, Hankins "was subjected to physical abuse including paddling, verbal abuse, mental abuse, financial exploitation, sleep deprivation, items being thrown and dumped on her, and other forms of hazing intended to humiliate and demean her," according to the lawsuit. An official statement from Alpha Kappa Alpha, Inc. says the sorority is "deeply saddened" by Hankins' death and declined to comment on the details of the complaint and her suicide due to the "sensitive nature" of the incident and "the ongoing grief her family is experiencing".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kim |first=Catherine |date=11 January 2019 |title=Alpha Kappa Alpha ends silence on Jordan Hankins lawsuit |url=https://dailynorthwestern.com/2019/01/11/campus/alpha-kappa-alpha-sorority-headquarters-speaks-on-jordan-hankins-after-days-of-silence/ |work=The Daily Northwestern}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2019 |title=Sorority hazing led to Northwestern student's suicide, lawsuit claims |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/10/us/jordan-hankins-northwestern-aka-sorority-lawsuit/index.html |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kim |first=Catherine |author2=Elizabeth Byrne |date=9 January 2019 |title=Mother of Jordan Hankins claims Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority responsible for | In a 2019 lawsuit filed in the U.S. District Court of Illinois, the family of Jordan Hankins blamed Alpha Kappa Alpha, Inc. for her 2017 [[suicide]]. Hankins, a sophomore basketball player at [[Northwestern University]], pledged to the sorority after receiving official membership. While backward pledging to gain respect from chapter members who went through a similar process, Hankins "was subjected to physical abuse including paddling, verbal abuse, mental abuse, financial exploitation, sleep deprivation, items being thrown and dumped on her, and other forms of hazing intended to humiliate and demean her," according to the lawsuit. An official statement from Alpha Kappa Alpha, Inc. says the sorority is "deeply saddened" by Hankins' death and declined to comment on the details of the complaint and her suicide due to the "sensitive nature" of the incident and "the ongoing grief her family is experiencing".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kim |first=Catherine |date=11 January 2019 |title=Alpha Kappa Alpha ends silence on Jordan Hankins lawsuit |url=https://dailynorthwestern.com/2019/01/11/campus/alpha-kappa-alpha-sorority-headquarters-speaks-on-jordan-hankins-after-days-of-silence/ |work=The Daily Northwestern}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2019 |title=Sorority hazing led to Northwestern student's suicide, lawsuit claims |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/10/us/jordan-hankins-northwestern-aka-sorority-lawsuit/index.html |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kim |first=Catherine |author2=Elizabeth Byrne |date=9 January 2019 |title=Mother of Jordan Hankins claims Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority responsible for daughter's death |url=https://dailynorthwestern.com/2019/01/09/campus/mother-of-jordan-hankins-claims-alpha-kappa-alpha-sorority-responsible-for-daughters-death/}}</ref> | ||
On September 9, 2002, Kristin High (age 22) and Kenitha Saafir (age 24) from [[California State University, Los Angeles]] died following a hazing activity. Members of Alpha Kappa Alpha instructed the women to perform a series of activities blindfolded on [[Dockweiler State Beach]] when a high tide came, and eventually drowned both of them. The next day, when the woman brought Kristin's car and cell phone to her mother, she noticed her pledge journal missing from the car and numbers deleted from her cell phone. Before Kristin's death, Kristin's mother encouraged her to fully disassociate herself from the sorority after Kristin discussed inappropriate behavior by members of the sorority. A year after the incident, the families of the deceased settled with Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority Inc. after filing a $100 million civil [[wrongful death]] lawsuit. The sorority denied having an active chapter at CSULA, but the court rejected that assertion and found the sorority accountable for the deaths.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pelisek |first=Christine |date=September 23, 2004 |title=Drowning deaths remembered |url=http://www.laweekly.com/news/drowning-deaths-remembered-2138857 |work=LA Weekly}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=September 24, 2002 |title=Sorority accused of hazing in $100 million suit |url=http://www.cnn.com/2002/LAW/09/23/sorority.death/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040806224046/http://www.cnn.com/2002/LAW/09/23/sorority.death/index.html |archive-date=August 6, 2004 |access-date=September 16, 2019 |work=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=December 16, 2009 |title=Pledging Gone Wrong |url=https://www.essence.com/news/pledging-gone-wrong/ |access-date=September 16, 2019 |work=Essence}}</ref> No criminal charges were filed. The CSULA chapter had previously been sanctioned for hazing, and the sorority permanently expelled all members involved with the death.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Banks |first1=Sandy |date=September 15, 2007 |title=Five years later, still haunted by drowning |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-sep-15-me-banks15-story.html |access-date=September 16, 2019 |work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref name="atlantic">{{cite news |last1=Fetters |first1=Ashley |date=January 14, 2019 |title=A Northwestern Student Took Her Own Life. Is a Sorority to Blame? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2019/01/predictable-fallout-hazing/580336/ |access-date=September 16, 2019 |work=The Atlantic}}</ref> | On September 9, 2002, Kristin High (age 22) and Kenitha Saafir (age 24) from [[California State University, Los Angeles]] died following a hazing activity. Members of Alpha Kappa Alpha instructed the women to perform a series of activities blindfolded on [[Dockweiler State Beach]] when a high tide came, and eventually drowned both of them. The next day, when the woman brought Kristin's car and cell phone to her mother, she noticed her pledge journal missing from the car and numbers deleted from her cell phone. Before Kristin's death, Kristin's mother encouraged her to fully disassociate herself from the sorority after Kristin discussed inappropriate behavior by members of the sorority. A year after the incident, the families of the deceased settled with Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority Inc. after filing a $100 million civil [[wrongful death]] lawsuit. The sorority denied having an active chapter at CSULA, but the court rejected that assertion and found the sorority accountable for the deaths.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pelisek |first=Christine |date=September 23, 2004 |title=Drowning deaths remembered |url=http://www.laweekly.com/news/drowning-deaths-remembered-2138857 |work=LA Weekly}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=September 24, 2002 |title=Sorority accused of hazing in $100 million suit |url=http://www.cnn.com/2002/LAW/09/23/sorority.death/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040806224046/http://www.cnn.com/2002/LAW/09/23/sorority.death/index.html |archive-date=August 6, 2004 |access-date=September 16, 2019 |work=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=December 16, 2009 |title=Pledging Gone Wrong |url=https://www.essence.com/news/pledging-gone-wrong/ |access-date=September 16, 2019 |work=Essence}}</ref> No criminal charges were filed. The CSULA chapter had previously been sanctioned for hazing, and the sorority permanently expelled all members involved with the death.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Banks |first1=Sandy |date=September 15, 2007 |title=Five years later, still haunted by drowning |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-sep-15-me-banks15-story.html |access-date=September 16, 2019 |work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref name="atlantic">{{cite news |last1=Fetters |first1=Ashley |date=January 14, 2019 |title=A Northwestern Student Took Her Own Life. Is a Sorority to Blame? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2019/01/predictable-fallout-hazing/580336/ |access-date=September 16, 2019 |work=The Atlantic}}</ref> | ||
===Prostitution=== | ===Prostitution=== | ||
In May 2018, the ''Alpha Beta chapter'' at [[Fort Valley State University]] (FVSU) was placed under investigation by the [[University System of Georgia]] and the [[Georgia Bureau of Investigation | In May 2018, the ''Alpha Beta chapter'' at [[Fort Valley State University]] (FVSU) was placed under investigation by the [[University System of Georgia]] and the [[Georgia Bureau of Investigation]]s due to allegations that the executive assistant to FVSU's president and graduate advisor of the chapter, Alecia Johnson, suggested low-income prospective members have sex with affluent men in Georgia to cover approximately $1,500 in required membership intake fees. Johnson resigned from her position at the university and hired legal representation to contest the allegations.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McNamara |first=Brittney |title=A Sorority in Georgia Is Being Investigated for Sexual Misconduct |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/fort-valley-state-universitys-alpha-kappa-alpha-chapter-is-being-investigated-for-sexual-misconduct |access-date=2018-06-28 |work=Teen Vogue |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Brown |first=Elisha |date=2018-05-01 |title=AKA Sorority in Georgia Under Investigation for Sexual Misconduct |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/aka-sorority-in-georgia-under-investigation-for-sexual-misconduct |access-date=2018-06-28 |work=The Daily Beast |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Report |first=Electronic Urban |date=2018-05-05 |title=AKA Chapter at Fort State Valley State Under Investigation for Running a Sex Ring |url=https://www.eurweb.com/2018/05/aka-chapter-at-fort-state-valley-state-under-investigation-for-running-a-sex-ring/ |access-date=2018-06-28 |work=EURweb |language=en-US}}</ref> In June 2019, Johnson pled guilty to prostituting herself and one FVSU student. Also, as part of her plea deal, she testified against the men charged in the prostitution ring. Her plea deal resulted in her getting five years of probation, 180 days of house arrest, and a $1,000 fine.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2019 |title=Ex-Fort Valley State employee pleads guilty to leading prostitution ring |url=https://thegrio.com/2019/06/19/ex-fort-valley-state-employee-pleads-guilty-to-leading-prostitution-ring/}}</ref> GBI investigations led to indictments that included no members of the Alpha Kappa Alpha chapter.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roberson |first=Vanessa |date=April 2019 |title=Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc. Clears Fort Valley State Chapter |url=https://hbcubuzz.com/2019/04/alpha-kappa-alpha-sorority-inc-clears-fort-valley-state-chapter/ |website=hbcubuzz.com/}}</ref> The sorority completed an internal investigation into the matter, and allowed the chapter to remain in good standing with the sorority's highest leadership.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2019 |title=Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc. Clears Fort Valley State Chapter |url=https://hbcubuzz.com/2019/04/alpha-kappa-alpha-sorority-inc-clears-fort-valley-state-chapter/}}</ref> | ||
== See also== | == See also== | ||
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==External links== | ==External links== | ||
{{Commons category | {{Commons category}} | ||
*[http://www.aka1908.com/ Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated official website] | * [http://www.aka1908.com/ Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated official website] | ||
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070831154956/http://aka1908.com/centennial/index.html Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated Centennial Celebration] (archived) | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070831154956/http://aka1908.com/centennial/index.html Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated Centennial Celebration] (archived) | ||
*[http://www.akaeaf.org/ Alpha Kappa Alpha – Educational Advancement Foundation, Incorporated] | * [http://www.akaeaf.org/ Alpha Kappa Alpha – Educational Advancement Foundation, Incorporated] | ||
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080229100139/http://academic.lexisnexis.com/documents/upa_cis/1336_TheIvyLeaf.pdf ''Ivy Leaf'': 1921–1998 Microfiche Guide] (PDF; archived) | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080229100139/http://academic.lexisnexis.com/documents/upa_cis/1336_TheIvyLeaf.pdf ''Ivy Leaf'': 1921–1998 Microfiche Guide] (PDF; archived) | ||
{{National Pan-Hellenic Council}} | {{National Pan-Hellenic Council}} | ||
Latest revision as of 13:55, 28 June 2025
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Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc. (Script error: No such module "Lang".) is an historically African-American sorority. The sorority was founded in 1908 at Howard University in Washington, D.C.. Alpha Kappa Alpha was incorporated in 1913. It is a member of the National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC), a group of historically Black fraternities and sororities often called the Divine Nine.
In 2025, Alpha Kappa Alpha had more than 365,000 members in 1,085 chapters in the United States and eleven other countries. Women may join through undergraduate chapters at a college or university, or graduate chapters after acquiring an undergraduate or advanced college degree.
History
Beginnings: 1907–1912
In the spring of 1907, student Ethel Hedgemon Lyle led efforts to create a sorority at Howard University in Washington, D.C. Forming a sorority broke barriers for African-American women in areas where they had little power or authority due to a lack of opportunities for Black Americans in the early 20th century.[4] Faculty member Ethel T. Robinson encouraged Hedgemon by relating her observations of sorority life at the Women's College at Brown University. Hedgemon began recruiting interested classmates; the group used the summer of 1907 to research and explore options for their new organization.[5]
In November 1907, Hedgemon and Marie Woolfolk Taylor gave a presentation to the university's administration to secure approval for a sorority, which was granted immediately.[6] Thus, Alpha Kappa Alpha became the first sorority member of the Divine Nine to be created at a historically black college or university.[7] Nellie Quander was selected as the sorority's first president.
On January 15, 1908, the nine founders held the first official meeting of Alpha Kappa Alpha in Miner Hall. On February 21, 1908, the seven sophomores were admitted to the sorority without initiation and were also given a status as founders.[8] In its first few months, Alpha Kappa Alpha created its rituals, held social events, and made presentations for the general public. On May 1, 1908, members planted ivy and a tree on the Howard campus; this practice was later adopted by the university and continued for decades.[9][10]
The sorority's first initiation was held in a wing of Miner Hall at Howard University on February 11, 1909.[11][12] On May 25, 1909, Alpha Kappa Alpha held its first Ivy Day, a celebration that included planting ivy at Miner Hall.[13] The sorority established many service efforts, including helping to create the NAACP and the YWCA D.C. chapter, feeding the hungry, tutoring, and clothing people experiencing poverty.[14]
Incorporation: 1912–1913
By the end of the 1911–12 school year, Alpha Kappa Alpha had more than forty members at Howard.[15] In October, former president Nellie Quander was invited to attend a sorority meeting. In this meeting, the active members proposed changing the sorority's name, colors, and symbols.[16] Quander opposed the changes, advising the students that they had no right, legally or ethically, to make such changes.[16][17] Quander advised them to hold a poll of the entirety of the sorority.[17] That poll found that the vast majority did not favor the change.[16][17]
Some of the undergraduate members who favored the changes held a meeting the next month with other collegiate women and voted to established a new group that incorporated the changes, forming what became Delta Sigma Theta.[18][19] Quander set up a committee that worked to incorporate Alpha Kappa Alpha to ensure its continuation. Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority became the first African-American sorority to incorporate nationally on January 29, 1913.[20][21]
Expansion and implementation of programs: 1913–1940
Alpha Kappa Alpha helped to support members by providing scholarship funds for school and foreign studies and by raising money for Howard University's Miner Hall.[23] It was the first of the historically Black fraternities and sororities at Howard University to offer a scholarship program.[24]
A second chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha was chartered at the University of Chicago in the fall of 1913.[25] This sorority held its first annual Boulé, a meeting of the sorority's governing body, at Howard University in December 1918.[12] The sorority's pledge was written by Grace Edwards and was adopted by the 1920 Boulé.[26] In addition, the sorority's crest was designed by Phyllis Wheatley Waters and accepted in the same Boulé.[26]
At the 1921 Boulé, the Ivy Leaf was designated as the sorority's publication, and Founders' Week, paying honor to ΆKΆ's founders, was established.[26][27] Pearls were first introduced to the sorority in the same year.[26] The sorority membership pin was approved in the following Boulé in Kansas City, Missouri.[28] At the 1947, Boulé, pins for honorary members were designed and approved.[29]
By 1920, the sorority created a national service plan catered to the surrounding communities of each chapter. By May 1924, Alpha Kappa Alpha opened its vocational guidance program.[30] Throughout the Great Migration, members assisted the Travelers Aid Society to help thousands of Southern Blacks adjust to Northern society, find housing, and navigate around the city. Members also volunteered at the Freedman's Hospital.[27]
In 1921, the sorority sent telegrams to seven other historically Black fraternities and sororities, suggesting that they form a panhellenic.[31] On May 10, 1930, Alpha Kappa Alpha, along with the fraternities Kappa Alpha Psi and Omega Psi Phi and sororities Delta Sigma Theta and Zeta Phi Beta, formed the National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) at Howard University.[32]
In April 1933, the sorority's international president Ida Louise Jackson visited All Saints Industrial School in Lexington, Mississippi, learning of the difficult conditions in the Mississippi Delta during the Great Depression. Some of the school's teachers did not have an education past the seventh grade. African Americans were trying to make a living sharecropping on plantation land as agricultural prices continued to fall.[33][34]
In the summer of 1934, Jackson initiated the Summer School for Rural Teachers to train future teachers. She worked with a total of 22 student teachers and 243 school children. In addition, she held night classes for 48 adults.[35] By obtaining 2,600 books for the school's library, Jackson made it "the largest library owned by white or colored in all Holmes County."[35]
The December 1935 Boulé approved $1,000 for Jackson to forma a regional health clinic in Mississippi.[36] The clinic opened in the summer of 1938 and evolved into the Mississippi Health Project, with Alpha Kappa Alpha Dorothy Boulding Ferebee serving as its director.[36] The Mississippi Health Project brought primary medical care to the rural Black population across the state for six summers.[37][38] It was the first mobile health clinic in the United States, assisting approximately 15,000 people in the Mississippi Delta.[39] The project was noted for helping to decrease cases diphtheria and smallpox in the region and to improve nutritional and dental practices throughout rural Mississippi.[40][41]
Norma Elizabeth Boyd led the sorority to create the National Non-Partisan Lobby on Civil and Democratic Rights (NPC) in 1938, later renamed the National Non-Partisan Council on Public Affairs. It was the first full-time congressional lobby for minority group civil rights.[42][43] Throughout the organization's life, the Non-Partisan Council worked with the NAACP, National Urban League, the United Office and Professional Workers of America, the National Association of Graduate Nurses, the American Federation of Churches, the Colored Women's Club, the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and Auxiliary, and the New York Voter's League.[44] The NPC was dissolved on July 15, 1948, by twelfth Supreme Basileus Edna Over Gray-Campbell.[43]
In August 1945, Alpha Kappa Alpha established the American Council on Human Rights (ACHR) to replace the NPC. The council made recommendations to the government concerning civil rights legislation.[45] The ACHR was proposed at the 1946 Boulé.[45] In October 1946, Alpha Kappa Alpha was the first sorority to obtain observer status at the United Nations.[46] On January 25, 1948, Delta Sigma Theta, Zeta Phi Beta, Sigma Gamma Rho sororities, and Alpha Phi Alpha and Phi Beta Sigma fraternities were charter members of the ACHR.[47] Kappa Alpha Psi was later included in March 1949.[48][49]
On September 1, 1945, Alpha Kappa Alpha established The National Health Office in New York City.[39] The National Health Office coordinated activities with local chapters and worked with the ACHC to promote health initiatives before the United States Congress, increase the number of student nurses, and improve the state of health programs at historically black colleges and universities.[50] The National Health Office was dissolved in 1951, as its goals were incorporated into the sorority's international program.[51]
Civil rights and educational training: 1950–1970
Throughout the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, Alpha Kappa Alpha members helped to sponsor job training, reading enrichment, heritage, and youth programs. By encouraging youth to improve math, science, and reading skills, the sorority continued its commitment to community service and enriching the lives of others. Financially, Alpha Kappa Alpha expanded funding for projects in 1953 through the creation and trademark of a fashion show called Fashionetta.[29][52] Politically, ACHR continued lobbying for equality concerning civil rights during the 1950s and 1960s. According to Collier-Thomas, the ACHR drew attention to legislation concerning education, transportation, employment, and improving equality in the armed forces and public places.[53] The ACHR participated in filing civil rights cases in amicus curiae with Bolling v. Sharpe and 1954's Brown v. Board of Education.[54] However, ACHR voted to dissolve operations in 1963.[54]
Alpha Kappa Alpha contributed programs for inner-city youth by capitalizing on political gains in the White House. On August 20, 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Economic Opportunity Act, which allowed the creation of the Job Corps.[55] The sorority wanted to operate a student job training center. Led by president Julia Purnell, the sorority negotiated with the Office of Economic Opportunity to operate a women's center from October 1964 to January 1965.[55] Alpha Kappa Alpha was awarded a $4 million grant (equivalent to $Template:Inflation million in Template:Inflation/year) to operate the Cleveland Job Corps in Cleveland, Ohio on February 12, 1965, becoming the first sorority to operate a federal job training center.[38][55] Beginning in 1965, the Cleveland Job Corps trained female high school dropouts aged 16 to 21 with job and educational skills. In 1976, the Cleveland Job Corps began accepting males.[38] The sorority operated the Cleveland Job Corps until 1995.[56]
The sorority published The Heritage Series between 1968 and 1972.[12] These pamphlets were a series of biographies of top African-American women, including "Women in the Judiciary", "Women in Politics", "Women in Medicine", "Women in Business", and "Women in Dentistry".[57] Alpha Kappa Alpha also donated $20,000 for preserving Martin Luther King Jr.'s birthplace in Atlanta, Georgia, in the early 1970s.[58] In 1978, during the sorority's seventieth anniversary, the Memorial Window at Howard University was dedicated to the founders of Alpha Kappa Alpha. Surviving founders Lavinia Norman and Norma Elizabeth Boyd attended the celebration of unveiling the Memorial Window, designed by Lois Mailou Jones.[59]
Bridging toward the twenty-first century: 1980–2007
Soon after the sorority's 75th anniversary, Alpha Kappa Alpha contributed funds to decrease Africa's poverty with the establishment of the African Village Development Program (AVDP).[60] As a conjoint program with Africare, it sought to decrease poverty in African villages.[38][60] In collaboration with the International Foundation for Education and Self-Help (IFESH), the sorority built ten schools in South Africa after apartheid ended, and it donated computer technology to the region.[38][61]
The sorority continued to provide after-school mentoring programs, such as ON TRACK.[38] ON TRACK, an acronym for "Organizing, Nurturing, Team building, Respecting, Achieving, Counseling and Knowing", was designed to help 20,000 at-risk third graders who were failing their education.[62] In addition, programs such as the Ivy Reading AKAdemy and Young Authors Program improved elementary reading comprehension skills, while PIMS highlighted programs in math and science.[38]
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The purpose of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority is to cultivate and encourage high scholastic and ethical standards, to promote unity and friendship among college women, to study and help alleviate problems concerning girls and women to improve their social stature, to maintain a progressive interest in college life, and to be of service to all mankind.
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After Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the sorority raised money for a disaster relief fund.[60] In July 2007, through Habitat for Humanity, the sorority helped build a house in New Orleans for a family that survived Hurricane Katrina.[64]
Other Alpha Kappa Alpha initiatives increased awareness of health-related issues, such as AIDS, sickle cell anemia, breast cancer, and the importance of staying in shape.[60][65][66] The sorority supported the efforts of justice for the Jena Six.[67] It also partnered with African Ancestry, allowing members to use DNA testing to find genealogical data for themselves and their families.[68]
Centennial celebration: 2008
Alpha Kappa Alpha celebrated its centenary with a year-long commemoration in 2008. The celebration coincided with the sorority's biennial Boulé.[69] Internationally, some Alpha Kappa Alpha members began marking the festivities by making a pilgrimage to Howard University from January 12 to January 15, 2008.[69][70] The activities included sorority members donating $1 million in scholarship funds to Howard University,[71] contributing libraries for Middle School for Mathematics and Science and Asbury Dwelling for Senior Citizens, and unveiling a digital version of the entire Ivy Leaf publication.[72]
From July 11 to July 18, 2008, Alpha Kappa Alpha held their 63rd Boulé which included a town hall meeting with the public, a unity march in conjunction with other NPHC members, and a concert featuring honorary member Patti LaBelle.[73] On July 17, 2008, Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority set a Guinness World Record when 16,206 members participated in the largest-ever silver service sit-down dinner in a convention.[74]
Alpha Kappa Alpha's accomplishments were heralded by the United States Congress, with U.S. Senator Hillary Clinton and sorority member U.S. Representative Sheila Jackson-Lee introducing legislation in both houses of the United States Congress to commemorate the sorority's founding.[75] In addition, the toy company Mattel designed a Barbie collectible doll fashioned with a pink and green evening gown.[76][77]
Symbols
The sorority's motto is "By Culture and By Merit".[78] Its colors are salmon pink and apple green.[78] Its symbol is the Ivy leaf and its flower is the pink tea rose.[78] Its publication is the Ivy Leaf magazine.[79]
The term soror, derived from the Latin for "sister", is used between members of the sorority.[80] Deceased members are referred to as "Ivies Beyond the Wall".[78]
Membership
Women may join Alpha Kappa Alpha through undergraduate chapters at a college or university, or they may be invited to join by a graduate chapter after acquiring an undergraduate or advanced college degree.[81] Honorary membership is Alpha Kappa Alpha's highest honor.[82][83]
Membership interest is processed by an interest meeting called a "rush". After the candidate receives an official letter from the sorority, she can participate in the membership intake process. Prospective members must have a C+ or a 2.5 GPA average or better before their membership submission and a record of community service. If a prospective member has graduated, she could be invited to join the sorority at the discretion of the graduate chapter.[84]
Ivy Leaf Pledge Club
Historically, . Potential candidates for Alpha Kappa Alpha membership would join the Ivy Leaf Pledge Club before being inducted into the sorority.[85][86] In Our Kind of People: Inside America's Upper Class, Lawrence Otis Graham tells of his aunt's experience in joining the Ivy Leaf Pledge Club:
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We had to learn a lot more about the historic beginnings of the AKAs, and we did it by writing long letters of application to the Ivy Leaf Pledge Club—the senior wing of the sorority that regulated the admissions process—and then attending monthly meetings where the older students tutored us on the history.[87]
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According to Graham, the sorority would have "Pledge Week", a period where chapter members reviewed a candidate's grades and behavior. Candidates who withstood this period were initiated into the sorority.[87]
Governance
The leadership of the sorority in the early years was derived from three separate groups—the original group, the sophomores, and the incorporators, who together are known as "The Twenty Pearls".[78][88] Twelve members have held the executive director position since the office's creation on October 9, 1949.[89]
Twenty Pearls
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International Presidents
Listed below are the thirty International Presidents since the 1913 institution of the office.[92] "Supreme" is added to the title of an international officeholder, such as Supreme Basileus.[78]
Boulé
The BouléTemplate:Efn is the regulating institution of the sorority and meets every two years.[78] The first Boulé was held at Howard University in December 1918.[12] Meetings were held annually in December.[12] No Boulé occurred in 1942 due to World War II.[12] The 41st Boulé in 1964 was the last annual meeting scheduled around the Christmas holiday.[12] After the 41st Boulé, Boulé meetings were held every two years.[12] The 69th Annual Boule scheduled for July 15–19, 2020, in Philadelphia, was canceled because of concerns about COVID-19.
Notable speakers at Boulé conventions include civil rights activists Martin Luther King Jr. and Roy Wilkins.
Chapters
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After establishing 32 graduate and undergraduate chapters in 1924, Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority organized chapters according to their regions in the United States and abroad. The Boulé determines the boundaries of the regions.[94] The ten regions are each led by a regional director, who serves a member of the sorority's board of directors. As of 2025, Alpha Kappa Alpha has 1,085 chapters in the United States and eleven other countries.[95] For graduate chapters, "Omega" is added to distinguish those that consist of college graduates from undergraduate chapters.
Philanthropy
Ivy Acres
Senior Residences, Incorporated, a subsidiary of Alpha Kappa Alpha, is currently developing Ivy Acres, a retirement center in Winston-Salem, North Carolina.[96][97] Ivy Acres will be one of the first retirement centers founded by African Americans and minorities in the United States. According to Business Wire, Ivy Acres will include 188 independent, 40 assisted-living apartments, 20 units for skilled nursing care."[96] Residents are expected to pay $1,890 to $2,890 monthly for services.[96] The planning for Ivy Acres cost approximately US$32 million.[96]
Ivy Reading AKAdemy
The sorority's Ivy Reading AKAdemy is a reading initiative that focuses on early learning and mastery of basic reading skills by the end of third grade.[38]
Leadership Fellows Program
The Leadership Fellows Program trains thirty Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority sophomore and junior undergraduate members for professional leadership roles. In addition, the fellows contribute to community service for one week. In the past, Alpha Kappa Alpha has sponsored the event through the Educational Advancement Foundation. Also, the program has been financed by Pillsbury, Tyson Foods, Johnson & Johnson, and most recently General Electric.[98][99][100]
Partnerships in Mathematics and Science
The sorority started Partnerships in Mathematics and Science (PIMS) in 1994 to encourage Black girls to pursue math, science, and technology careers.[101] The National Science Foundation and historically black colleges nationwide sponsored campaigns to highlight the program's importance.[101] Several chapters provided two-week math and science summer camps on college and day school campuses.[38][62]
Young Authors Program
The Young Authors Program aims to encourage and raise reading and writing involvement in kindergarten through third-grade children. Each of the ten regions in the sorority selected a child's story to be published in a two-volume anthology entitled The Spirit Within: Voices of Young Authors.[38]
Foundation
Alpha Kappa Alpha's Educational Advancement Foundation (EAF) is a separate and tax-exempt branch of the sorority, which "provide[s] financial support to individuals and organizations engaged in lifelong learning."[102] The foundation awards academic scholarships (for undergraduate members of the sorority, as well as non-members), fellowships, and grants for community service.[103]
The foundation was founded in 1978 by Constance Holland, the sister of former Alpha Kappa Alpha International president Barbara Phillips. It officially began in 1980, and the sorority donated US$10,000 for the project. Eight years later, the organization awarded $10,000 to fourteen students. In 1991, EAF awarded mini-grants to community organizations. In 1998, EAF provided the first Youth Partners Accessing Capital (PAC) award to an undergraduate member.
At the organization's twentieth anniversary in 2000, EAF published Perpetuating Our Posterity: A Blueprint for Excellence. The book served as a comprehensive history of the organization and a source of advice for other beginning philanthropies.
For the sorority's centennial, the foundation created the Alpha Kappa Alpha Exhibit to travel to several U.S. cities from 2006 to 2008.[104] The foundation also celebrated the centennial by donating $2 million to Howard University. Half of the gift supported the Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, which houses the historical artifacts, photographs, documents, and recordings of Alpha Kappa Alpha. The other half of the gift went to the Nellie M. Quander Scholarship Fund for partial or full scholarships junior and senior female students at Howard.[105]
Notable members
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".As of 2025, Alpha Kappa Alpha has initiated more than 365,000 women and has 90,000 active members.[95] Graduate members constitute the largest percentage of membership.[82] Former Vice President Kamala Harris is one of the sorority's most notable members, having joined during her time at Howard University.[106]
Member and chapter misconduct
Embezzlement
On June 20, 2009, eight Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority members filed a complaint in the Superior Court for the District of Columbia demanding that international president Barbara McKinzie be fired for improper use of sorority funds and the money be returned to the sorority.[107] The lawsuit claimed that the sorority's executive board approved the spending of substantial amounts on McKinzie's costs of living, including the commissioning an expensive wax model of McKinzie that cost $900,000. McKinzie denied the allegations, describing them as "without merit". The sorority revoked the memberships of the eight members who filed the complaint in retaliation for the lawsuit, but a judge later required reinstatement.[108][109][110][111] In February 2010, the Superior Court dismissed the lawsuit.[112][113] On August 18, 2011, the District of Columbia Court of Appeals reversed that decision.[114]
On March 22, 2012, a forensic audit of Alpha Kappa Alpha's 2010 financial records revealed concerns with past president McKinzie's development and access to a "secret" bank account. The findings of the audit supported the claims in the previous lawsuit. The audit also found that two former officials continued using sorority credit cards after their service ended, failing to document charges appropriately. Another lawsuit against the organization, McKinzie, and other officials contained similar allegations. The audit found that McKinzie and the other officials secretly created a second set of financial books to get around the sorority's accounting policies. According to the audit, "(n)early $1.7 million in payments were made to the former president, Barbara McKinzie, without authorization. Approximately $282,000 in credit card charges on a second set of books appear to be fraudulent, including personal charges the sorority wasn't reimbursed for."[115] The sorority later expelled McKinzie[116] and won an arbitration award of $1.6 million against her. McKinzie challenged the award,[117] but the appeals court affirmed the award in favor of the sorority.[118]
Hazing
In 2018, the University of Pittsburgh suspended the Iota chapter because of hazing—a mother reported bruises on her daughter's arm. The daughter, along with eleven other students, admitted to having been involved in hazing practices at the sorority.[119]
In a 2019 lawsuit filed in the U.S. District Court of Illinois, the family of Jordan Hankins blamed Alpha Kappa Alpha, Inc. for her 2017 suicide. Hankins, a sophomore basketball player at Northwestern University, pledged to the sorority after receiving official membership. While backward pledging to gain respect from chapter members who went through a similar process, Hankins "was subjected to physical abuse including paddling, verbal abuse, mental abuse, financial exploitation, sleep deprivation, items being thrown and dumped on her, and other forms of hazing intended to humiliate and demean her," according to the lawsuit. An official statement from Alpha Kappa Alpha, Inc. says the sorority is "deeply saddened" by Hankins' death and declined to comment on the details of the complaint and her suicide due to the "sensitive nature" of the incident and "the ongoing grief her family is experiencing".[120][121][122]
On September 9, 2002, Kristin High (age 22) and Kenitha Saafir (age 24) from California State University, Los Angeles died following a hazing activity. Members of Alpha Kappa Alpha instructed the women to perform a series of activities blindfolded on Dockweiler State Beach when a high tide came, and eventually drowned both of them. The next day, when the woman brought Kristin's car and cell phone to her mother, she noticed her pledge journal missing from the car and numbers deleted from her cell phone. Before Kristin's death, Kristin's mother encouraged her to fully disassociate herself from the sorority after Kristin discussed inappropriate behavior by members of the sorority. A year after the incident, the families of the deceased settled with Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority Inc. after filing a $100 million civil wrongful death lawsuit. The sorority denied having an active chapter at CSULA, but the court rejected that assertion and found the sorority accountable for the deaths.[123][124][125] No criminal charges were filed. The CSULA chapter had previously been sanctioned for hazing, and the sorority permanently expelled all members involved with the death.[126][127]
Prostitution
In May 2018, the Alpha Beta chapter at Fort Valley State University (FVSU) was placed under investigation by the University System of Georgia and the Georgia Bureau of Investigations due to allegations that the executive assistant to FVSU's president and graduate advisor of the chapter, Alecia Johnson, suggested low-income prospective members have sex with affluent men in Georgia to cover approximately $1,500 in required membership intake fees. Johnson resigned from her position at the university and hired legal representation to contest the allegations.[128][129][130] In June 2019, Johnson pled guilty to prostituting herself and one FVSU student. Also, as part of her plea deal, she testified against the men charged in the prostitution ring. Her plea deal resulted in her getting five years of probation, 180 days of house arrest, and a $1,000 fine.[131] GBI investigations led to indictments that included no members of the Alpha Kappa Alpha chapter.[132] The sorority completed an internal investigation into the matter, and allowed the chapter to remain in good standing with the sorority's highest leadership.[133]
See also
Notes
References
Inline citations
Sources referenced
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- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". 206 pages; sociological study which combines ethnographic, archival, oral-historical, and other approaches
External links
- Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated official website
- Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated Centennial Celebration (archived)
- Alpha Kappa Alpha – Educational Advancement Foundation, Incorporated
- Ivy Leaf: 1921–1998 Microfiche Guide (PDF; archived)
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- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Brown, Tamara L., Gregory Parks, Clarenda M. Phillips (2005), African American Fraternities and Sororities: The Legacy and the Vision. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, p. 342.
- ↑ McNealey, E., Pearls of Service, p. 19.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ "HU Journal, Volume 9 Issue 29" (1912). Volume 09. 29. https://dh.howard.edu/huj_v9/29
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ McNealey, E., Pearls of Service.
- ↑ a b c Quander, Nellie M. "Soror Nellie Quander reviews period of storm & stress." Ivy Leaf, vol. 26, no. 4, December 1948,32.
- ↑ a b c McNealey, Earnestine Green. Priceless Pearls: Dimensions of Sisterhood and Service in Alpha Kappa Alpha. United States, Alpha Kappa Alpha, 2017.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Giddings, Paula In Search of Sisterhood: Delta Sigma Theta and the Challenges of the Black Sorority Movement (New York: William Morrow and Company, 1988)
- ↑ Evening star, Fri, Jan 31, 1913 ·Page 7
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Parker, M., Alpha Kappa Alpha Through the Years, p. 140.
- ↑ Jones-Wilson, Faustine Childress. Encyclopedia of African-American Education. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1996. p. 196. Template:ISBN.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".. Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated. Retrieved January 21, 2008.
- ↑ a b c d McNealey, E., Pearls of Service, p. 329.
- ↑ a b Ross, Jr., The Divine Nine, p. 167.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b McNealey, E., Pearls of Service, p. 327.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ McNealey E., Pearls of Service, p. 150.
- ↑ a b McNealey, E., Pearls of Service, p. 151.
- ↑ a b McNealey, E., Pearls of Service, p. 181.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Parker, M., In the Eye of the Beholder, p. 87.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b McNealey, E., Pearls of Service, p. 157.
- ↑ Parker, M., Past is Prologue, p. 195.
- ↑ a b McNealey, E., Pearls of Service, p. 158.
- ↑ McNealey, E., Pearls of Service, p. 126.
- ↑ McNealey, E., Pearls of Service, p. 159.
- ↑ McNealey, E., Pearls of Service, p. 160.
- ↑ Parker, M., In the Eye of the Beholder, p. 101.
- ↑ Parker, M., In the Eye of the Beholder, p. 88.
- ↑ Parker, M., In the Eye of the Beholder, p. 89.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Collier-Thomas, Bettye; Vincent P. Franklin (2001). Sisters in the Struggle: African American Women in the Civil Rights-Black Power Movement. New York City: NYU Press. p. 32.
- ↑ a b Ivy Leaf: 1921–1998 Microfiche Guide Template:Webarchive p. 15 (xv). Published by the United Publications of America, 2000.
- ↑ a b c McNealey, E., Pearls of Service, p. 132.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ Parker, M., In the Eye of the Beholder, p. 107.
- ↑ McNealey, E., Pearls of Service, p. 330.
- ↑ a b c d McNealey, E., Pearls of Service, p. 185.
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- ↑ a b McNealey, E., Pearls of Service, p. 153.
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- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Alpha Kappa Alpha Donates $1 Million to Howard University: Contribution Caps Emotional Day of Tributes During ΑΚΑ's Centennial Celebration. Black News Press Release. Retrieved January 18, 2008. Template:Webarchive.
- ↑ "Alpha Kappa Alpha Ushers in Centennial Year" Template:Webarchive. BlackNews.com. Retrieved January 8, 2008.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Alpha Kappa Alpha's Dinner Sets Guinness World Record. Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated. Retrieved on 2009-04-22.
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- ↑ Bennett, Brad. "AKA's black Barbie may inspire young girls" Template:Webarchive. Broward Times, 2008-01-18. Retrieved on 2008-01-21.
- ↑ "Barbie Doll Unveiled at International Convention". Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated. July 14, 2008. Template:Webarchive.
- ↑ a b c d e f g Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ Parker, M., In the Eye of the Beholder, p. 2.
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ McNealey E., Pearls of Service, p. 257.
- ↑ Parker, M., Past is Prologue, p. 12.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ a b McNealey, E., Pearls of Service, p. 152.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ "Members sue AKA president, cite $900K wax statue", Chicago Sun-Times, July 29, 2009.
- ↑ Joy Elaine Dailey et. al. v. Barbara Anne McKinzie. Template:Webarchive Superior Court of The District of Columbia Civil Division. Friends of the Weeping Ivy. Accessed on July 12. 2018.
- ↑ Shackleford Letter. Template:Webarchive. Friends of the Weeping Ivy. Accessed on July 12, 2018.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Joy E. Daley et. al. v. Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated. Friends of the Weeping Ivy. Retrieved on July 12, 2018. Template:Webarchive.
- ↑ Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc., Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplemental Information, Year Ended December 31, 2010. Template:Webarchive
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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