Scleroderma citrinum: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Common earthball 1.jpg|thumb|SEM image of a cross section of peridium, gleba region with small spiky spores]] | [[File:Common earthball 1.jpg|thumb|SEM image of a cross section of peridium, gleba region with small spiky spores]] | ||
'''''Scleroderma citrinum''''', commonly known as the '''common earthball''',<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fungi4schools.org/Reprints/ENGLISH_NAMES.pdf |title=List of Recommended English Names For Fungi in the UK. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716083053/http://www.fungi4schools.org/Reprints/ENGLISH_NAMES.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-16 |website=Fungi 4 Schools |publisher=British Mycological Society |access-date=2007-09-17}}</ref> '''pigskin poison puffball''',<ref>{{cite web |date=January 2005 |url=http://library.fws.gov/CCPs/oxbow_final05.pdf |title=Oxbow National Wildlife Refuge: Final Comprehensive Conservation Plan, January 2005 |publisher=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service |p=195 |via=library.fws.gov |access-date=2007-09-17}}</ref> or '''common earth ball''',<ref>{{cite journal |author=Falandysz J |title=Mercury in mushrooms and soil of the Tarnobrzeska Plain, south-eastern Poland |journal=J Environ Sci Health a Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=343–52 |date=March 2002 |doi=10.1081/ese-120002833 |pmid=11929073 |s2cid=24124204 }}</ref> is a species of [[Scleroderma (fungus)|earthball]] fungus. | |||
''Scleroderma citrinum'' is an [[ | == Description == | ||
The fruit bodies grow to {{convert|10|cm|frac=2}} broad and 6 cm high with a yellowish [[peridium]], or outer skin.<ref name=Arora1986>{{Cite book |last=Arora |first=David |author-link=David Arora |title=Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi |url=https://archive.org/details/arora-david-mushrooms-demystified-a-comprehensive-guide-to-the-fleshy-fungi-ten-speed-press-1986/page/708/mode/2up |publisher=[[Ten Speed Press]] |isbn=978-0-89815-170-1 |location=Berkeley, California |year=1986 |orig-date=1979 |edition=2nd |pages=708}}</ref> | |||
Earthballs are superficially similar to, and considered look-alikes of, the edible [[puffball]] (particularly ''[[Apioperdon pyriforme]]''), but whereas the puffball has a single opening on top through which the [[spore]]s are dispersed, the earthball just breaks up to release the spores. Moreover, ''S. citrinum'' has much firmer flesh and a dark [[gleba]] (interior) much earlier in development than puffballs. ''Scleroderma citrinum'' has no stem but is attached to the soil by [[mycelial]] cords. The peridium is thick and firm, usually ochre yellow externally with irregular warts. | |||
== Distribution and habitat == | |||
Found in Europe and in North America, it is the most common species of earthball fungus in the [[United Kingdom]] and occurs widely in woods, heathland and in short grass from autumn to winter. ''S. citrinum'' has two synonyms, ''S. aurantium'' (Vaill.) and ''Scleroderma vulgare'' Horn.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pekşen, Aysun and Gürsel Karaca |year=2003 |title=Macrofungi of Samsun Province |url=http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/botany/issues/bot-03-27-3/bot-27-3-3-0204-3.pdf |journal=Turkish Journal of Botany |volume=27 |pages=173–184}}</ref> | |||
== Ecology == | |||
''Scleroderma citrinum'' is an [[ectomycorrhiza]]l fungus with a [[symbiotic]] relationship with some tree species, and can influence the diversity of soil bacterial communities under some tree species.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scleroderma citrinum - microbewiki |url=https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Scleroderma_citrinum |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=microbewiki.kenyon.edu |language=en}}</ref> | |||
The earthball may be parasitized by ''[[Pseudoboletus parasiticus]]''. | The earthball may be parasitized by ''[[Pseudoboletus parasiticus]]''. | ||
''Scleroderma citrinum'' can be mistaken with | == Toxicity == | ||
''Scleroderma citrinum'' is [[mushroom poisoning|poisonous]]<ref name=Arora1986/> and can be mistaken with [[truffle]]s by inexperienced mushroom hunters. Ingestion of ''S. citrinum'' can cause [[gastrointestinal distress]] in humans and animals. Some individuals may experience [[lacrimation]], [[rhinitis]] and [[rhinorrhea]], and [[conjunctivitis]] from exposure to its spores.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=October 2006 |url=http://www.svims.ca/ff0610.pdf |title=Reflections on Mushroom Poisoning – Part III |magazine=Fungifama: The Newsletter of the South Vancouver Island Mycological Society |via=svims.ca |access-date=2007-09-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoffman |first=Ursula |url=http://www.nemf.org/files/lincoff/beginners/poison.html |title=Poisonous Mushrooms in Northeastern North America |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040607082012/http://www.nemf.org/files/lincoff/beginners/poison.html |archive-date=2004-06-07 |publisher=NorthEast Mycological Federation, Inc. |access-date=2007-09-17}}</ref> | |||
Pigments found in the fruiting body of '' | Pigments found in the fruiting body of ''S. citrinum'' Pers. are [[sclerocitrin]], [[norbadione A]], [[xerocomic acid]], and [[badione A]]. | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
Latest revision as of 08:36, 30 June 2025
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Scleroderma citrinum, commonly known as the common earthball,[1] pigskin poison puffball,[2] or common earth ball,[3] is a species of earthball fungus.
Description
The fruit bodies grow to Template:Convert broad and 6 cm high with a yellowish peridium, or outer skin.[4]
Earthballs are superficially similar to, and considered look-alikes of, the edible puffball (particularly Apioperdon pyriforme), but whereas the puffball has a single opening on top through which the spores are dispersed, the earthball just breaks up to release the spores. Moreover, S. citrinum has much firmer flesh and a dark gleba (interior) much earlier in development than puffballs. Scleroderma citrinum has no stem but is attached to the soil by mycelial cords. The peridium is thick and firm, usually ochre yellow externally with irregular warts.
Distribution and habitat
Found in Europe and in North America, it is the most common species of earthball fungus in the United Kingdom and occurs widely in woods, heathland and in short grass from autumn to winter. S. citrinum has two synonyms, S. aurantium (Vaill.) and Scleroderma vulgare Horn.[5]
Ecology
Scleroderma citrinum is an ectomycorrhizal fungus with a symbiotic relationship with some tree species, and can influence the diversity of soil bacterial communities under some tree species.[6]
The earthball may be parasitized by Pseudoboletus parasiticus.
Toxicity
Scleroderma citrinum is poisonous[4] and can be mistaken with truffles by inexperienced mushroom hunters. Ingestion of S. citrinum can cause gastrointestinal distress in humans and animals. Some individuals may experience lacrimation, rhinitis and rhinorrhea, and conjunctivitis from exposure to its spores.[7][8]
Pigments found in the fruiting body of S. citrinum Pers. are sclerocitrin, norbadione A, xerocomic acid, and badione A.
Notes
References
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External links
- Medicinal Mushrooms Description, bioactive compounds, medicinal properties
- Mushroom Expert Additional information
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ Template:Cite magazine
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