Streamline Moderne: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
→Other notable examples: Added streamline hotel in daytona as a notable example. God bless
 
imported>AnomieBOT
m Dating maintenance tags: {{Expand section}} {{Cn}}
 
Line 33: Line 33:
==Influences and origins==
==Influences and origins==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2020}}
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2020}}
As the [[Great Depression]] of the 1930s progressed, Americans saw a new aspect of [[Art Deco]], i.e., streamlining, a concept first conceived by [[industrial design]]ers who stripped Art Deco design of its ornament in favor of the aerodynamic pure-line concept of motion and speed developed from scientific thinking. The cylindrical forms and long horizontal windowing in architecture may also have been influenced by the [[New Objectivity (architecture)|New Objectivity]] artists — a movement connected to the German [[Deutscher Werkbund|Werkbund]] — and by [[Futurist architecture]] of the early 20th century. Examples of this style include the 1923 [[Mossehaus]], the reconstruction of the corner of a Berlin office building in 1923 by [[Erich Mendelsohn]] and [[Richard Neutra]]. The Streamline Moderne was sometimes a reflection of the [[Austerity|austere]] economic times; sharp angles were replaced with simple, aerodynamic curves, and ornament was replaced with smooth [[concrete]] and [[glass]].
As the [[Great Depression]] of the 1930s progressed, Americans saw a new architectural style emerge as [[industrial design]]ers stripped [[Art Deco]] of its ornament in favor of an aerodynamically-inspired pure-line concept.  The new ''streamlined'' look that emerged conveyed simplicity, motion, and speed, much derived from - and influencing - advanced forms of modern transportation. 
 
It had various roots. Its cylindrical forms and long horizontal windowing may have been influenced by the [[New Objectivity (architecture)|New Objectivity]] artists — a movement connected to the German [[Deutscher Werkbund|Werkbund]] — and by [[Futurist architecture]] of the early 20th century. Examples of this style include the 1923 [[Mossehaus]], the reconstruction of the corner of a Berlin office building in 1923 by [[Erich Mendelsohn]] and [[Richard Neutra]]. The Streamline Moderne was sometimes a reflection of the [[Austerity|austere]] economic times; sharp angles were replaced with simple, aerodynamic curves, and ornament was replaced with smooth [[concrete]] and [[glass]].


The style was the first to incorporate electric light into architectural structure. In the first-class dining room of the [[SS Normandie|SS ''Normandie'']], fitted out 1933–35, twelve tall pillars of [[René Lalique|Lalique]] glass, and 38 columns lit from within illuminated the room. The [[Strand Palace Hotel]] foyer (1930), preserved from demolition by the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] during 1969, was one of the first uses of internally lit architectural glass, and coincidentally was the first Moderne interior preserved in a [[museum]].
The style was the first to incorporate electric light into architectural structure. In the first-class dining room of the [[SS Normandie|SS ''Normandie'']], fitted out 1933–35, twelve tall pillars of [[René Lalique|Lalique]] glass, and 38 columns lit from within illuminated the room. The [[Strand Palace Hotel]] foyer (1930), preserved from demolition by the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] during 1969, was one of the first uses of internally lit architectural glass, and coincidentally was the first Moderne interior preserved in a [[museum]].
Line 39: Line 41:
==Architecture==
==Architecture==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2020}}
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2020}}
Streamline Moderne appeared most often in buildings related to transportation and movement, such as bus and train stations, airport terminals, roadside cafes, and port buildings.<ref>Bridge, Nicole. ''Architecture 101'', [[Simon & Schuster]], New York, (2015), page 203.</ref> It had characteristics common with [[modern architecture]], including a horizontal orientation, rounded corners, the use of glass brick walls or porthole windows, flat roofs, chrome-plated hardware, and horizontal grooves or lines in the walls. They were frequently white or in subdued pastel colors.
Streamline Moderne appeared most overtly in buildings related to transportation and movement, such as bus and train stations, airport terminals, roadside cafes, and port buildings.<ref>Bridge, Nicole. ''Architecture 101'', [[Simon & Schuster]], New York, (2015), page 203.</ref> It had characteristics common with [[modern architecture]], including a horizontal orientation, rounded corners, the use of glass brick walls or porthole windows, flat roofs, chrome-plated hardware, and horizontal grooves or lines in the walls. Structures were frequently white or in subdued pastel colors.


An example of this style is the Aquatic Park Bathhouse in the [[Aquatic Park Historic District]], in San Francisco. Built beginning in 1936 by the [[Works Progress Administration]], it features the distinctive horizontal lines, classic rounded corners railing and windows of the style, resembling the elements of ship. The interior preserves much of the original decoration and detail, including murals by artist and color theoretician [[Hilaire Hiler]]. The architects were William Mooser Jr. and William Mooser III. It is now the administrative center of Aquatic Park Historic District.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Park Service: Architecture in the Parks (Aquatic Park) |url=https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/harrison/harrison29.htm |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=www.nps.gov}}</ref>
An example of this style is the Aquatic Park Bathhouse in the [[Aquatic Park Historic District]], in San Francisco. Built beginning in 1936 by the [[Works Progress Administration]], it features the distinctive horizontal lines, classic rounded corners railing and windows of the style, resembling the elements of ship. The interior preserves much of the original decoration and detail, including murals by artist and color theoretician [[Hilaire Hiler]]. The architects were William Mooser Jr. and William Mooser III. It is now the administrative center of Aquatic Park Historic District.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Park Service: Architecture in the Parks (Aquatic Park) |url=https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/harrison/harrison29.htm |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=www.nps.gov}}</ref>
Line 47: Line 49:
Another example is [[Hollywood, California]]'s [[Julian Medical Building]], which has been described as a "landmark",<ref name=NRHP_hollywood>{{Cite web |title=Hollywood Boulevard Commercial and Entertainment District |url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/236d3254-47ee-4b31-9045-c2999cc465f2/ |publisher=[[United States Department of the Interior]] - [[National Park Service]] |date=April 4, 1985 |language=en-US}}</ref> "an architectural masterpiece",<ref name="sociallandmarks">{{Cite web |title=Julian Medical Building |url=https://socallandmarks.com/index.php/2023/03/12/julian-medical-building/ |website=socallandmarks.com |date=March 12, 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref> and "one of the crowning achievements of Streamline Moderne."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Winter |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WWl29hn0C9gC |title=An Architectural Guidebook to Los Angeles |date=2009 |publisher=[[Gibbs Smith]] |isbn=978-1-4236-0893-6 |page=181 |language=en}}</ref> The building's distinctive features include a rounded [[Moderne architecture|Moderne]] corner, windswept tower, and pylon-separated horizontally-reinforced windows.<ref name=NRHP_hollywood/><ref name="hmdb">{{Cite web |title=Owl Drug/Julian Medical - Hollywood Historic Site|url=https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=231861 |publisher=[[Hollywood Chamber of Commerce]] |accessdate=July 4, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>
Another example is [[Hollywood, California]]'s [[Julian Medical Building]], which has been described as a "landmark",<ref name=NRHP_hollywood>{{Cite web |title=Hollywood Boulevard Commercial and Entertainment District |url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/236d3254-47ee-4b31-9045-c2999cc465f2/ |publisher=[[United States Department of the Interior]] - [[National Park Service]] |date=April 4, 1985 |language=en-US}}</ref> "an architectural masterpiece",<ref name="sociallandmarks">{{Cite web |title=Julian Medical Building |url=https://socallandmarks.com/index.php/2023/03/12/julian-medical-building/ |website=socallandmarks.com |date=March 12, 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref> and "one of the crowning achievements of Streamline Moderne."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Winter |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WWl29hn0C9gC |title=An Architectural Guidebook to Los Angeles |date=2009 |publisher=[[Gibbs Smith]] |isbn=978-1-4236-0893-6 |page=181 |language=en}}</ref> The building's distinctive features include a rounded [[Moderne architecture|Moderne]] corner, windswept tower, and pylon-separated horizontally-reinforced windows.<ref name=NRHP_hollywood/><ref name="hmdb">{{Cite web |title=Owl Drug/Julian Medical - Hollywood Historic Site|url=https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=231861 |publisher=[[Hollywood Chamber of Commerce]] |accessdate=July 4, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>


Although Streamline Moderne houses are less common than streamline commercial buildings, residences do exist. The [[Lydecker House]] in [[Los Angeles]], built by [[Lydecker brothers|Howard Lydecker]], is an example of Streamline Moderne design in residential architecture. In tract development, elements of the style were sometimes used as a variation in postwar [[Terraced house|row housing]] in San Francisco's [[Sunset District, San Francisco|Sunset District]].
Streamline Moderne residences are less common than streamline commercial buildings. The [[Lydecker House]] in [[Los Angeles]], built by [[Lydecker brothers|Howard Lydecker]], is one example.{{cn|date=June 2025}} In tract development, elements of the style were sometimes used as a variation in postwar [[Terraced house|row housing]] in San Francisco's [[Sunset District, San Francisco|Sunset District]].


<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
Line 66: Line 68:
==Paquebot style==
==Paquebot style==
<!---Paquebot style redirects here.--->
<!---Paquebot style redirects here.--->
In France, the style was called ''Paquebot'', meaning [[ocean liner]]. The French version was inspired by the launch of the ocean liner ''[[SS Normandie|Normandie]]'' in 1935, which featured an Art Deco dining room with columns of [[Lalique]] crystal. Buildings using variants of the style appeared in Belgium and in Paris, notably in a building at 3 boulevard Victor in the [[15th arrondissement]], by the architect [[Pierre Patout]]. He was one of the founders of the Art Deco style. He designed the entrance to the Pavilion of a Collector at the 1925 Exposition of Decorative Arts, the birthplace of the style. He was also the designer of the interiors of three ocean liners, the ''[[SS Île de France|Ile-de-France]]'' (1926), the ''[[SS L'Atlantique|L'Atlantique]]'' (1930), and the ''[[SS Normandie|Normandie]]'' (1935).<ref>Oudin, Bernard. ''Dictionnaire des Architectes'', Sechiers, Paris, (1994), (in French), page 372.</ref> Patout's building on Avenue Victor lacked the curving lines of the American version of the style, but it had a narrow "bow" at one end, where the site was narrow, long balconies like the decks of a ship, and a row of projections like smokestacks on the roof. Another 1935 Paris apartment building at 1 Avenue Paul Doumer in the [[16th arrondissement]] had a series of terraces modelled after the decks of an ocean liner.<ref>{{citation | first = Simon | last = Texier |  title = Paris Panorama of Architecture | publisher = Parigramme | date = 2012 | page = 142 | isbn = 9782840966678 }}</ref>
In France, the style was called ''Paquebot'', meaning [[ocean liner]]. The French version was inspired by the launch of the premier [[transatlantic liner]] ''[[SS Normandie|Normandie]]'' in 1935, which featured an Art Deco dining room with columns of [[Lalique]] crystal. Buildings using variants of the style appeared in Belgium and in Paris, notably in a building at 3 boulevard Victor in the [[15th arrondissement]], by the architect [[Pierre Patout]]. He was one of the founders of the Art Deco style. He designed the entrance to the Pavilion of a Collector at the 1925 Exposition of Decorative Arts, the birthplace of the style. He was also the designer of the interiors of three ocean liners, the ''[[SS Île de France|Ile-de-France]]'' (1926), the ''[[SS L'Atlantique|L'Atlantique]]'' (1930), and the ''[[SS Normandie|Normandie]]'' (1935).<ref>Oudin, Bernard. ''Dictionnaire des Architectes'', Sechiers, Paris, (1994), (in French), page 372.</ref> Patout's building on Avenue Victor lacked the curving lines of the American version of the style, but it had a narrow "bow" at one end, where the site was narrow, long balconies like the decks of a ship, and a row of projections like smokestacks on the roof. Another 1935 Paris apartment building at 1 Avenue Paul Doumer in the [[16th arrondissement]] had a series of terraces modelled after the decks of an ocean liner.<ref>{{citation | first = Simon | last = Texier |  title = Paris Panorama of Architecture | publisher = Parigramme | date = 2012 | page = 142 | isbn = 9782840966678 }}</ref>


The [[Flagey Building]] was built on the [[Place Eugène Flagey]] in [[Ixelles]] (Brussels), Belgium, in 1938, in the ''paquebot'' style,<ref>{{cite web | title=Le Flagey - Découvrez Bruxelles en musique | website=Bruxelles ma Belle | date=16 November 2015 | url=https://www.bruxellesmabelle.net/lieux/le-flagey/ | language=fr | access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref> and has been nicknamed "Packet Boat"<ref name=svr>{{cite web | title=New course for packet boat | website=SVR-Architects | date=14 July 2002 | url=https://www.svr-architects.eu/new-course-for-packet-boat/?lang=en | access-date=9 May 2021 | archive-date=8 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108101328/https://www.svr-architects.eu/new-course-for-packet-boat/?lang=en | url-status=dead }}</ref> or "paquebot".<ref>{{cite web | title=Februari 2017: Flagey architectuurwandeling en pianoconcert | website=Antwerpencultuurstad | date=17 February 2017 | url=https://www.antwerpencultuurstad.be/februari-2017-flagey-architectuurwandeling-en-pianoconcert/ | language=nl | access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref> It was designed by {{ill|Joseph Diongre|fr}}, and selected as the winning design in an architectural competition<ref name=flageybuilding>{{cite web | title=The Flagey Building | website=Flagey  | url=https://www.flagey.be/en/page/3718-the-flagey-building | access-date=8 May 2021}}</ref> to create a building to house the former headquarters of the Belgian National Institute of Radio Broadcasting (INR/NIR).<ref name=jazz>{{cite web | title=Flagey | website=jazz.brussels | url=https://jazz.brussels/en/hotspot/flagey | access-date=9 May 2021 | archive-date=9 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509040149/https://jazz.brussels/en/hotspot/flagey | url-status=dead }}</ref> The building was extensively renovated, and in 2002, it reopened as a [[cultural centre]] known as Le Flagey.<ref name=flageybuilding/><ref>{{cite web | title=Flagey N.V. | website=SVR-Architects | date=17 October 2002 | url=https://www.svr-architects.eu/project/flagey-n-v/?lang=en | access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>
The [[Flagey Building]] was built on the [[Place Eugène Flagey]] in [[Ixelles]] (Brussels), Belgium, in 1938, in the ''paquebot'' style,<ref>{{cite web | title=Le Flagey - Découvrez Bruxelles en musique | website=Bruxelles ma Belle | date=16 November 2015 | url=https://www.bruxellesmabelle.net/lieux/le-flagey/ | language=fr | access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref> and has been nicknamed "Packet Boat"<ref name=svr>{{cite web | title=New course for packet boat | website=SVR-Architects | date=14 July 2002 | url=https://www.svr-architects.eu/new-course-for-packet-boat/?lang=en | access-date=9 May 2021 | archive-date=8 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108101328/https://www.svr-architects.eu/new-course-for-packet-boat/?lang=en | url-status=dead }}</ref> or "paquebot".<ref>{{cite web | title=Februari 2017: Flagey architectuurwandeling en pianoconcert | website=Antwerpencultuurstad | date=17 February 2017 | url=https://www.antwerpencultuurstad.be/februari-2017-flagey-architectuurwandeling-en-pianoconcert/ | language=nl | access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref> It was designed by {{ill|Joseph Diongre|fr}}, and selected as the winning design in an architectural competition<ref name=flageybuilding>{{cite web | title=The Flagey Building | website=Flagey  | url=https://www.flagey.be/en/page/3718-the-flagey-building | access-date=8 May 2021}}</ref> to create a building to house the former headquarters of the Belgian National Institute of Radio Broadcasting (INR/NIR).<ref name=jazz>{{cite web | title=Flagey | website=jazz.brussels | url=https://jazz.brussels/en/hotspot/flagey | access-date=9 May 2021 | archive-date=9 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509040149/https://jazz.brussels/en/hotspot/flagey | url-status=dead }}</ref> The building was extensively renovated, and in 2002, it reopened as a [[cultural centre]] known as Le Flagey.<ref name=flageybuilding/><ref>{{cite web | title=Flagey N.V. | website=SVR-Architects | date=17 October 2002 | url=https://www.svr-architects.eu/project/flagey-n-v/?lang=en | access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>
Line 78: Line 80:
==Automobiles==
==Automobiles==
{{further|Streamliner#Automobiles|topic=streamlined automobiles}}
{{further|Streamliner#Automobiles|topic=streamlined automobiles}}
The defining event for streamline moderne design in the United States was the 1933–34 [[Century of Progress|Chicago World's Fair]], which introduced the style to the general public. The new automobiles adapted the smooth lines of ocean liners and airships, giving the impression of efficiency, dynamism, and speed. The grills and windshields tilted backwards, cars sat lower and wider, and they featured smooth curves and horizontal speed lines. Examples include the 1934 [[Chrysler Airflow]] and the 1934 [[Studebaker Land Cruiser]]. The cars also featured new materials, including [[bakelite]] plastic, [[formica (plastic)|formica]], Vitrolight opaque glass, [[stainless steel]], and [[Vitreous enamel|enamel]], which gave the appearance of newness and sleekness.<ref>McCourt, Mark, "When Art Deco is Really Streamline Moderne", Hemmings Daily, 29 May 2014</ref>
The defining event for streamline moderne design in the United States was the 1933–34 [[Century of Progress|Chicago World's Fair]], which introduced the style to the general public. The new automobiles adapted the smooth lines of ocean liners and airships, giving the impression of efficiency, dynamism, and speed. The grills and windshields tilted backwards, cars sat lower and wider, and featured smooth curves and horizontal speed lines. Examples include the 1934 [[Chrysler Airflow]] and the 1934 [[Studebaker Land Cruiser]]. The cars also featured new materials, including [[bakelite]] plastic, [[formica (plastic)|formica]], Vitrolight opaque glass, [[stainless steel]], and [[Vitreous enamel|enamel]], which gave the appearance of newness and sleekness.<ref>McCourt, Mark, "When Art Deco is Really Streamline Moderne", Hemmings Daily, 29 May 2014</ref>


Other later examples include the 1950 [[Nash Ambassador]] "Airflyte" sedan with its distinctive low fender lines, as well as [[Hudson Motor Car Company|Hudson]]'s postwar cars, such as the [[Hudson Commodore|Commodore]],<ref name="Hudson Commodore">{{cite web |title=1948 Hudson Models – Tech Pages Article |url=http://wildaboutcarsonline.com/cgi-bin/pub9990262549620.cgi?itemid=9990480952247&action=viewad&categoryid=9900468971914 |website=Auto History Preservation Society |access-date=February 14, 2018 |archive-date=July 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711124113/http://wildaboutcarsonline.com/cgi-bin/pub9990262549620.cgi?itemid=9990480952247&action=viewad&categoryid=9900468971914 |url-status=dead }}</ref> that "were distinctive streamliners—ponderous, massive automobiles with a style all their own".<ref>{{Reed-Streamline era|p=278}}</ref>
Other later examples include the 1950 [[Nash Ambassador]] "Airflyte" sedan with its distinctive low fender lines, as well as [[Hudson Motor Car Company|Hudson]]'s postwar cars, such as the [[Hudson Commodore|Commodore]],<ref name="Hudson Commodore">{{cite web |title=1948 Hudson Models – Tech Pages Article |url=http://wildaboutcarsonline.com/cgi-bin/pub9990262549620.cgi?itemid=9990480952247&action=viewad&categoryid=9900468971914 |website=Auto History Preservation Society |access-date=February 14, 2018 |archive-date=July 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711124113/http://wildaboutcarsonline.com/cgi-bin/pub9990262549620.cgi?itemid=9990480952247&action=viewad&categoryid=9900468971914 |url-status=dead }}</ref> that "were distinctive streamliners—ponderous, massive automobiles with a style all their own".<ref>{{Reed-Streamline era|p=278}}</ref>
Line 91: Line 93:
Bugatti Aérolithe AV.jpg|[[Bugatti]] Aérolithe (1936)
Bugatti Aérolithe AV.jpg|[[Bugatti]] Aérolithe (1936)
Cord 812 1937.jpg|1937 [[Cord Automobile]]
Cord 812 1937.jpg|1937 [[Cord Automobile]]
1938 Talbot Teardrop SS 150 (7412440580).jpg|Talbot Teardrop SS 150 (1938)
1938 Talbot Teardrop SS 150 (7412440580).jpg|[[Talbot]] Teardrop SS 150 (1938)
Schlörwagen without the Russian aircraft power unit.jpg|1939 [[Schlörwagen]] - Subsequent wind tunnel tests yielded a drag coefficient of 0.113
Schlörwagen without the Russian aircraft power unit.jpg|1939 [[Schlörwagen]] - Subsequent wind tunnel tests yielded a drag coefficient of 0.113
File:1939 Dodge TE32 table top (6333330869).jpg|1939 [[Dodge T-, V-, W-Series|Dodge 'Job Rated']] streamline model truck
File:1939 Dodge TE32 table top (6333330869).jpg|1939 [[Dodge T-, V-, W-Series|Dodge 'Job Rated']] streamline model truck
Line 105: Line 107:
Fliegender Hamburger 01.JPG|[[DRG Class SVT 877|Hamburg Flyer]] (1932)
Fliegender Hamburger 01.JPG|[[DRG Class SVT 877|Hamburg Flyer]] (1932)
File:NS DE III in het grijs te Utrecht CS.jpg|''Diesel III'', [[List of trains in the Netherlands|the Netherlands]] (1934)
File:NS DE III in het grijs te Utrecht CS.jpg|''Diesel III'', [[List of trains in the Netherlands|the Netherlands]] (1934)
File:Dampflokomotive der Baureihe 05 Der neue Brockhaus 1938.jpg|[[DRG Class 05]] (1935), [[Land speed record for railed vehicles#Steam|world speed record for steam locomotives]] in 1936
File:Dampflokomotive der Baureihe 05 Der neue Brockhaus 1938.jpg|[[DRG Class 05|Deutsche Reichsbahn Class 05]] (1935), [[Land speed record for railed vehicles#Steam|world speed record for steam locomotives]] in 1936
File:Cleveland Mercury ticket New York Central 1938.JPG| [[Mercury (train)|Mercury]] locomotive designed by [[Henry Dreyfuss]] (1936)
File:Cleveland Mercury ticket New York Central 1938.JPG| [[Mercury (train)|Mercury]] locomotive designed by [[Henry Dreyfuss]] (1936)
File:6229 Duchess of Hamilton at the National Railway Museum.jpg|[[LMS Princess Coronation Class 6229 Duchess of Hamilton|Duchess of Hamilton]] locomotive (1938)
File:6229 Duchess of Hamilton at the National Railway Museum.jpg|[[LMS Princess Coronation Class 6229 Duchess of Hamilton|Duchess of Hamilton]] locomotive (1938)
File:PCC-Chicago-4.jpg|Chicago [[PCC streetcar|PCC car]]
File:PCC-Chicago-4.jpg|Chicago [[PCC streetcar|PCC]] streetcar
File:M 290.002 Slovenská strela, Žleby zastávka – Žleby 02.jpg|1936 [[ČSD Class M 290.0|M 290.0 Slovenská Strela]] speed train, Czechoslovakia. Slovenská strela was manufactured by [[Tatra (company)|Tatra Kopřivnice]] in [[Moravia]] in 1936 for Czechoslovak State Railways.
File:M 290.002 Slovenská strela, Žleby zastávka – Žleby 02.jpg|1936 [[ČSD Class M 290.0|M 290.0 Slovenská Strela]] speed train
</gallery>
</gallery>


==Industrial design==
==Industrial design==
Streamline style can be contrasted with [[Functionalism (architecture)|functionalism]], which was a leading design style in Europe at the same time. One reason for the simple designs in functionalism was to lower the production costs of the items, making them affordable to the large European working class.<ref>{{cite web|first=Trine |last=Nickelsen |title=Aluminium – en kulturhistorie |url= http://www.apollon.uio.no/artikler/2010/aluminium.html |date=15 June 2010|language=no |publisher=Apollon |access-date=17 February 2015}}</ref> Streamlining and functionalism represent two different schools in modernistic [[industrial design]].
{{expand section|detail on what Streamline Moderne industrial design was, not what Functionalist design in Europe was|date=June 2025}}
 
Streamline style [[industrial design]] can be contrasted with [[Functionalism (architecture)|functionalism]], which represent a contrasting modernistic school.  A leading design style in Europe at the same time, functionalism sought simple designs to lower the production costs, making them affordable to the large European working class.<ref>{{cite web|first=Trine |last=Nickelsen |title=Aluminium – en kulturhistorie |url= http://www.apollon.uio.no/artikler/2010/aluminium.html |date=15 June 2010|language=no |publisher=Apollon |access-date=17 February 2015}}</ref>  


<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:Ericsson bakelittelefon 1931.jpg|The first [[bakelite]] telephone (1931)
File:Ericsson bakelittelefon 1931.jpg|The first [[bakelite]] telephone (1931)
File:Philips 930.jpg|Philips Art Deco radio set (1931)
File:Philips 930.jpg|[[Philips]] Art Deco radio set (1931)
File:Lurelle Guild. Vacuum Cleaner, ca. 1937..jpg|[[Aerus|Electrolux]] Vacuum cleaner (1937)
File:Lurelle Guild. Vacuum Cleaner, ca. 1937..jpg|[[Aerus|Electrolux]] Vacuum cleaner (1937)
File:Toaster1.jpg|Streamlined [[toaster]]
File:Toaster1.jpg|Toaster
File:Crosley radio.jpg|Streamlined [[Bakelite]] radio (1952)  
File:Crosley radio.jpg|Bakelite radio (1952)  
</gallery>
</gallery>


Line 128: Line 132:
[[File:Express Building Manchester.jpg|thumb|[[Daily Express Building, Manchester]], UK, 1939]]
[[File:Express Building Manchester.jpg|thumb|[[Daily Express Building, Manchester]], UK, 1939]]
[[File:Gdynia- Dom Żeglarza Polskiego (4).JPG|thumb|Gdynia Maritime University, Poland, 1937]]
[[File:Gdynia- Dom Żeglarza Polskiego (4).JPG|thumb|Gdynia Maritime University, Poland, 1937]]
[[File:Club Moderne, Anaconda, Montana.jpg|thumb|right|[[Club Moderne]] in [[Anaconda, Montana]]]]
[[File:Club Moderne, Anaconda, Montana.jpg|thumb|right|[[Club Moderne]], [[Anaconda, Montana]]]]
[[File:Tsim Sha Tsui Star Ferry Pier.jpg|thumb|right|[[Tsim Sha Tsui Ferry Pier|Star Ferry Pier in Tsim Sha Tsui]], Hong Kong]]
[[File:Tsim Sha Tsui Star Ferry Pier.jpg|thumb|right|[[Tsim Sha Tsui Ferry Pier|Star Ferry Pier, Tsim Sha Tsui]], Hong Kong]]
[[File:Clock Tower, Star Ferry Pier in Central.jpg|thumb|right|Former [[Edinburgh Place Ferry Pier|Star Ferry Pier in Central]], Hong Kong, now demolished]]
[[File:Clock Tower, Star Ferry Pier in Central.jpg|thumb|right|Former [[Edinburgh Place Ferry Pier|Star Ferry Pier, Central]], Hong Kong, now demolished]]
[[File:Earls Court One - geograph.org.uk - 164611.jpg|thumb|right|[[Howard Crane]]'s [[Earls Court Exhibition Centre]] (1937), [[West Brompton]], London approach, now demolished]]
[[File:Knapps Building.jpg|thumb|right|J. W. Knapp Company Building (1937), Lansing, Michigan]]
[[File:Knapps Building.jpg|thumb|right|J. W. Knapp Company Building (1937), Lansing, Michigan]]
[[File:HamiltonHydroElectric.JPG|thumb|right|Hamilton Hydro-Electric System Building (1935), Hamilton, Ontario]]
[[File:HamiltonHydroElectric.JPG|thumb|right|Hamilton Hydro-Electric System Building (1935), Hamilton, Ontario]]
* 1923 [[Mossehaus]], Berlin. Reconstruction by [[Erich Mendelsohn]] and [[Richard Neutra]]
* 1923: [[Mossehaus]], Berlin. Reconstruction by [[Erich Mendelsohn]] and [[Richard Neutra]]
* 1926: [[Long Beach Airport]] Main Terminal, [[Long Beach, California]]
* 1926: [[Long Beach Airport]] Main Terminal, [[Long Beach, California]]
* 1928: [[Lockheed Vega]], designed by [[Jack Northrop|John Knudsen Northrop]], a six-passenger, single-engine aircraft used by [[Amelia Earhart]]
* 1928: [[Lockheed Vega]], designed by [[Jack Northrop|John Knudsen Northrop]], a six-passenger, single-engine aircraft used by [[Amelia Earhart]]
* 1928: [[:uk:Будинок лікаря (Київ)|Doctor's Building]] in [[Kyiv]], Ukraine
* 1928: [[:uk:Будинок лікаря (Київ)|Doctor's Building]], [[Kyiv]], Ukraine
* 1928–1930: [[Canada Permanent Trust Building]] in [[Toronto]]
* 1928–1930: [[Canada Permanent Trust Building]], [[Toronto]]
* 1930: [[Strand Palace Hotel]], London; foyer designed by [[Oliver Percy Bernard]]
* 1930: [[Strand Palace Hotel]], London; foyer designed by [[Oliver Percy Bernard]]
* 1930–1934: [[Broadway Mansions]], Shanghai, designed by B. Flazer of Palmer and Turner
* 1930–1934: [[Broadway Mansions]], Shanghai, designed by B. Flazer of Palmer and Turner
* 1931: The [[The Carlu (Toronto)|Eaton's Seventh Floor]] in [[Toronto]], Ontario, Canada, designed by [[Jacques Carlu]], in the former [[Eaton's]] department store
* 1931: The [[The Carlu (Toronto)|Eaton's Seventh Floor]], [[Toronto]], Ontario, Canada, designed by [[Jacques Carlu]], in the former [[Eaton's]] department store
* 1931: [[Napier, New Zealand]], rebuilt in Art Deco and Streamline Moderne styles after a major earthquake
* 1931: [[Napier, New Zealand]], rebuilt in Art Deco and Streamline Moderne styles after a major earthquake
* 1931–1932: ''Plärrer Automat'', Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany by later Nazi-collaborate architect [[Walter Brugmann]]
* 1931–1932: ''Plärrer Automat'', Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany by later Nazi-collaborate architect [[Walter Brugmann]]
Line 149: Line 152:
* 1932: [[Arnos Grove tube station|Arnos Grove Tube Station]], London, England, designed by [[Charles Holden]]
* 1932: [[Arnos Grove tube station|Arnos Grove Tube Station]], London, England, designed by [[Charles Holden]]
* 1933: Casa della Gioventù del Littorio, [[Rome]], designed by [[Luigi Moretti]]
* 1933: Casa della Gioventù del Littorio, [[Rome]], designed by [[Luigi Moretti]]
* 1933: ''Ty Kodak'' building in [[Quimper]], France, designed by [[Olier Mordrel]]
* 1933: [[:fr:Ty Kodak|Ty Kodak]], [[Quimper]], France, designed by [[Olier Mordrel]]
* 1933: [[Southgate tube station]], London
* 1933: [[Southgate tube station]], London
* 1933: [[Burnham Beeches (Australia)|Burnham Beeches]] in [[Sherbrooke, Victoria]], Australia. [[Harry Norris]] architect
* 1933: [[Burnham Beeches (Australia)|Burnham Beeches]], [[Sherbrooke, Victoria]], Australia. [[Harry Norris]] architect
* 1933: [[Merle Norman Building]], [[Santa Monica, California]] ''See also [[History of Santa Monica, California]]''
* 1933: [[Merle Norman Building]], [[Santa Monica, California]] ''See also [[History of Santa Monica, California]]''
* 1933: [[Midland Hotel, Morecambe]], England
* 1933: [[Midland Hotel, Morecambe]], England
Line 159: Line 162:
* 1934: [[Tatra 77]], the first mass-market [[wikt:streamline|streamline]] automotive design
* 1934: [[Tatra 77]], the first mass-market [[wikt:streamline|streamline]] automotive design
* 1934: [[Chrysler Airflow]], the second mass-market [[wikt:streamline|streamline]] automotive design
* 1934: [[Chrysler Airflow]], the second mass-market [[wikt:streamline|streamline]] automotive design
* 1934: [[Hotel Shangri-La (Santa Monica)|Hotel Shangri-La]] in [[Santa Monica, California]]
* 1934: [[Hotel Shangri-La (Santa Monica)|Hotel Shangri-La]], [[Santa Monica, California]]
* 1934: Edifício Nicolau Schiesser, São Paulo, Brazil (demolished 2014)
* 1934: Edifício Nicolau Schiesser, São Paulo, Brazil (demolished 2014)
* 1935: [[Ford Building (San Diego, California)|Ford Building]] in [[Balboa Park, San Diego, California]]
* 1935: [[Ford Building (San Diego, California)|Ford Building]], [[Balboa Park, San Diego, California]]
* 1935: [[The De La Warr Pavilion, Bexhill-on-Sea]], England
* 1935: [[The De La Warr Pavilion, Bexhill-on-Sea]], England
* 1935: [[Pan-Pacific Auditorium]], Los Angeles
* 1935: [[Pan-Pacific Auditorium]], Los Angeles
* 1935: [[Edificio Internacional de Capitalización]], Mexico City, Mexico
* 1935: [[Edificio Internacional de Capitalización]], Mexico City, Mexico
* 1935: [[LZ 129 Hindenburg|The Hindenburg]], [[Zeppelin]] passenger accommodations
* 1935: [[LZ 129 Hindenburg|The Hindenburg]], [[Zeppelin]] passenger accommodations
* 1935: Interior of [[Lansdowne House]] on [[Berkeley Square]] in [[Mayfair]], London
* 1935: Interior of [[Lansdowne House]] on [[Berkeley Square]], [[Mayfair]], London
* 1935: The Hamilton Hydro-Electric System Building, [[Hamilton, Ontario]], Canada
* 1935: The Hamilton Hydro-Electric System Building, [[Hamilton, Ontario]], Canada
* 1935: [[MV Kalakala|MV ''Kalakala'']], the world's first streamlined ferry
* 1935: [[MV Kalakala|MV ''Kalakala'']], the world's first streamlined ferry
* 1935: [[Lee Drug]], [[Hollywood, California]], designed by [[B.D. Bixby]]<ref name=NRHP_hollywood/>
* 1935: [[Lee Drug]], [[Hollywood, California]], designed by [[B.D. Bixby]]<ref name=NRHP_hollywood/>
* 1935: [[:uk:Будинок ІТП (Київ)|Technologist's Building]] in [[Kyiv]], Ukraine
* 1935: [[:uk:Будинок ІТП (Київ)|Technologist's Building]], [[Kyiv]], Ukraine
* 1935–1938: [[Le Flagey|Former Belgian National Institute of Radio Broadcasting]] (known as the ''Radio House'') on the [[Place Eugène Flagey]] in [[Ixelles]] (Brussels), by Joseph Diongre
* 1935–1938: [[Le Flagey|Former Belgian National Institute of Radio Broadcasting]] (known as the ''Radio House'') on the [[Place Eugène Flagey]], [[Ixelles]] (Brussels), by Joseph Diongre
* 1935–1956: High Tower Court, [[Hollywood Heights, Los Angeles]]<ref name="Bettsky">{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-07-15-we-13155-story.html |last=Bettsky |first=Aaron |date=15 July 1993|title=A Hollywood Ending for Those Who Take This Elevator to the Top |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=17 February 2015}}</ref>
* 1935–1956: High Tower Court, [[Hollywood Heights, Los Angeles]]<ref name="Bettsky">{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-07-15-we-13155-story.html |last=Bettsky |first=Aaron |date=15 July 1993|title=A Hollywood Ending for Those Who Take This Elevator to the Top |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=17 February 2015}}</ref>
* 1936: [[Lasipalatsi]], in [[Helsinki]], Finland, [[Functionalism (architecture)|functionalist]] office building and now a cultural and media center
* 1936: [[Lasipalatsi]], [[Helsinki]], Finland, [[Functionalism (architecture)|functionalist]] office building and now a cultural and media center
* 1936: [[Florin Court]], on [[Charterhouse Square]] in London, built by Guy Morgan and Partners
* 1936: [[Florin Court]], on [[Charterhouse Square]], London, built by Guy Morgan and Partners
* 1936: [[Campana Factory]], historic factory in [[Batavia, Illinois]]
* 1936: [[Campana Factory]], historic factory, [[Batavia, Illinois]]
* 1936: Edifício Guarani, São Paulo, Brazil
* 1936: Edifício Guarani, São Paulo, Brazil
* 1936: Nordic Theater, [[Marquette, Michigan]]
* 1936: Nordic Theater, [[Marquette, Michigan]]
* 1936: [[Alkira House]], Melbourne  
* 1936: [[Alkira House]], Melbourne  
* 1936: [[Longford Cinema]], Manchester, England (closed since 1995)  
* 1936: [[Longford Cinema]], Manchester, England (closed since 1995)  
* 1937: [[Earls Court Exhibition Centre]], London
* 1937: [[Howard Crane]]'s [[Earls Court Exhibition Centre]], London (demolished)
* 1937: [[Earl's Court tube station]], London, facing the Earls Court Exhibition frontage
* 1937: [[Earl's Court tube station]], London, facing the Earls Court Exhibition frontage
* 1937: [[Blytheville Greyhound Bus Station]] in [[Blytheville, Arkansas]]
* 1937: [[Blytheville Greyhound Bus Station]], [[Blytheville, Arkansas]]
* 1937: [[Regent Court]], residential apartments on Bradfield Road, Hillsborough, [[Sheffield]]
* 1937: [[Regent Court]], residential apartments on Bradfield Road, Hillsborough, [[Sheffield]]
* 1937: [[Malloch Building]], residential apartments at 1360 [[Montgomery Street]] in [[San Francisco]]
* 1937: [[Malloch Building]], residential apartments at 1360 [[Montgomery Street]],  [[San Francisco]]
* 1937: [[B B Chemical Company]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], built by [[Coolidge, Shepley, Bulfinch & Abbott]]
* 1937: [[B B Chemical Company]], [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], built by [[Coolidge, Shepley, Bulfinch & Abbott]]
* 1937: Belgium Pavilion, at the Exposition Internationale, [[Paris]]
* 1937: Belgium Pavilion, at the Exposition Internationale, [[Paris]]
* 1937: TAV Studios ([[Tom Breneman|Brenemen's]] [[Breakfast in Hollywood|Restaurant]]), [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]]
* 1937: TAV Studios ([[Tom Breneman|Brenemen's]] [[Breakfast in Hollywood|Restaurant]]), [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]]
* 1937: [[Dudley Zoo]], Dudley, UK
* 1937: [[Dudley Zoo]], Dudley, UK
* 1937: [[Hecht Company Warehouse]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]
* 1937: [[Hecht Company Warehouse]], [[Washington, D.C.]]
* 1937: [[Minerva Theatre, Sydney|Minerva (or Metro)]] Theatre and the Minerva Building, [[Potts Point]], New South Wales, Australia
* 1937: [[Minerva Theatre, Sydney|Minerva (or Metro)]] Theatre and the Minerva Building, [[Potts Point]], New South Wales, Australia
* 1937: Bather's Building in the [[Aquatic Park Historic District]], now the [[San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park]] Maritime Museum
* 1937: Bather's Building in the [[Aquatic Park Historic District]], now the [[San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park]] Maritime Museum
Line 197: Line 200:
* 1937: River Oaks Shopping Center, [[Houston]]
* 1937: River Oaks Shopping Center, [[Houston]]
* 1937: [[Toronto Stock Exchange]] Building, mix of [[Art Deco]] and Streamline Moderne
* 1937: [[Toronto Stock Exchange]] Building, mix of [[Art Deco]] and Streamline Moderne
* 1937: [[Pittsburgh Plate Glass Enamel Plant]], in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, by [[Alexander C. Eschweiler]]
* 1937: [[Pittsburgh Plate Glass Enamel Plant]], Milwaukee, Wisconsin, by [[Alexander C. Eschweiler]]
* 1937: [[Old Greyhound Bus Station (Jackson, Mississippi)]]
* 1937: [[Old Greyhound Bus Station (Jackson, Mississippi)|Old Greyhound Bus Station]], Jackson, Mississippi
* 1937: [[Gramercy Theatre]], New York City
* 1937: [[Gramercy Theatre]], New York City
* 1937: [[Gdynia]] Maritime University in Poland, by Bohdan Damięcki
* 1937: [[Gdynia]] Maritime University, Poland, by Bohdan Damięcki
* 1938: [[Esslinger Building]] in [[San Juan Capistrano, California]]
* 1938: [[Esslinger Building]], [[San Juan Capistrano, California]]
* 1938: [[Fife Ice Arena]] in [[Kirkcaldy]], United Kingdom
* 1938: [[Fife Ice Arena]], [[Kirkcaldy]], United Kingdom
* 1938: [[Mark Keppel High School]], Alhambra, California
* 1938: [[Mark Keppel High School]], Alhambra, California
* 1938: [[Greyhound Bus Terminal (Evansville, Indiana)]]
* 1938: [[Greyhound Bus Terminal (Evansville, Indiana)|Greyhound Bus Terminal]], [[Evansville, Indiana]]
* 1938: ''[[20th Century Limited]]'', [[New York City]]
* 1938: ''[[20th Century Limited]]'', [[New York City]]
* 1938: Jones Dog & Cat Hospital, [[West Hollywood, California]], by [[Walter Wurdeman|Wurdeman]] & [[Welton Beckett|Beckett]] (remodel of 1928 original construction)<ref>{{cite journal|url= http://www.laweekly.com/informer/2014/07/16/historic-1938-building-could-complicate-massive-weho-development |last=Bos |first=Sascha |date=16 July 2014 |title=Historic 1938 Building Could Complicate Massive WeHo Development |journal=LA Weekly |access-date=17 February 2015}}</ref>
* 1938: Jones Dog & Cat Hospital, [[West Hollywood, California]], by [[Walter Wurdeman|Wurdeman]] & [[Welton Beckett|Beckett]] (remodel of 1928 original construction)<ref>{{cite journal|url= http://www.laweekly.com/informer/2014/07/16/historic-1938-building-could-complicate-massive-weho-development |last=Bos |first=Sascha |date=16 July 2014 |title=Historic 1938 Building Could Complicate Massive WeHo Development |journal=LA Weekly |access-date=17 February 2015}}</ref>
* 1938: [[Greyhound Bus Depot (Columbia, South Carolina)]]
* 1938: [[Greyhound Bus Depot (Columbia, South Carolina)|Greyhound Bus Depot]], [[Columbia, South Carolina]]
* 1938: [[Marine Court]], St Leonards, East Sussex, England
* 1938: [[Marine Court]], St Leonards, East Sussex, England
* 1939: [[Academy Theatre (Inglewood)|Academy Theatre]], Inglewood, California
* 1939: [[Academy Theatre (Inglewood)|Academy Theatre]], Inglewood, California
* 1939: [[Bartlesville High School]], Bartlesville, Oklahoma
* 1939: [[Bartlesville High School]], Bartlesville, Oklahoma
* 1939: [[First Church of Deliverance]] in [[Chicago]], Illinois
* 1939: [[First Church of Deliverance]], [[Chicago]], Illinois
* 1939: [[Marine Air Terminal]], LaGuardia Airport, New York City
* 1939: [[Marine Air Terminal]], LaGuardia Airport, New York City
* 1939: [[Road Island Diner, Oakley, Utah]]
* 1939: [[Road Island Diner, Oakley, Utah]]
Line 218: Line 221:
* 1939: [[Regal Shoes Building]], [[Hollywood, California]], designed by [[Walker & Eisen]]<ref name=NRHP_hollywood/>
* 1939: [[Regal Shoes Building]], [[Hollywood, California]], designed by [[Walker & Eisen]]<ref name=NRHP_hollywood/>
* 1939: [[Department of Water and Power Building]], Los Angeles, California<ref>{{Cite web |title= Lankershim Arts Center |url= https://culture.lacity.gov/cultural-centers/lankershim-arts-center/  |publisher=[[City of Los Angeles Department of Cultural Affairs]] |access-date=September 18, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* 1939: [[Department of Water and Power Building]], Los Angeles, California<ref>{{Cite web |title= Lankershim Arts Center |url= https://culture.lacity.gov/cultural-centers/lankershim-arts-center/  |publisher=[[City of Los Angeles Department of Cultural Affairs]] |access-date=September 18, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* 1939: [[Boots Court Motel]] in [[Carthage, Missouri]]
* 1939: [[Boots Court Motel]], [[Carthage, Missouri]]
* 1939: Cardozo Hotel, [[Ocean Drive, South Beach, Miami Beach, Florida]]
* 1939: Cardozo Hotel, [[Ocean Drive, South Beach, Miami Beach, Florida]]
* 1939: [[Daily Express Building, Manchester]], England
* 1939: [[Daily Express Building, Manchester]], England
Line 234: Line 237:
* 1940: [[Pacaembu Stadium]], São Paulo, Brazil
* 1940: [[Pacaembu Stadium]], São Paulo, Brazil
* 1941: Avalon Hotel, [[Ocean Drive, South Beach, Miami Beach, Florida]]
* 1941: Avalon Hotel, [[Ocean Drive, South Beach, Miami Beach, Florida]]
* 1942: [[Coral Court Motel]] in [[Marlborough, Missouri]]
* 1942: [[Coral Court Motel]], [[Marlborough, Missouri]]
* 1942: [[Normandie Hotel]] in [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]]
* 1942: [[Normandie Hotel]], [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]]
* 1942: [[Mercantile National Bank Building]] in [[Dallas]], Texas
* 1942: [[Mercantile National Bank Building]], [[Dallas]], Texas
* 1942: [[Musick Point#Radio station|Musick Memorial Radio Station]] in [[Auckland]], New Zealand
* 1942: [[Musick Point#Radio station|Musick Memorial Radio Station]], [[Auckland]], New Zealand
* 1943: Edifício Trussardi in São Paulo, Brazil
* 1943: Edifício Trussardi, São Paulo, Brazil
* 1944: [[Huntridge Theater, Las Vegas, Nevada]]
* 1944: [[Huntridge Theater, Las Vegas, Nevada]]
* 1945: [[Muscats Motors]], Gżira, Malta
* 1945: [[Muscats Motors]], Gżira, Malta
Line 257: Line 260:
=== In motion pictures ===
=== In motion pictures ===
*Tanks, aircraft and buildings in [[William Cameron Menzies]]'s 1936 movie ''[[Things to Come]]''
*Tanks, aircraft and buildings in [[William Cameron Menzies]]'s 1936 movie ''[[Things to Come]]''
*[[Flash Gordon (serial)|Flash Gordon]], a 13-part 1936 film serial
*The buildings in [[Frank Capra]]'s 1937 movie ''[[Lost Horizon (1937 film)|Lost Horizon]]'', designed by [[Stephen Goosson]]
*The buildings in [[Frank Capra]]'s 1937 movie ''[[Lost Horizon (1937 film)|Lost Horizon]]'', designed by [[Stephen Goosson]]
*The design of the "Emerald City" in the 1939 movie ''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz]]''
*Elements of the design of the "Emerald City" in the 1939 movie ''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz]]''
*The main character's helmet and rocket pack in the 1991 movie [[The Rocketeer (film)|''The Rocketeer'']]
*The High Tower apartments, featured in the 1973 film ''[[The Long Goodbye (film)|The Long Goodbye]]'' and 1991 film ''[[Dead Again]]''<ref name="Bettsky"/>
*The High Tower apartments, featured in the 1973 film ''[[The Long Goodbye (film)|The Long Goodbye]]'' and 1991 film ''[[Dead Again]]''<ref name="Bettsky"/>
*The Malloch Apartment Building at 1360 Montgomery St, San Francisco that serves as apartment for [[Lauren Bacall]]'s character in [[Dark Passage (film)|''Dark Passage'']]
*The Malloch Apartment Building at 1360 Montgomery St, San Francisco that serves as apartment for [[Lauren Bacall]]'s character in [[Dark Passage (film)|''Dark Passage'']]

Latest revision as of 15:38, 26 June 2025

Template:Short description Template:Infobox art movement

Streamline Moderne is an international style of Art Deco architecture and design that emerged in the 1930s. Inspired by aerodynamic design, it emphasized curving forms, long horizontal lines, and sometimes nautical elements. In industrial design, it was used in railroad locomotives, telephones, buses, appliances, and other devices to give the impression of sleekness and modernity.[1]

In France, it was called the style paquebot, or "ocean liner style", and was influenced by the design of the luxury ocean liner SS Normandie, launched in 1932.

Influences and origins

Script error: No such module "Unsubst". As the Great Depression of the 1930s progressed, Americans saw a new architectural style emerge as industrial designers stripped Art Deco of its ornament in favor of an aerodynamically-inspired pure-line concept. The new streamlined look that emerged conveyed simplicity, motion, and speed, much derived from - and influencing - advanced forms of modern transportation.

It had various roots. Its cylindrical forms and long horizontal windowing may have been influenced by the New Objectivity artists — a movement connected to the German Werkbund — and by Futurist architecture of the early 20th century. Examples of this style include the 1923 Mossehaus, the reconstruction of the corner of a Berlin office building in 1923 by Erich Mendelsohn and Richard Neutra. The Streamline Moderne was sometimes a reflection of the austere economic times; sharp angles were replaced with simple, aerodynamic curves, and ornament was replaced with smooth concrete and glass.

The style was the first to incorporate electric light into architectural structure. In the first-class dining room of the SS Normandie, fitted out 1933–35, twelve tall pillars of Lalique glass, and 38 columns lit from within illuminated the room. The Strand Palace Hotel foyer (1930), preserved from demolition by the Victoria and Albert Museum during 1969, was one of the first uses of internally lit architectural glass, and coincidentally was the first Moderne interior preserved in a museum.

Architecture

Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Streamline Moderne appeared most overtly in buildings related to transportation and movement, such as bus and train stations, airport terminals, roadside cafes, and port buildings.[2] It had characteristics common with modern architecture, including a horizontal orientation, rounded corners, the use of glass brick walls or porthole windows, flat roofs, chrome-plated hardware, and horizontal grooves or lines in the walls. Structures were frequently white or in subdued pastel colors.

An example of this style is the Aquatic Park Bathhouse in the Aquatic Park Historic District, in San Francisco. Built beginning in 1936 by the Works Progress Administration, it features the distinctive horizontal lines, classic rounded corners railing and windows of the style, resembling the elements of ship. The interior preserves much of the original decoration and detail, including murals by artist and color theoretician Hilaire Hiler. The architects were William Mooser Jr. and William Mooser III. It is now the administrative center of Aquatic Park Historic District.[3]

The Normandie Hotel in San Juan, Puerto Rico, which opened during 1942, is built in the stylized shape of the ocean liner SS Normandie, and displays the ship's original sign. The Sterling Streamliner Diners in New England were diners designed like streamlined trains.

Another example is Hollywood, California's Julian Medical Building, which has been described as a "landmark",[4] "an architectural masterpiece",[5] and "one of the crowning achievements of Streamline Moderne."[6] The building's distinctive features include a rounded Moderne corner, windswept tower, and pylon-separated horizontally-reinforced windows.[4][7]

Streamline Moderne residences are less common than streamline commercial buildings. The Lydecker House in Los Angeles, built by Howard Lydecker, is one example.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". In tract development, elements of the style were sometimes used as a variation in postwar row housing in San Francisco's Sunset District.

Paquebot style

In France, the style was called Paquebot, meaning ocean liner. The French version was inspired by the launch of the premier transatlantic liner Normandie in 1935, which featured an Art Deco dining room with columns of Lalique crystal. Buildings using variants of the style appeared in Belgium and in Paris, notably in a building at 3 boulevard Victor in the 15th arrondissement, by the architect Pierre Patout. He was one of the founders of the Art Deco style. He designed the entrance to the Pavilion of a Collector at the 1925 Exposition of Decorative Arts, the birthplace of the style. He was also the designer of the interiors of three ocean liners, the Ile-de-France (1926), the L'Atlantique (1930), and the Normandie (1935).[8] Patout's building on Avenue Victor lacked the curving lines of the American version of the style, but it had a narrow "bow" at one end, where the site was narrow, long balconies like the decks of a ship, and a row of projections like smokestacks on the roof. Another 1935 Paris apartment building at 1 Avenue Paul Doumer in the 16th arrondissement had a series of terraces modelled after the decks of an ocean liner.[9]

The Flagey Building was built on the Place Eugène Flagey in Ixelles (Brussels), Belgium, in 1938, in the paquebot style,[10] and has been nicknamed "Packet Boat"[11] or "paquebot".[12] It was designed by Template:Ill, and selected as the winning design in an architectural competition[13] to create a building to house the former headquarters of the Belgian National Institute of Radio Broadcasting (INR/NIR).[14] The building was extensively renovated, and in 2002, it reopened as a cultural centre known as Le Flagey.[13][15]

Automobiles

Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote". The defining event for streamline moderne design in the United States was the 1933–34 Chicago World's Fair, which introduced the style to the general public. The new automobiles adapted the smooth lines of ocean liners and airships, giving the impression of efficiency, dynamism, and speed. The grills and windshields tilted backwards, cars sat lower and wider, and featured smooth curves and horizontal speed lines. Examples include the 1934 Chrysler Airflow and the 1934 Studebaker Land Cruiser. The cars also featured new materials, including bakelite plastic, formica, Vitrolight opaque glass, stainless steel, and enamel, which gave the appearance of newness and sleekness.[16]

Other later examples include the 1950 Nash Ambassador "Airflyte" sedan with its distinctive low fender lines, as well as Hudson's postwar cars, such as the Commodore,[17] that "were distinctive streamliners—ponderous, massive automobiles with a style all their own".[18]

Planes, boats and trains

Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote". Streamlining became a widespread design practice for aircraft, railroad locomotives, and ships.

Industrial design

Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Streamline style industrial design can be contrasted with functionalism, which represent a contrasting modernistic school. A leading design style in Europe at the same time, functionalism sought simple designs to lower the production costs, making them affordable to the large European working class.[19]

Other notable examples

File:1-й жилой дом врача 1.jpg
Doctor's Building, Kyiv, Ukraine, 1928
File:Casa e jardins de Serralves 5.jpg
Serralves House, Porto, Portugal, 1931–1944
File:Express Building Manchester.jpg
Daily Express Building, Manchester, UK, 1939
File:Gdynia- Dom Żeglarza Polskiego (4).JPG
Gdynia Maritime University, Poland, 1937
File:Club Moderne, Anaconda, Montana.jpg
Club Moderne, Anaconda, Montana
File:Tsim Sha Tsui Star Ferry Pier.jpg
Star Ferry Pier, Tsim Sha Tsui, Hong Kong
File:Clock Tower, Star Ferry Pier in Central.jpg
Former Star Ferry Pier, Central, Hong Kong, now demolished
File:Knapps Building.jpg
J. W. Knapp Company Building (1937), Lansing, Michigan
File:HamiltonHydroElectric.JPG
Hamilton Hydro-Electric System Building (1935), Hamilton, Ontario

In motion pictures

See also

References

Template:Reflist

Bibliography

  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Script error: No such module "Navbox". Script error: No such module "Navbox". Template:Architecture in the United States

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Bridge, Nicole. Architecture 101, Simon & Schuster, New York, (2015), page 203.
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Oudin, Bernard. Dictionnaire des Architectes, Sechiers, Paris, (1994), (in French), page 372.
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ McCourt, Mark, "When Art Deco is Really Streamline Moderne", Hemmings Daily, 29 May 2014
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Template:Reed-Streamline era
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
Retrieved from "http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=Streamline_Moderne&oldid=2042659"