Hopper crystal: Difference between revisions
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{{More citations needed|date=February 2022}} | {{More citations needed|date=February 2022}} | ||
[[File:Bismuth crystal.jpg|thumb|right|A possibly synthetic [[bismuth]] hopper crystal]] | [[File:Bismuth crystal.jpg|thumb|right|A possibly synthetic [[bismuth]] hopper crystal]] | ||
[[File:Galena-69466.jpg|thumb|right|Hoppered galena]] | [[File:Galena-69466.jpg|thumb|right|Hoppered galena]] | ||
A '''hopper crystal''' is a form of [[crystal]], the shape of which resembles that of a pyramidal [[Hopper (particulate collection container)|hopper]] container. | A '''hopper crystal''' is a form of [[crystal]], the shape of which resembles that of a pyramidal [[Hopper (particulate collection container)|hopper]] container. | ||
The edges of hopper crystals are fully developed, but the interior spaces are not filled in. This results in what appears to be a hollowed out step [[Crystal structure|lattice]] formation, as if someone had removed interior sections of the individual crystals. In fact, the "removed" sections never filled in, because the crystal was growing so rapidly that there was not enough time (or material) to fill in the gaps. The interior edges of a hopper crystal still show the crystal form characteristic to the specific [[mineral]], and so appear to be a series of smaller and smaller stepped down miniature versions of the original crystal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Solidification and Crystallization Processing in Metals and Alloys |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Solidification_and_Crystallization_Proce/GtZ7a86Qv6MC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Hopper+crystal%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA484&printsec=frontcover |website=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What is Hopper Crystal |url=https://www.geologyin.com/2019/06/what-is-hopper-crystal.html |website=Geology In}}</ref> | The edges of hopper crystals are fully developed, but the interior spaces are not filled in. This results in what appears to be a hollowed-out step [[Crystal structure|lattice]] formation, as if someone had removed interior sections of the individual crystals. In fact, the "removed" sections never filled in, because the crystal was growing so rapidly that there was not enough time (or material) to fill in the gaps. The interior edges of a hopper crystal still show the crystal form characteristic to the specific [[mineral]], and so appear to be a series of smaller and smaller stepped down miniature versions of the original crystal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Solidification and Crystallization Processing in Metals and Alloys |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Solidification_and_Crystallization_Proce/GtZ7a86Qv6MC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Hopper+crystal%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA484&printsec=frontcover |website=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What is Hopper Crystal |url=https://www.geologyin.com/2019/06/what-is-hopper-crystal.html |website=Geology In}}</ref> | ||
Hoppering occurs when [[electricity|electrical attraction]] is higher along the edges of the crystal; this causes faster growth at the edges than near the face centers. This attraction draws the mineral [[molecule]]s more strongly than the interior sections of the crystal, thus the edges develop more quickly. However, the basic physics of this type of growth is the same as that of [[dendrite (crystal)| | Hoppering occurs when [[electricity|electrical attraction]] is higher along the edges of the crystal; this causes faster growth at the edges than near the face centers. This attraction draws the mineral [[molecule]]s more strongly than the interior sections of the crystal, thus the edges develop more quickly. However, the basic physics of this type of growth is the same as that of [[dendrite (crystal)|dendrites]] but, because the anisotropy in the solid–liquid interfacial energy is so large, the dendrite so produced exhibits a faceted morphology. | ||
Hoppering is common in many minerals, including lab-grown [[bismuth]], [[galena]], [[quartz]] (called skeletal or fenster crystals), [[gold]], [[calcite]], [[halite]] (salt), and [[water]] (ice). | Hoppering is common in many minerals, including lab-grown [[bismuth]], [[galena]], [[quartz]] (called skeletal or fenster crystals), [[gold]], [[calcite]], [[halite]] (salt), and [[water]] (ice). | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||
*"[http://www.wolframscience.com/nksonline/page-993c-text Hopper crystals]" in ''[[A New Kind of Science]]'' by [[Stephen Wolfram]], p. 993. | * "[http://www.wolframscience.com/nksonline/page-993c-text Hopper crystals]" in ''[[A New Kind of Science]]'' by [[Stephen Wolfram]], p. 993. | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
Latest revision as of 23:48, 29 June 2025
Template:Short description Template:More citations needed
A hopper crystal is a form of crystal, the shape of which resembles that of a pyramidal hopper container.
The edges of hopper crystals are fully developed, but the interior spaces are not filled in. This results in what appears to be a hollowed-out step lattice formation, as if someone had removed interior sections of the individual crystals. In fact, the "removed" sections never filled in, because the crystal was growing so rapidly that there was not enough time (or material) to fill in the gaps. The interior edges of a hopper crystal still show the crystal form characteristic to the specific mineral, and so appear to be a series of smaller and smaller stepped down miniature versions of the original crystal.[1][2]
Hoppering occurs when electrical attraction is higher along the edges of the crystal; this causes faster growth at the edges than near the face centers. This attraction draws the mineral molecules more strongly than the interior sections of the crystal, thus the edges develop more quickly. However, the basic physics of this type of growth is the same as that of dendrites but, because the anisotropy in the solid–liquid interfacial energy is so large, the dendrite so produced exhibits a faceted morphology.
Hoppering is common in many minerals, including lab-grown bismuth, galena, quartz (called skeletal or fenster crystals), gold, calcite, halite (salt), and water (ice).
In 2017, Frito-Lay filed for (and later received) a patent[3] for a salt cube hopper crystal. Because the shape increases surface area to volume, it allows people to taste more salt compared to the amount actually consumed.
References
- "Hopper crystals" in A New Kind of Science by Stephen Wolfram, p. 993.
External links
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Template:Patent