Edwin Hall: Difference between revisions
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| alma_mater = {{Plain list| | | alma_mater = {{Plain list| | ||
* [[Bowdoin College]] | * [[Bowdoin College]] | ||
* [[Johns Hopkins University]] ([[PhD]] | * [[Johns Hopkins University]] ([[PhD]]) | ||
}} | }} | ||
| known_for = [[Hall effect]] (1879) | | known_for = [[Hall effect]] (1879) | ||
| fields = [[ | | fields = [[Electromagnetism]] | ||
| work_institutions = [[Harvard University]] <br/> (1895–1921) | | work_institutions = [[Harvard University]] <br/> (1895–1921) | ||
| thesis_title = On the New Action of Magnetism on a Permanent Electric Current | |||
| thesis_url = https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14786448008626936 | |||
| thesis_year = 1880 | |||
| doctoral_advisor = [[Henry Augustus Rowland]] | | doctoral_advisor = [[Henry Augustus Rowland]] | ||
{{Infobox officeholder | {{Infobox officeholder | ||
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'''Edwin Herbert Hall''' (November 7, 1855 – November 20, 1938) was an American [[physicist]] who discovered the [[electric field]] [[Hall effect]]. Hall conducted [[thermoelectric]] research and | '''Edwin Herbert Hall''' (November 7, 1855 – November 20, 1938) was an American [[physicist]] who discovered the [[electric field]] [[Hall effect]]. Hall also conducted [[thermoelectric]] research and wrote numerous physics textbooks and laboratory manuals. | ||
== Biography == | == Biography == | ||
=== Education === | |||
Born in [[Gorham, Maine]], Hall did his undergraduate work at [[Bowdoin College]], [[Brunswick, Maine]], graduating in 1875. He was the Principal of [[Gould Academy]] (1875–1876) and the Principal of [[Brunswick High School (Maine)|Brunswick High School]] (1876–1877).<ref name="bridgman-memoir"/> He did his graduate schooling and research, and earned his [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] degree (1880), at the [[Johns Hopkins University]] where his seminal experiments were performed. | |||
=== | === Career === | ||
Hall was appointed as a professor of physics at [[Harvard University]] in 1895, and succeeded [[John Trowbridge (physicist)|John Trowbridge]] to the [[Rumford Chair of Physics]] in 1914.<ref name=bridgman-memoir/> During the [[1919 Boston police strike]], Hall briefly volunteered as a [[Strikebreaker|strikebreaking]] [[police officer]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pendergrass |first=Drew C. |date=10 Nov 2016 |title=The Boys in Crimson: Boston's Police Strikebreakers |at=para. 4 |work=[[The Harvard Crimson]] |publisher=[[Harvard University]] |location=Cambridge, MA |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2016/11/10/boston-strikebreakers/ |url-status=live |access-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110023829/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2016/11/10/boston-strikebreakers/ |archive-date=10 Nov 2016 |quote=Students were not the only members of the Harvard community to join the force. Rumford Professor of Physics Edwin H. Hall was the first to volunteer.}}</ref> After returning to the physics department, Hall retired in 1921 and died in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], in 1938. | |||
[[Hall effect | == Discovery of the Hall effect == | ||
The [[Hall effect]] was discovered by Hall in 1879, while working on his doctoral thesis in Physics under the supervision of [[Henry Augustus Rowland]].<ref name="bridgman-memoir">{{cite book|last=Bridgman|first=P. W.|authorlink=Percy Williams Bridgman|title=Biographical Memoir of Edwin Herbert Hall|year=1939|publisher=National Academy of Sciences|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:qWPFjF1DGJcJ:books.nap.edu/html/biomems/ehall.pdf+&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiwi2QsmBBlJQ-CGCqOI-5jo7JVHR8KlVBUlYQg7o3jZTM3Hf2pSa3VeYGFgqCsepNg2dtCFeumBvFAX35h7vFrDq29vFqmPQsXXinsEp4aY1iC4-Tyws_IxDAUX0Gacg8xWCGQ&sig=AHIEtbSYLSS-LvLf1yfIKBflgxKm-7Qwdw}}</ref> Hall's experiments in [[electromagnetics]] consisted of exposing thin [[gold|gold leaf]] (and, later, using various other materials) on a [[glass]] plate and tapping off the gold leaf at points down its length. The effect is a [[potential difference]] (''Hall voltage'') on opposite sides of a thin sheet of conducting or semiconducting material (the ''Hall element'') through which an [[current (electricity)|electric current]] is flowing. This was created by a [[magnetic field]] applied perpendicular to the ''Hall element''. The ratio of the voltage created to the amount of current is known as the ''Hall resistance'', and is a characteristic of the material in the element. In 1880, Hall's experimentation was published as a doctoral thesis in the [[American Journal of Science]] and in the [[Philosophical Magazine]]. | |||
[[Hall effect sensor]]s use his ''Hall effect'' to detect the magnetic field. Hundreds of millions are sold every year and are present in a large number of devices, including high efficiency [[Hall-effect thruster|electric propulsion systems]] on spacecraft.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How the Hall Effect Still Reverberates - IEEE Spectrum |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/hall-effect-sensor |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=[[IEEE]] |language=en}}</ref> | |||
In the presence of large [[magnetic field]] strength and low [[temperature]], one can observe the [[quantum Hall effect]], the [[quantum mechanics|quantization]] of the Hall resistance and in 1990 became a [[calibration]] [[International System of Units|standard]] for [[electrical resistance]] due to its low uncertainty (see {{Slink|Quantum Hall effect|Applications}}).<ref>{{Citation |last=Aoki |first=H. |title=Integer Quantum Hall Effect |date=2011 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/quantum-hall-effect#:~:text=Due%20to%20the%20small%20standard,Taylor%20and%20Witt,%201989).ew%20parts%20of%2010%E2%88%92%209) |work=Comprehensive Semiconductor Science and Technology |pages=175–209 |access-date=2023-12-28 |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |doi=10.1016/B978-0-44-453153-7.00054-7|isbn=978-0-444-53153-7 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> | In the presence of large [[magnetic field]] strength and low [[temperature]], one can observe the [[quantum Hall effect]], the [[quantum mechanics|quantization]] of the Hall resistance and in 1990 became a [[calibration]] [[International System of Units|standard]] for [[electrical resistance]] due to its low uncertainty (see {{Slink|Quantum Hall effect|Applications}}).<ref>{{Citation |last=Aoki |first=H. |title=Integer Quantum Hall Effect |date=2011 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/quantum-hall-effect#:~:text=Due%20to%20the%20small%20standard,Taylor%20and%20Witt,%201989).ew%20parts%20of%2010%E2%88%92%209) |work=Comprehensive Semiconductor Science and Technology |pages=175–209 |access-date=2023-12-28 |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |doi=10.1016/B978-0-44-453153-7.00054-7|isbn=978-0-444-53153-7 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> | ||
== Works == | == Works == | ||
Latest revision as of 17:01, 21 June 2025
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Edwin Herbert Hall (November 7, 1855 – November 20, 1938) was an American physicist who discovered the electric field Hall effect. Hall also conducted thermoelectric research and wrote numerous physics textbooks and laboratory manuals.
Biography
Education
Born in Gorham, Maine, Hall did his undergraduate work at Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine, graduating in 1875. He was the Principal of Gould Academy (1875–1876) and the Principal of Brunswick High School (1876–1877).[1] He did his graduate schooling and research, and earned his Ph.D. degree (1880), at the Johns Hopkins University where his seminal experiments were performed.
Career
Hall was appointed as a professor of physics at Harvard University in 1895, and succeeded John Trowbridge to the Rumford Chair of Physics in 1914.[1] During the 1919 Boston police strike, Hall briefly volunteered as a strikebreaking police officer.[2] After returning to the physics department, Hall retired in 1921 and died in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1938.
Discovery of the Hall effect
The Hall effect was discovered by Hall in 1879, while working on his doctoral thesis in Physics under the supervision of Henry Augustus Rowland.[1] Hall's experiments in electromagnetics consisted of exposing thin gold leaf (and, later, using various other materials) on a glass plate and tapping off the gold leaf at points down its length. The effect is a potential difference (Hall voltage) on opposite sides of a thin sheet of conducting or semiconducting material (the Hall element) through which an electric current is flowing. This was created by a magnetic field applied perpendicular to the Hall element. The ratio of the voltage created to the amount of current is known as the Hall resistance, and is a characteristic of the material in the element. In 1880, Hall's experimentation was published as a doctoral thesis in the American Journal of Science and in the Philosophical Magazine.
Hall effect sensors use his Hall effect to detect the magnetic field. Hundreds of millions are sold every year and are present in a large number of devices, including high efficiency electric propulsion systems on spacecraft.[3]
In the presence of large magnetic field strength and low temperature, one can observe the quantum Hall effect, the quantization of the Hall resistance and in 1990 became a calibration standard for electrical resistance due to its low uncertainty (see Template:Slink).[4]
Works
Hall made various contributions to scientific journals on the thermal conductivity of iron and nickel, the theory of thermoelectric action, and on thermoelectric heterogeneity in metals. His publications include:
- A Text-Book of Physics (1891; third edition, 1903), with J. Y. Bergen
- Elementary Lessons in Physics (1894; 1900)
- The Teaching of Chemistry and Physics (1902), with Alexander Smith
- College Laboratory Manual of Physics (1904; revised edition, 1913)
- Elements of Physics (1912)
See also
Relevant lists
References
External links
- Katz, Eugenii, "Hall". Biosensors & Bioelectronics.
- The President and Fellows of Harvard College, "Hall, Edwin Herbert, 1855–1938. Papers: Guide.". Houghton Library, Harvard College Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. 2002.
- "Edwin Hall image". aip.org.
- Hall, Edwin, "On a New Action of the Magnet on Electric Currents". American Journal of Mathematics vol. 2 pp. 287–292, 1879.
- Template:NIE