Benue–Congo languages: Difference between revisions
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|child1=[[Bantoid]] | |child1=[[Bantoid]] | ||
|child2=[[Cross River languages|Cross River]] | |child2=[[Cross River languages|Cross River]] | ||
|child3 | |child3=[[Jukunoid languages|Jukunoid]] | ||
|child4=[[Kainji languages|Kainji]] | |||
| | |child5=[[Plateau languages|Plateau]] | ||
| | |child6=[[Fali of Baissa|Fali]] | ||
| | |child7=[[Tita language|Tita]] | ||
| | |child8=? [[Ukaan language|Ukaan]] | ||
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|glotto=benu1247 | |glotto=benu1247 | ||
|glottorefname=Benue–Congo | |glottorefname=Benue–Congo | ||
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The neighbouring [[Volta–Niger]] branch of [[Nigeria]] and [[Benin]] is sometimes called "West Benue–Congo", but it does not form a united branch with Benue–Congo. When Benue–Congo was first proposed by [[Joseph Greenberg]] (1963), it included Volta–Niger (as West Benue–Congo); the boundary between Volta–Niger and [[Kwa languages|Kwa]] has been repeatedly debated. Blench (2012) states that if Benue–Congo is taken to be "the noun-class languages east and north of the Niger", it is likely to be a valid group, though no demonstration of this has been made in print.<ref>Roger Blench, [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/General/Niger-Congo%20an%20alternative%20view.pdf Niger-Congo: an alternative view] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203022520/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/General/Niger-Congo%20an%20alternative%20view.pdf |date=2012-12-03 }}</ref>{{Stack|[[File:Map of the Benue–Congo languages of Nigeria and Cameroon.svg|thumb|300x300px|The Benue–Congo branches of Nigeria and Cameroon]]}}The branches of the Benue–Congo family are thought to be as follows: | The neighbouring [[Volta–Niger]] branch of [[Nigeria]] and [[Benin]] is sometimes called "West Benue–Congo", but it does not form a united branch with Benue–Congo. When Benue–Congo was first proposed by [[Joseph Greenberg]] (1963), it included Volta–Niger (as West Benue–Congo); the boundary between Volta–Niger and [[Kwa languages|Kwa]] has been repeatedly debated. Blench (2012) states that if Benue–Congo is taken to be "the noun-class languages east and north of the Niger", it is likely to be a valid group, though no demonstration of this has been made in print.<ref>Roger Blench, [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/General/Niger-Congo%20an%20alternative%20view.pdf Niger-Congo: an alternative view] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203022520/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/General/Niger-Congo%20an%20alternative%20view.pdf |date=2012-12-03 }}</ref>{{Stack|[[File:Map of the Benue–Congo languages of Nigeria and Cameroon.svg|thumb|300x300px|The Benue–Congo branches of Nigeria and Cameroon]]}}The branches of the Benue–Congo family are thought to be as follows: | ||
*[[Bantoid–Cross languages]] | *[[Bantoid–Cross languages]] | ||
** [[Bantoid languages|Bantoid]] | |||
***[[Northern Bantoid languages|Northern]] | |||
***[[Southern Bantoid languages|Southern]] | |||
** [[Cross River languages|Cross River]] | ** [[Cross River languages|Cross River]] | ||
* [[Central Nigerian languages]], also known as Platoid | * [[Central Nigerian languages]], also known as Platoid | ||
** [[Jukunoid languages|Jukunoid]] | ** [[Jukunoid languages|Jukunoid]] | ||
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[[Ukaan language|Ukaan]] is also related to Benue–Congo; Roger Blench suspects it might be either the most divergent (East) Benue–Congo language or the closest relative to Benue–Congo. | [[Ukaan language|Ukaan]] is also related to Benue–Congo; Roger Blench suspects it might be either the most divergent (East) Benue–Congo language or the closest relative to Benue–Congo. | ||
[[Fali of Baissa]] and [[Tita language|Tita]] are also Benue–Congo but are otherwise unclassified. | [[Fali of Baissa|Fali]] and [[Tita language|Tita]] are also Benue–Congo but are otherwise unclassified. | ||
[[File:Dispersal of the Benue-Congo languages.png|thumb|The Benue-Congo homeland and dispersal of the sub-branches<ref name="watters">{{Cite book | [[File:Dispersal of the Benue-Congo languages.png|thumb|The Benue-Congo homeland and dispersal of the sub-branches<ref name="watters">{{Cite book | ||
Latest revision as of 04:02, 23 June 2025
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherTemplate:Main otherBenue–Congo (sometimes called East Benue–Congo) is a major branch of the Volta-Congo languages which covers most of Sub-Saharan Africa.
Subdivisions
Central Nigerian (or Platoid) contains the Plateau, Jukunoid and Kainji families, and Bantoid–Cross combines the Bantoid and Cross River groups.
Bantoid is only a collective term for every subfamily of Bantoid–Cross except Cross River, and this is no longer seen as forming a valid branch, however one of the subfamilies, Southern Bantoid, is still considered valid. It is Southern Bantoid which contains the Bantu languages, which are spoken across most of Sub-Saharan Africa. This makes Benue–Congo one of the largest subdivisions of the Niger–Congo language family, both in number of languages, of which Ethnologue counts 976 (2017), and in speakers, numbering perhaps 350 million. Benue–Congo also includes a few minor isolates in the Nigeria–Cameroon region, but their exact relationship is uncertain.
The neighbouring Volta–Niger branch of Nigeria and Benin is sometimes called "West Benue–Congo", but it does not form a united branch with Benue–Congo. When Benue–Congo was first proposed by Joseph Greenberg (1963), it included Volta–Niger (as West Benue–Congo); the boundary between Volta–Niger and Kwa has been repeatedly debated. Blench (2012) states that if Benue–Congo is taken to be "the noun-class languages east and north of the Niger", it is likely to be a valid group, though no demonstration of this has been made in print.[1]Template:StackThe branches of the Benue–Congo family are thought to be as follows:
- Bantoid–Cross languages
- Central Nigerian languages, also known as Platoid
Ukaan is also related to Benue–Congo; Roger Blench suspects it might be either the most divergent (East) Benue–Congo language or the closest relative to Benue–Congo.
Fali and Tita are also Benue–Congo but are otherwise unclassified.
Branches and locations (Nigeria)
Below is a list of major Benue–Congo branches and their primary locations (centres of diversity) within Nigeria based on Blench (2019).[3]
| Branch | Primary locations |
|---|---|
| Cross River | Cross River, Akwa Ibom, and Rivers States; Cameroon |
| Bendi | Obudu and Ogoja LGAs, Cross River State |
| Mambiloid | Sardauna LGA, Taraba State; Cameroon |
| Dakoid | Mayo Belwa LGA, Taraba State and adjacent areas |
| Jukunoid | Taraba, Benue, Nasarawa, Gombe, Adamawa, Bauchi, and Plateau States of Nigeria; Cameroon |
| Yukubenic | Takum LGA, Taraba State; Cameroon |
| Kainji | Kauru and Lere LGAs, Kaduna State; and Bassa LGA, Plateau State; Kano State; Kainji Lake area of Niger and Kebbi States |
| Plateau | Plateau, Kaduna, Nasarawa, Niger and Bauchi States and the FCT |
| Tivoid | Benue State; Obudu LGA, Cross River State and Sardauna LGA, Taraba State; Nasarawa State; Cameroon |
| Beboid | Takum LGA, Taraba State; Cameroon |
| Ekoid | Ikom and Ogoja LGAs, Cross River State; Cameroon |
| Grassfields | Sardauna LGA, Taraba State; Cameroon |
| Jarawan | Bauchi, Plateau, Adamawa, and Taraba States |
Comparative vocabulary
Sample basic vocabulary for reconstructed proto-languages of different Benue-Congo branches:
| Branch | Language | eye | ear | nose | tooth | tongue | mouth | blood | bone | tree | water | eat | name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Benue-Congo | Proto-Benue-Congo[4] | *-lito | *-tuŋi | *-zua | *-nini, *-nino; *-sana; *-gaŋgo | *-lemi; *-lake | *-zi; *-luŋ | *-kupe | *-titi; *-kwon | *-izi; *-ni | *-zina | ||
| Kainji | Proto-Northern Jos[5] | **iji (lì-/à-) | *toŋ (ù-/tì-) | *nyimu (bì-/ì-) | *ʔini (lì-/à-) | *lelem (lì-/à-) | *nua (ù-/tì-) | *nyì(aw) (mà-) | *ti (with reduplication) (ù-/tì-) | *nyi (mà-) | *lia | *ji(a) (lì-/sì-) | |
| Plateau | Proto-Jukunoid[6] | *giP (ri-/a-) | *tóŋ (ku-/a-) | *wíǹ (ri-/a-) | *baŋ (ku-/a-); *gyín (ri-/a-) | *déma (ri-/a-) | *ndut (u-/i-) | *yíŋ (ma-) | *kup (ku-/a-) | *kun (ku-/i-) | *mbyed | *dyi | *gyin (ri-/a-) |
| Plateau | Proto-Kagoro[7] | *-gi | *-two | *nii[ŋ] | *-dyam | *-nu[ŋ] | *-suok | *-kup | *-kwan | *-sii | |||
| Plateau | Proto-Jaba[7] | *gu-su | *gu-to[ŋ] | *-gi[ŋ] | *ga-lem | *ga-nyu | *ba-zi | *gu-kup | |||||
| Plateau | Proto-Beromic[7] | *-gis | *-toŋ | *-ɣiŋ | *-lyam | *-nu | *nì-ji | *-kup | *-kon | *-sii | |||
| Plateau | Proto-Ninzic[7] | *ki-sị́ | *ku-tóŋ | *ki-Nyin / *-Nyir | *ì-rem | *-nuŋ / *-n[y]uŋ | *ma-ɣì | *kù-kụp | *ù-kon | *a-ma-sit | |||
| Cross | Proto-Upper Cross[8] | *dyèná | *-ttóŋ(ì) | *dyòná | *-ttân | *-dák | *-mà | *-dè; *-yìŋ | *-kúpà | *-tté | *-nì | *dyá | *-dínà |
| Cross | Proto-Lower Cross[9] | *ɛ́-ɲɛ̀n / *a- | *ú-tɔ́ŋ / *a- | *í-búkó | *é-dɛ̀t / *a- | *ɛ́-lɛ́mɛ̀ / *a- | *í-núà | *-ɟìːp | *ɔ́-kpɔ́ | *é-tíé | *ˊ-mɔ́ːŋ | *líá | *ɛ́-ɟɛ́n |
| Cross | Proto-Ogoni[10] | *adɛ́ɛ̃ | *ɔ̀tɔ́̃ | *m̀ bĩɔ́̃ | *àdáNa | *àdídɛ́Nɛ́ | *m̀ miNi, *m̀ muNu | *ákpogó | *èté | m̀ mṹṹ | *dè | *àbée | |
| Grassfields | Proto-Grassfields[11] | *Ít` | *túŋ-li | *L(u)Í` | *sòŋ´ | *lím` | *cùl` | *lém`; *cÌ´ | *gÚp; *kúi(n)´ | *tí´ | *LÍb; *kÌ´; *mò´ | *lÍa | *lÍn`; *kúm |
| Grassfields | Proto-Ring[12] | *túɛ̀ | *túndé | *dúì, *tɔ́ŋ | *túŋɔ̀, *góìk | *dɔ́mì, *dídè | *dúɔ̀ | *dúŋá, *káŋù | *gúpɛ́ | *kák`, *tíɛ́ | *múɔ̀ | *dúɛ̀ | *dítɔ́, *gíd' |
| Bantu | Proto-Bantu[13] | *i=jíco | *kʊ=tʊ́i | *i=jʊ́lʊ | *i=jíno; *i=gego | *lʊ=lɪ́mi | *ka=nʊa; *mʊ=lomo | *ma=gilá; *=gil-a; *ma=gadí; *=gadí; *mʊ=lopa; *ma=ɲínga | *i=kúpa | *mʊ=tɪ́ | *ma=jíjɪ; *i=diba (HH?) | *=lɪ́ -a | *i=jína |
| Bantu | Swahili | jicho | sikio | pua | jino | ulimi | kinywa | damu (Ar.) | mfupa | mti | maji | la | jina |
See also
- List of Proto-Benue-Congo reconstructions (Wiktionary)
- Systematic graphic of the Niger–Congo languages with numbers of speakers
References
- Wolf, Paul Polydoor de (1971) The Noun Class System of Proto-Benue–Congo (Thesis, Leiden University). The Hague/Paris: Mouton.
- Williamson, Kay (1989) 'Benue–Congo Overview', pp. 248–274 in Bendor-Samuel, John & Rhonda L. Hartell (eds.) The Niger–Congo Languages – A classification and description of Africa's largest language family. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America.
External links
- ComparaLex, database with Benue-Congo word lists
- Web resources for the Benue–Congo languages
- Journal of West African Languages: Benue-Congo
- Proto-Benue-Congo Swadesh list Template:Webarchive (de Wolf 1971)
Template:Platoid languages Template:Niger-Congo branches
- ↑ Roger Blench, Niger-Congo: an alternative view Template:Webarchive
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ de wolf, Paul. 1971. The Noun-Class System of Proto-Benue-Congo Template:Webarchive. Janua Linguarum. Series Practica 167. The Hague: Mouton.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Shimizu, Kiyoshi. 1980. Comparative Jukunoid, 3 vols. (Veröffentlichungen der Institute für Afrikanistik und Ägyptologie der Universität Wien 7–9. Beiträge zur Afrikanistik 5–7). Vienna: Afro-Pub.
- ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Template:Cite thesis
- ↑ Connell, Bruce. n.d. Comparative Lower Cross wordlist Template:Webarchive. Unpublished manuscript.
- ↑ Blench, Roger and Kay Williamson. 2008. The Ogoni languages: comparative word list and historical reconstructions Template:Webarchive.
- ↑ Hyman, L.M. 1979. Index of Proto-Grassfields Bantu roots Template:Webarchive. Ms. U.S.C.; CBOLD Template:Webarchive; accessed from Comparalex Template:Webarchive.
- ↑ Paulin, Pascale. 1995. Etude comparative des langues du groupe Ring: langues Grassfields de l'ouest, Cameroun. MA thesis, Université Lumière Lyon 2.
- ↑ Schadeberg, Thilo C. 2003. Historical linguistics. In Derek Nurse and Gérard Philippson (eds.), The Bantu languages. (Routledge language family series 4. New York: Routledge. Template:ISBN