Light characteristic

File:Lightcharacteristic.jpg

Symbols and abbreviations for light characteristics

A light characteristic is all of the properties that make a particular somewhat navigational light identifiable. Graphical and textual descriptions of navigational light sequences and colours are displayed on nautical charts and in Light Lists with the chart symbol for a lighthouse, lightvessel, buoy or sea mark with a light on it. Different lights use different colours, frequencies and light patterns, so mariners can identify which light they are seeing.

Abbreviations

File:Egmond Animatie.gif

Lightcharacter of the "Egmond aan Zee" (NL) lighthouse

While light characteristics can be described in prose, e.g. "Flashing white every two seconds", lists of lights and navigation chart annotations use abbreviations. The abbreviation notation is slightly different from one light list to another, with dots added or removed, but it usually follows a pattern similar to the following (see the chart to the right for examples).

• An abbreviation of the type of light, e.g. "Fl." for Flashing, "F." for Fixed.
• The color of the light, e.g. "W" for White, "G" for Green, "R" for Red, "Y" for Yellow, "Bu" for Blue. If no color is given, a White light is generally implied.
• The cycle period, e.g. "10s" for ten seconds.
• Additional parameters are sometimes added:

• The height of the light above the chart datum for height (usually based on high water). e.g. "15m" for 15 metres.
• The range in which the light is visible, e.g. "10M" for 10 nautical miles. (ca. 18.5 kilometers)
• A light that only shines in one direction "Dir.". This is also indicated by a sector in which the light can be seen. In the figure of the lighthouse at "Egmond aan Zee" (Netherlands) two sectors are indicated; a white sector from 10° to 175° and a red sector from 175° to 188°

An example of a complete light characteristic is "Gp Oc(3) W 10s 15m 10M". This indicates that the light is a group occulting light in which a group of three eclipses repeat every 10 seconds; the light is white; the light is 15 metres above the chart datum and the nominal range is 10 nautical miles.

Light patterns

Fixed light

A fixed light, abbreviated "F", is a continuous and steady light.

Flashing light

A flashing light is a rhythmic light in which the total duration of the light in each period is clearly shorter than the total duration of the darkness and in which the flashes of light are all of equal duration. It is most commonly used for a single-flashing light which exhibits only single flashes which are repeated at regular intervals, in which case it is abbreviated simply as "Fl". It can also be used with a group of flashes which are regularly repeated, in which case the abbreviation is "Fl(2)" or "Gr Fl(2)", for a group of two flashes. Another possibility is a composite group, in which successive groups in the period have different numbers of flashes, e.g. "Fl. (2+1)" indicates a group of two flashes, followed by one flash.

A specific case sometimes used is when the flashes are longer than two seconds. Such a light is sometimes denoted "long flashing" with the abbreviation "L.Fl".

If the frequency of flashes is high (more than 30 or 50 per minute) the light is denoted as a "quick light", see below.

Occulting light

File:Coquet Island Lighthouse, former occulting mechanism.jpg

Clockwork occulting mechanism formerly in use at Coquet Island Lighthouse.

An occulting light is a rhythmic light in which the duration of light in each period is longer than the total duration of darkness. In other words, it is the opposite to a flashing light where the total duration of darkness is longer than the duration of light. It has the appearance of flashing off, rather than flashing on. Like a flashing light, it can be used for a single occulting light that exhibits only a single period of darkness or the periods of darkness can be grouped and repeated at regular intervals (abbreviated "Oc"), a group (Oc(3)) or a composite group (Oc(2+1)).

The term occulting is used because originally the effect was obtained by a mechanism (e.g. a vertical or rotating shutter) periodically shading the light from view.

Isophase light

An isophase light, abbreviated "Iso", is a light which has dark and light periods of equal length. The prefix derives from the Greek iso- meaning "same".

Quick light

A quick light, abbreviated "Q", is a special case of a flashing light with a high frequency (more than 30 or 50 per minute). If the sequence of flashes is interrupted by regularly repeated eclipses of constant and long duration, the light is denoted "interrupted quick", abbreviated "I.Q".

Group notation similar to flashing and occulting lights is also sometimes used, e.g. Q(9).

Another distinction sometimes made is between quick (more than 50 and less than 80 flashes per minute), very quick (more than 80 and less than 160 flashes per minutes, abbreviated "V.Q") and ultra quick (no less than 160 flashes per minute, abbreviate "U.Q"). This can be combined with notations for interruptions, e.g. I.U.Q for interrupted ultra quick, or grouping, e.g. V.Q(9) for a very quick group of nine flashes. Quick characteristics can also be followed by other characteristics, e.g. VQ(6) LFl for a very quick group of six flashes, followed by a long flash.

Morse code

A Morse code light is light in which appearances of light of two clearly different durations (dots and dashes) are grouped to represent a character or characters in the Morse Code. For example, "Mo(A)" is a light in which in each period light is shown for a short period (dot) followed by a long period (dash), the Morse Code for "A".

Fixed and flashing

A fixed and flashing light, abbreviated "F. Fl", is a light in which a fixed low intensity light is combined with a flashing high intensity light.

Alternating

An alternating light, abbreviated "Al", is a light which shows alternating colors. For example, "Al WG" shows white and green lights alternately.

Class of light

Table with Light Character examples

Light Type	Abbr.	General Description	Example	Dome	CPS band [Cycle period in seconds / Flash duration]
1. Fixed Light	F	A continuous, steady, light.	F R	FR dome	FR_band FR_band
2. Occulting Light The total duration of light in each period is greater than the total duration of darkness and the dark intervals (occultations) usually have the same duration.
2.1 Single-occulting	Oc	A dark period is repeated regularly.	Oc R 6s [Lit 4.5s.- 1.5s]	OcR6s dome	OcR6s_band OcR6s_band
2.2 Group-occulting	Oc(x)	A group of dark periods are repeated regularly.	Oc(2) G 8s [Lit.6.5s.-ec.0.5s. + Lit.0.5-ec.0.5]	Oc(2)G8s dome	Oc(2)G8s_band Oc(2)G8s_band
2.3 Composite group-occulting	Oc(x+y)	Light similar to group-occulting, except that successive groups in the same period contain different numbers of dark periods.	Oc(2+3) W 18s [2x Lit.1.0s.-ec.1.0s. + Lit.5.0s-ec.1.0s + 2x Lit. 1.0s-ec.1.0s. + Lit 4.0s.]	Oc(2+3)W18s dome	Oc(2+3)W18s_band Oc(2+3)W18s_band
3. Isophase Light	Iso	The duration of the light and dark periods are equal.	Iso G 4s [Fl.2.0s.-ec.2.0s.]	IsoG4s dome	IsoG4s band IsoG4s band
4. Flashing Light The total duration of light in each period is less than the total duration of the dark and light appearances (flashes) usually have the same duration.
4.1 Single-flashing	Fl	A flash is repeated regularly at a rate below 50 per minute.	Fl G 5s [Fl.1.0s.-ec.4.0s.]	Flg5s dome	FlG5s band FlG5s band
4.2 Long-flashing	L.Fl	A light flash, duration of more than 2 seconds (long flash) is repeated regularly.	L.Fl W 10s [Fl.3.0s.-ec.7.0s.]	LFLW10s dome	LFlW10s band LFlW10s band
4.3 Group-flashing	Fl(x)	A group of a specific number of flashes are repeated regularly.	Fl(3) R 15s[2x Fl.1.0s.-ec.1.0s. + Fl.1.0s.-ec.10.0s.]	Fl(3)15s dome	Fl(3)R15 band
4.4 Composite group-flashing	Fl(x+y)	Similar to group-flashing, but with several groups of flashes.	Fl(2+1) W 15s [Fl.1.0s.-ec.1.0s. + Fl.1.0s.-ec.6.0s. + Fl.1.0s.-ec.5.0s.]	Fl(2+1)W15s dome	Fl(2+1)W15s band
5. Quick Flashing Light flashes are at a frequency of between 50 and 79 flashes per minute.
5.1 Quick flashing	Q	Quick flashes are repeated regularly.	Q W [Fl.0.5s.-ec.0.5s.]	QW dome	QW band
5.2 Group quick flashing	Q(x)	Groups of a given number of quick flashes are repeated regularly.	Q(3) G 9s [3x Fl.0.5s.-ec.0.5s. + ec.6.0s.]	Q(3)G9s dome	Q(3)G9s band
	Q(x)+L.Fl.	Groups of a given number of quick flashes are repeated regularly extended with a long Flash.	Q.(6)+L.Fl. R 12s [6x Fl.0.5s.-ec.0.5s. Lit.2.0s.-ec.4.0s.]	Q(6)+LFlR12s dome	Q(6)+LFlR12s band
5.3 Interrupted quick flashing	I.Q	The sequence of flashes is regularly interrupted by dark intervals of constant duration.	IQ.(9)W 12s [9x Fl.0.5s.-ec.0.5s. + ec.3.0s.]	Q(9)W12s dome	Q(9)W12s band
6. Very Quick Flashing Light Flashes are repeated at a frequency between 80 and 159 flashes per minute.
6.1 Very Quick flashing	VQ	Very quick flashes are repeated regularly.	VQ.W [Fl.0.25s.-ec.0.25s.]	VQW dome	VQW band
6.2 Group Very Quick flasing	VQ(x)	Groups of a given number of very quick flashes are repeated regularly.	VQ.(3)G 4s [3x Fl.0.25s.-ec.0.25s. + ec.1.5s.]	VQ(3)G4s dome	VQ(3)G4s band
	VQ(x)+LFl.	Groups of a given number of very quick flashes are repeated regularly and a long Flash.	VQ.(10)+LFl.R 12s. [10x Fl.0.5s.-ec.0.5s. + Lit.2.0s.-ec.5.0s]	VQ(10)+LFlR12s dome	VQ(10)+LFlR12s band
6.3 Interrupted Very quick flashing	I.VQ	The sequence of flashes is regularly interrupted by dark intervals of constant duration.	I.VQ R 9s [10x Fl.0.25s.-ec.0.25s. + ec.7.0s.]	IVQ(10)R12s dome	IVQ(10)R12s band
7. Ultra Quick flashing The flashes are repeated at a frequency equal to or greater than 160 flashes per minute.
7.1 Ultra Quick flashinf	UQ	Ultra quick flashes are repeated regularly.	UQ W [Fl.0.125s.-ec.0.125s.]	UQW dome	UQW band
7.2 Interrupted Ultra Quick flasing	I.UQ	The sequence of ultra quick flashes is regularly interrupted by dark intervals of constant duration.	I.UQ R 6s[24x Fl.0.125s.-ec.3.125s.]	IUQR9s dome	IUQR9s band
8. Morse code	Mo(x)	The flashes have markedly different durations and are grouped together to form one or more characters in Morse code.	Mo(K) G 6s [Fl.1.0s.-ec.0.25s. + Fl.0.5s-ec.0.25s.+ Fl.1.0s.-ec.3.0s.]	Mo(K)G6s dome	Mo(K)G6s band
9. Fixed and flashing	F.Fl	A light that combines a fixed light with a light flashing with a stronger intensity. The flashes of light may have any of the features described in above.	F.Fl Y 5s [Lit.2.5s.-Fl.2.5s.]	FFlY5s dome	FFlY5s band
10. Alternating	Al	Light that alternately displays different colors Note - The alternating light can be used in conjunction with most of the lights earlier classes.	Al WR 3s [Lit.W 1.5s.-Lit.R 1.5s.]	AlWR3s dome	AlWR3s band

See also

• Lighthouse
• Pilotage
• Sector light
• Signal lamp

References

• Template:Cite uscgll - Glossary to Aids of Navigation Terms in any of the volumes
• Template:Cite ngall p. XII - Characteristics of Lights, in any of the volumes
• Glossary of Lighthouse Terms

External links

• Light Characteristics
• The Scottish Lighthouses