1862 in science: Difference between revisions
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==Chemistry== | ==Chemistry== | ||
* Chemist and composer [[Alexander Borodin]] describes the first [[nucleophilic displacement]] of chlorine by fluorine in [[benzoyl chloride]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Borodin |first=E. J. |last=Behrman |journal=[[Journal of Chemical Education]]|url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/ed083p1138.1 |year=2006 |volume=83 |pages=1138 |format=PDF |doi=10.1021/ed083p1138.1 |bibcode=2006JChEd..83.1138B |doi-access=free }}</ref> | * Chemist and composer [[Alexander Borodin]] describes the first [[nucleophilic displacement]] of chlorine by fluorine in [[benzoyl chloride]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Borodin |first=E. J. |last=Behrman |journal=[[Journal of Chemical Education]]|url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/ed083p1138.1 |year=2006 |volume=83 |pages=1138 |format=PDF |doi=10.1021/ed083p1138.1 |bibcode=2006JChEd..83.1138B |doi-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref> | ||
* [[Mineralogist]] [[Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois]] makes the first proposal to arrange the [[chemical element]]s in order of [[atomic weight]]s, although this is largely ignored by chemists.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Periodic Table|url=http://www.3rd1000.com/history/periodic.htm|accessdate=2011-10-07}}</ref> | * [[Mineralogist]] [[Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois]] makes the first proposal to arrange the [[chemical element]]s in order of [[atomic weight]]s, although this is largely ignored by chemists.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Periodic Table|url=http://www.3rd1000.com/history/periodic.htm|accessdate=2011-10-07}}</ref> | ||
* [[Alexander Parkes]] exhibits [[Parkesine]], one of the earliest [[synthetic polymer]]s, at the International Exhibition in London. This discovery forms the foundation of the modern [[plastics industry]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Alexander Parkes (1813–1890) |work=People & Polymers |publisher=Plastics Historical Society |url=http://www.plastiquarian.com/parkes.htm |accessdate=2007-03-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315102347/http://www.plastiquarian.com/parkes.htm |archivedate=2007-03-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | * [[Alexander Parkes]] exhibits [[Parkesine]], one of the earliest [[synthetic polymer]]s, at the International Exhibition in London. This discovery forms the foundation of the modern [[plastics industry]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Alexander Parkes (1813–1890) |work=People & Polymers |publisher=Plastics Historical Society |url=http://www.plastiquarian.com/parkes.htm |accessdate=2007-03-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315102347/http://www.plastiquarian.com/parkes.htm |archivedate=2007-03-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
Latest revision as of 19:09, 23 June 2025
Template:Short description Template:Year nav topic5 Template:Science year nav
The year 1862 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Astronomy
- January 31 – Alvan Graham Clark makes the first observation of Sirius B, a white dwarf star, through an eighteen-inch telescope at Northwestern University in Illinois.
Biology
- May 15 – Charles Darwin publishes On the various contrivances by which British and foreign Orchids are fertilised by insects, and on the good effects of intercrossing.
- Henry Walter Bates publishes "Contributions to an insect fauna of the Amazon valley. Lepidoptera: Heliconidae"[1] describing Batesian mimicry.
- George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker begin publication of Genera plantarum based on the collections of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England.[2]
- John Gwyn Jeffreys begins publication of British Conchology, or an account of the Mollusca which now inhabit the British Isles and the surrounding seas.
Chemistry
- Chemist and composer Alexander Borodin describes the first nucleophilic displacement of chlorine by fluorine in benzoyl chloride.[3]
- Mineralogist Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois makes the first proposal to arrange the chemical elements in order of atomic weights, although this is largely ignored by chemists.[4]
- Alexander Parkes exhibits Parkesine, one of the earliest synthetic polymers, at the International Exhibition in London. This discovery forms the foundation of the modern plastics industry.[5]
Earth sciences
- Friedrich Albert Fallou publishes "Pedologie oder allgemeine und besondere Bodenkunde" (Pedology or general and special soil science), founding soil science.[6]
Medicine
- Maurice Raynaud describes the vasospastic syndrome named after him in his doctoral dissertation.[7]
- Hermann Snellen publishes the Snellen chart for testing visual acuity.
Technology
- July 8 – Theodore Timby is granted a United States patent for discharging guns in a revolving turret, using electricity.
- July 22 – Henry O. Peabody is granted a United States patent for the Peabody action for rifles.
- November 4 – Richard Jordan Gatling is granted a United States patent for the Gatling gun.
- Brown & Sharpe produce the first Universal Milling machine.[8]
- David Kirkaldy publishes Results of an Experimental Inquiry into the Comparative Tensile Strength and other properties of various kinds of Wrought-Iron and Steel in Glasgow describing his pioneering work in tensile testing.
Awards
Births
- January 23 – David Hilbert (died 1943), German mathematician
- February 14 – Agnes Pockels (died 1935), German chemist (in Venice)
- March 14 – Vilhelm Bjerknes (died 1951), Norwegian physicist and meteorologist
- May 27 – John Edward Campbell (died 1924), Irish-born mathematician
- June 7 – Philipp Lenard (died 1947), German physicist
- June 9 – Ernest William Moir (died 1933), British civil engineer
- July 2 – William Henry Bragg (died 1942), English winner of the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics
- August 2 – Paul Bujor (died 1952), Romanian animal morphologist, politician and short story writer
- October 12 – Theodor Boveri (died 1915), German geneticist
- October 19 – Auguste Lumière (died 1954), French inventor, film pioneer
- November 23 - Ernest Guglielminetti (died 1943), Swiss physician[10]
- William Hoskins (died 1934), American inventor
Deaths
- January 10 – Samuel Colt (born 1814), American inventor
- February 3 – Jean-Baptiste Biot (born 1774), French physicist
- February 7 – Prosper Ménière (born 1799), French physician who first described the symptoms of Ménière's disease
- February 11 – Luther V. Bell (born 1806), American psychiatric physician
- March 1 – Peter Barlow (born 1776), English mathematician
- April 3 – Sir James Clark Ross (born 1800), English explorer of the Polar regions
- May 6 – Olry Terquem (born 1782), French Jewish geometer
- October 8 – James Walker (born 1781), Scottish-born civil engineer
- October 21 – Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 1st Baronet (born 1783), English physiologist
- December 18 – Lucas Barrett (born 1837), English naturalist (drowned)
- December 20 – Robert Knox (born 1791), Scottish anatomist
- December 21 – Karl Kreil (born 1798), Austrian astronomer
References
- ↑ Transactions of the Linnean Society (London) 23 pp. 495–566.
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