Perpetuum mobile: Difference between revisions

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===Baroque period===
===Baroque period===
* The ''Preludio'' from [[Bach]]'s [[Partita for Violin No. 3 (Bach)|Partita for Violin No. 3]] consists almost entirely of sixteenth notes.
* [[Bach]]'s ''Presto'' from Violin Sonata No. 1, ''Corrente'' and every ''Double'' from [[Partita for Violin No. 1 (Bach)|Violin Partita No. 1]], ''Allegro'' from Violin Sonata No. 2, ''Allegro assai'' from Violin Sonata No. 3, and ''Preludio'' from [[Partita for Violin No. 3 (Bach)|Violin Partita No. 3]] consists almost entirely of a continuous stream of notes.
* Bach's ''Prelude'' from his [[Prelude and Fugue in C minor, BWV 847|Prelude and Fugue in C Minor, BWV 847]] from the [[The Well-Tempered Clavier|Well-Tempered Clavier]]
* Various pieces by [[Antonio Vivaldi]], including the third movement from the "[[Summer (Vivaldi)|Summer]]" concerto being the most famous


===Classical period===
===Classical period===
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* [[Felix Mendelssohn]]'s ''Perpetuum mobile'', op. 119, for piano
* [[Felix Mendelssohn]]'s ''Perpetuum mobile'', op. 119, for piano
* [[Ottokar Novacek]]'s ''Perpetuum Mobile'', for violin and piano
* [[Ottokar Novacek]]'s ''Perpetuum Mobile'', for violin and piano
* [[Niccolò Paganini|Nicolò Paganini]]'s ''Moto perpetuo'' Op. 11 (No. 6) for violin{{Efn|This is most often performed with a rather insignificant ''[[obbligato]]'' accompaniment. When scored for wind instruments, it becomes a virtuoso challenge of [[circular breathing]] and [[double-tonguing]]. [[Béla Fleck]] has performed it on the banjo.|group=notes|name=paganini}}
* [[Niccolò Paganini]]'s ''Moto perpetuo'' Op. 11 (No. 6) for violin{{Efn|This is most often performed with a rather insignificant ''[[obbligato]]'' accompaniment. When scored for wind instruments, it becomes a virtuoso challenge of [[circular breathing]] and [[double-tonguing]]. [[Béla Fleck]] has performed it on the banjo.|group=notes|name=paganini}}
* Niccolò Paganini's ''[[24 Caprices for Solo Violin (Paganini)|24 Caprices]]''; nearly every caprice contains sections with perpetual motion. Specifically, ''[[Caprice No. 16 (Paganini)|Caprice No. 16]]'' is entirely ''Perpetuum mobile''.
* [[Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov]]'s ''[[Flight of the Bumblebee]]'', an interlude for his opera ''[[The Tale of Tsar Saltan]]''
* [[Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov]]'s ''[[Flight of the Bumblebee]]'', an interlude for his opera ''[[The Tale of Tsar Saltan]]''
* [[Johann Strauss II]]'s ''Perpetuum Mobile: musikalischer Scherz'' for orchestra
* [[Johann Strauss II]]'s ''Perpetuum Mobile: musikalischer Scherz'' for orchestra
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* [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky|Tchaikovsky's]] [[Piano Concerto No. 1 (Tchaikovsky)|Piano Concerto No. 1]], third movement
* [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky|Tchaikovsky's]] [[Piano Concerto No. 1 (Tchaikovsky)|Piano Concerto No. 1]], third movement
* [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky|Tchaikovsky's]] [[Symphony No. 6 (Tchaikovsky)|Symphony No. 6]], third movement
* [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky|Tchaikovsky's]] [[Symphony No. 6 (Tchaikovsky)|Symphony No. 6]], third movement
* [[Pablo de Sarasate]]'s ''Tarantella'' from his ''Introduction and Tarantella'' Op. 43
* [[Henryk Wieniawski]]'s Etude-Caprice Nos. 3 and 4 from ''Études-Caprices'' Op. 18 for two violins


===20th century===
===20th century===
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* Prelude no. 2 in A minor from ''[[24 Preludes and Fugues (Shostakovich)|24 Preludes and Fugues]]'' by [[Dmitri Shostakovich]] (1950–1951). Also the third movement of his [[Symphony No. 8 (Shostakovich)|Symphony No. 8 in C minor]]
* Prelude no. 2 in A minor from ''[[24 Preludes and Fugues (Shostakovich)|24 Preludes and Fugues]]'' by [[Dmitri Shostakovich]] (1950–1951). Also the third movement of his [[Symphony No. 8 (Shostakovich)|Symphony No. 8 in C minor]]
* The final movement of [[Benjamin Britten]]'s ''[[Cello Sonata]] in [[C Major]] Op. 65'' (1960). Also the third movement of his ''Suite for Violin and Piano [[Opus number|Op. 6]]'' (1935), the finale of his [[Cello Suites (Britten)#Cello Suite No 1, Opus 72|first solo cello suite]] (1964) and the penultimate movement of his [[Cello Suites (Britten)#Cello Suite No 3, Opus 87|third cello suite]] (1972)<ref>Mitchell, Donald; ''Benjamin Britten, 1913-1976:  Pictures From a Life''; Charles Scribner's Sons; New York:  1978.  p.231</ref>
* The final movement of [[Benjamin Britten]]'s ''[[Cello Sonata]] in [[C Major]] Op. 65'' (1960). Also the third movement of his ''Suite for Violin and Piano [[Opus number|Op. 6]]'' (1935), the finale of his [[Cello Suites (Britten)#Cello Suite No 1, Opus 72|first solo cello suite]] (1964) and the penultimate movement of his [[Cello Suites (Britten)#Cello Suite No 3, Opus 87|third cello suite]] (1972)<ref>Mitchell, Donald; ''Benjamin Britten, 1913-1976:  Pictures From a Life''; Charles Scribner's Sons; New York:  1978.  p.231</ref>
* The ''Allegro'' from [[Fritz Kreisler|Kreisler]]'s ''[[Praeludium and Allegro]]''
* [[Arvo Pärt]]'s orchestral ''Perpetuum mobile'' (1963)
* [[Arvo Pärt]]'s orchestral ''Perpetuum mobile'' (1963)
* "Perpetuum Mobile" by Michael Roberts, used as the startup music for [[Thames Television]] and earlier [[ABC Weekend TV]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.transdiffusion.org/2015/10/19/thames|title=Salute to ABC - Start-ups - Transdiffusion|website=www.transdiffusion.org|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-02-13}}</ref>  
* "Perpetuum Mobile" by Michael Roberts, used as the startup music for [[Thames Television]] and earlier [[ABC Weekend TV]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.transdiffusion.org/2015/10/19/thames|title=Salute to ABC - Start-ups - Transdiffusion|website=www.transdiffusion.org|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-02-13}}</ref>  

Latest revision as of 05:29, 1 July 2025

Template:Short description Template:Italic title Script error: No such module "about".Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".Template:One source In music, perpetuum mobile (English pronunciation /pərˌpɛtjʊəm ˈmoʊbɪleɪ/, /ˈmoʊbɪli/; Latin, literally, "perpetual motion"), moto perpetuo (Italian), mouvement perpétuel (French), movimento perpétuo (Portuguese) movimiento perpetuo (Spanish), is a term used to describe a rapidly executed and persistently maintained figuration, usually of notes of equal length. Over time it has taken on two distinct applications: first, as describing entire musical compositions or passages within them that are characterised by a continuous stream of notes, usually but not always at a rapid tempo; and second, as describing entire compositions, or extended passages within them that are meant to be played in a repetitious fashion, often an indefinite number of times.[1]

Types of perpetuum mobile composition

File:Chopin sonata2 finale.svg
A well-known example as a technique is the presto finale of Frédéric Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2: This figuration of rapid triplet quavers (eighth notes) continues for the duration of the movement.

Script error: No such module "Listen". As a distinct composition, perpetuum mobile can be defined as one in which part or most of the piece is intended to be repeated an often unspecified number of times, without the "motion" of the melody being halted when a repeat begins.

Canons are often intended to be performed in a moto perpetuo fashion, and can thus be called canon perpetuus.

In some cases the repeats of a "perpetuum mobile" piece are at a different pitch, a modulation or a chord progression occurs during the repeatable part. Some of the riddle canons of Bach's Script error: No such module "Lang". are examples of this particular kind of perpetuum mobile/canon perpetuus.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Perpetuum mobile as a genre of separate musical compositions was at the height of its popularity by the end of the 19th century. Such pieces would often be performed as virtuoso encores, in some cases increasing the tempo along the repeats.

Examples

Perpetuum mobile pieces of both kinds include:

Baroque period

Classical period

Romantic period

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20th century

21st century

References

Notes

Template:Notelist

References

Template:Reflist

  1. ↑ Apel, Willi, ed.; Harvard Dictionary of Music, 12th ed.; Harvard University Press; Cambridge, Mass.: 1960. p. 560
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Mitchell, Donald; Benjamin Britten, 1913-1976: Pictures From a Life; Charles Scribner's Sons; New York: 1978. p.231
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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