CSS Richmond: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Ironclad of the Confederate States Navy}}
{{Short description|Ironclad of the Confederate States Navy}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2013}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2013}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship
{{Infobox ship image
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|Ship image=CSSRichmond.jpg
|image=CSSRichmond.jpg
|Ship caption=A [[wash (visual arts)|wash]] drawing of ''Richmond'' by R. G. Skerrett
|image_caption=A [[wash (visual arts)|wash]] drawing of ''Richmond'' by R. G. Skerrett
}}
}}
{{Infobox ship career
 
|Hide header=
|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|Ship country=Confederate States
|hide_header=
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|Confederate States of America|naval}}
|country=Confederate States
|Ship name=''Richmond''
|flag={{shipboxflag|Confederate States of America|naval}}
|Ship namesake=[[Richmond, Virginia]]
|name=''Richmond''
|Ship operator=[[Confederate States Navy]]
|namesake=[[Richmond, Virginia]]
|Ship ordered=1862
|operator=[[Confederate States Navy]]
|Ship builder=*[[Gosport Navy Yard]]
|ordered=1862
*Rockett's Shipyard
|builder=*[[Gosport Navy Yard]]
|Ship laid down=March 1862
          *Rockett's Shipyard
|Ship launched=6 May 1862
|laid_down=March 1862
|Ship completed=
|launched=6 May 1862
|Ship commissioned=July 1862
|completed=
|Ship motto=
|commissioned=July 1862
|Ship nickname=
|motto=
|Ship fate=Burned and [[Scuttling|scuttled]], 3 April 1865
|nickname=
}}
|fate=Burned and [[Scuttling|scuttled]], 3 April 1865
{{Infobox ship characteristics
}}
|Hide header=
 
|Header caption=
|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|Ship class={{sclass|Richmond|ironclad}}
|hide_header=
|Ship length=*{{convert|174|ft|m|abbr=on}} ([[o/a]])
|header_caption=
*{{cvt|150|ft|m|1}} ([[p/p]])
|class={{sclass|Richmond|ironclad}}
|Ship beam={{convert|43|ft|m|abbr=on|1}}  
|length=*{{convert|174|ft|m|abbr=on}} ([[o/a]])
|Ship draft={{convert|12|–|13|ft|m|1|abbr=on}}  
        *{{cvt|150|ft|m|1}} ([[p/p]])
|Ship depth=about {{cvt|11|ft|m|1}}
|beam={{convert|43|ft|m|abbr=on|1}}  
|Ship power=2 × [[fire-tube boiler]]s
|draft={{convert|12|–|13|ft|m|1|abbr=on}}  
|Ship propulsion=*1 × shaft
|depth=about {{cvt|11|ft|m|1}}
*1 × [[Marine steam engine#Direct acting|direct-acting steam engine]]
|power=2 × [[fire-tube boiler]]s
|Ship speed={{convert|6|kn|lk=in}}
|propulsion=*1 × shaft
|Ship range=
            *1 × [[Marine steam engine#Direct acting|direct-acting steam engine]]
|Ship complement=150 officers and men
|speed={{convert|6|kn|lk=in}}
|Ship armament=*4 × {{cvt|7|in|0}} [[Brooke rifle]]s
|range=
*1 × [[spar torpedo]]
|complement=150 officers and men
|Ship armor=*[[Casemate]]: {{cvt|4|in|0}}
|armament=*4 × {{cvt|7|in|0}} [[Brooke rifle]]s
*Casemate roof: {{cvt|1|in|0}}
          *1 × [[spar torpedo]]
*[[Deck (ship)|Deck]]: {{cvt|2|in|0}}
|armor=*[[Casemate]]: {{cvt|4|in|0}}
|Ship notes=
        *Casemate roof: {{cvt|1|in|0}}
        *[[Deck (ship)|Deck]]: {{cvt|2|in|0}}
|notes=
}}
}}
}}
|}


'''CSS{{refn|Confederate States Ship.<ref>Silverstone, p. xviii</ref>|group=Note}} ''Richmond''''' was the [[name ship]] of [[Richmond-class ironclad|her class]] of six [[casemate ironclad]]s built for the [[Confederate States Navy]] during the [[American Civil War]]. Completed during 1862 the ship was assigned to the [[James River Squadron]] where she mostly supported Confederate forces near [[Richmond, Virginia]]. She was burned in April 1865 to prevent her capture by Union forces.
'''CSS{{refn|Confederate States Ship.<ref>Silverstone, p. xviii</ref>|group=Note}} ''Richmond''''' was the [[name ship]] of [[Richmond-class ironclad|her class]] of six [[casemate ironclad]]s built for the [[Confederate States Navy]] during the [[American Civil War]]. Completed during 1862 the ship was assigned to the [[James River Squadron]] where she mostly supported Confederate forces near [[Richmond, Virginia]]. She was burned in April 1865 to prevent her capture by Union forces.
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The propulsion systems of the ''Richmond''-class ironclads were different for each of the ships, often depending on what could be sourced locally. ''Richmond''{{'}}s single-cylinder, 80-[[horsepower]] [[marine steam engine#Direct acting|direct-acting steam engine]] had been stored in the [[Gosport Navy Yard]] when the [[brig]] {{USS|Arctic|1855|2}} was converted to a [[Lightvessel|lightship]] in 1859. Seized when the Confederates captured the Navy Yard, the engine used steam provided by a pair of horizontal [[fire-tube boiler]]s built by either the [[Tredegar Iron Works]] or the Shockoe Foundry in Richmond to drive a three-bladed, {{convert|9|ft|adj=on|m|1}} propeller. The boilers were {{convert|11|ft|m|1}} tall, {{convert|10|ft|m|1}} long, and {{convert|6|ft|9|in|m|1}} wide.<ref>Canney, p. 41, Bisbee, p. 189</ref>{{refn|Luraghi states that the ironclad's machinery was built by Tredegar.<ref>Luraghi, p. 48, footnote 147</ref>|group=Note}} ''Richmond'' had a speed of {{convert|6|kn|lk=in}} and a crew of 150.<ref name="DANFS" /> She also carried about 20 to 25 [[Confederate States Marines]] in case of a battle that required [[naval boarding]].<ref>Coski, p. 113</ref>
The propulsion systems of the ''Richmond''-class ironclads were different for each of the ships, often depending on what could be sourced locally. ''Richmond''{{'}}s single-cylinder, 80-[[horsepower]] [[marine steam engine#Direct acting|direct-acting steam engine]] had been stored in the [[Gosport Navy Yard]] when the [[brig]] {{USS|Arctic|1855|2}} was converted to a [[Lightvessel|lightship]] in 1859. Seized when the Confederates captured the Navy Yard, the engine used steam provided by a pair of horizontal [[fire-tube boiler]]s built by either the [[Tredegar Iron Works]] or the Shockoe Foundry in Richmond to drive a three-bladed, {{convert|9|ft|adj=on|m|1}} propeller. The boilers were {{convert|11|ft|m|1}} tall, {{convert|10|ft|m|1}} long, and {{convert|6|ft|9|in|m|1}} wide.<ref>Canney, p. 41, Bisbee, p. 189</ref>{{refn|Luraghi states that the ironclad's machinery was built by Tredegar.<ref>Luraghi, p. 48, footnote 147</ref>|group=Note}} ''Richmond'' had a speed of {{convert|6|kn|lk=in}} and a crew of 150.<ref name="DANFS" /> She also carried about 20 to 25 [[Confederate States Marines]] in case of a battle that required [[naval boarding]].<ref>Coski, p. 113</ref>


''Richmond'' was armed with four {{convert|7|in|0|adj=on}} [[Brooke rifle]]s, one of which was two banded (reinforced at the [[breech (firearms)|breech]]) and the others were single-banded guns.<ref>Coski, p. 80</ref> Two of the guns were on [[pivot gun|pivot mounts]] at the [[bow (ship)|bow]] and [[stern]] and the others were positioned on each [[broadside (naval)|broadside]].<ref name=c1>Canney, p. 41</ref> The ship was also equipped with a [[spar torpedo]] at her bow.<ref name=DANFS/><ref name=h7>Holcombe, p. 17</ref> Other sources concur with the total of four guns, but state that they consisted of one 7-inch Brooke rifle in the bow, two {{convert|6.4|in|0|adj=on}} Brooke rifles on the broadsides, and a {{convert|10|in|cm|adj=on|1}} [[Muzzleloader|muzzle-loading]] [[smoothbore]] gun on a pivot mounting in the stern.<ref name=s2/><ref name=h7/> Naval historian Raimondo Luraghi states that the ship was armed with four 7-inch Brooke rifles and two smoothbores,<ref name=l8>Luraghi, p. 208</ref> while official historian Paul Marcello simply notes that the ship was equipped with four rifled guns and two smoothbore shell guns.<ref name=DANFS/>
''Richmond'' was armed with four {{convert|7|in|0|adj=on}} [[Brooke rifle]]s, one of which was two banded (reinforced at the [[breech (firearms)|breech]]) and the others were single-banded guns.<ref>Coski, p. 80</ref> Two of the guns were on [[pivot gun|pivot mounts]] at the [[bow (watercraft)|bow]] and [[stern]] and the others were positioned on each [[broadside (naval)|broadside]].<ref name=c1>Canney, p. 41</ref> The ship was also equipped with a [[spar torpedo]] at her bow.<ref name=DANFS/><ref name=h7>Holcombe, p. 17</ref> Other sources concur with the total of four guns, but state that they consisted of one 7-inch Brooke rifle in the bow, two {{convert|6.4|in|0|adj=on}} Brooke rifles on the broadsides, and a {{convert|10|in|cm|adj=on|1}} [[Muzzleloader|muzzle-loading]] [[smoothbore]] gun on a pivot mounting in the stern.<ref name=s2/><ref name=h7/> Naval historian Raimondo Luraghi states that the ship was armed with four 7-inch Brooke rifles and two smoothbores,<ref name=l8>Luraghi, p. 208</ref> while official historian Paul Marcello simply notes that the ship was equipped with four rifled guns and two smoothbore shell guns.<ref name=DANFS/>


Sources agree that ''Richmond''{{'}}s {{convert|100|ft|m|adj=mid|-long|1}} casemate was protected by {{convert|4|in|0}} of [[wrought-iron]] armor in two layers of plates. The casemate structure consisted of {{convert|21|in}},<ref name=h7/> {{convert|22|in}}<ref name=s2/><ref name=l8/> or {{convert|23|in}} of oak and [[yellow pine]]. The roof of the casemate was covered by {{convert|1|in|adj=on}} iron plates, backed by {{convert|15|in}} of wood.<ref name=c1/> One layer of two-inch plates protected the fore and aft [[main deck]]s and extended below the [[waterline]] for several feet.<ref name=h7/> A 10-inch iron casting supposedly defended the pilothouse.<ref name=c9/>
Sources agree that ''Richmond''{{'}}s {{convert|100|ft|m|adj=mid|-long|1}} casemate was protected by {{convert|4|in|0}} of [[wrought-iron]] armor in two layers of plates. The casemate structure consisted of {{convert|21|in}},<ref name=h7/> {{convert|22|in}}<ref name=s2/><ref name=l8/> or {{convert|23|in}} of oak and [[yellow pine]]. The roof of the casemate was covered by {{convert|1|in|adj=on}} iron plates, backed by {{convert|15|in}} of wood.<ref name=c1/> One layer of two-inch plates protected the fore and aft [[main deck]]s and extended below the [[waterline]] for several feet.<ref name=h7/> A 10-inch iron casting supposedly defended the pilothouse.<ref name=c9/>

Latest revision as of 15:06, 11 December 2025

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CSSTemplate:Refn Richmond was the name ship of her class of six casemate ironclads built for the Confederate States Navy during the American Civil War. Completed during 1862 the ship was assigned to the James River Squadron where she mostly supported Confederate forces near Richmond, Virginia. She was burned in April 1865 to prevent her capture by Union forces.

Background and description

The ship was built to a design by the Chief Naval Constructor, John L. Porter, based on his earlier work on the ironclad Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., retaining the traditional curving ship-type hull, but with flat ends to the casemate. As usual for Confederate ships, dimensions vary slightly between sources. The plan showed an overall length of Script error: No such module "convert". and a length between perpendiculars of Script error: No such module "convert". with a maximum beam of Script error: No such module "convert"., a moulded beam of Script error: No such module "convert". and a depth of hold of about Template:Cvt.[1] The consensus figure for the ship's draft is Script error: No such module "convert".[2][3][4] She was fitted with a pilothouse at the forward end of the casemate roof.[5]

The propulsion systems of the Richmond-class ironclads were different for each of the ships, often depending on what could be sourced locally. RichmondTemplate:'s single-cylinder, 80-horsepower direct-acting steam engine had been stored in the Gosport Navy Yard when the brig Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". was converted to a lightship in 1859. Seized when the Confederates captured the Navy Yard, the engine used steam provided by a pair of horizontal fire-tube boilers built by either the Tredegar Iron Works or the Shockoe Foundry in Richmond to drive a three-bladed, Script error: No such module "convert". propeller. The boilers were Script error: No such module "convert". tall, Script error: No such module "convert". long, and Script error: No such module "convert". wide.[6]Template:Refn Richmond had a speed of Script error: No such module "convert". and a crew of 150.[2] She also carried about 20 to 25 Confederate States Marines in case of a battle that required naval boarding.[7]

Richmond was armed with four Script error: No such module "convert". Brooke rifles, one of which was two banded (reinforced at the breech) and the others were single-banded guns.[8] Two of the guns were on pivot mounts at the bow and stern and the others were positioned on each broadside.[9] The ship was also equipped with a spar torpedo at her bow.[2][10] Other sources concur with the total of four guns, but state that they consisted of one 7-inch Brooke rifle in the bow, two Script error: No such module "convert". Brooke rifles on the broadsides, and a Script error: No such module "convert". muzzle-loading smoothbore gun on a pivot mounting in the stern.[4][10] Naval historian Raimondo Luraghi states that the ship was armed with four 7-inch Brooke rifles and two smoothbores,[11] while official historian Paul Marcello simply notes that the ship was equipped with four rifled guns and two smoothbore shell guns.[2]

Sources agree that RichmondTemplate:'s Script error: No such module "convert". casemate was protected by Script error: No such module "convert". of wrought-iron armor in two layers of plates. The casemate structure consisted of Script error: No such module "convert".,[10] Script error: No such module "convert".[4][11] or Script error: No such module "convert". of oak and yellow pine. The roof of the casemate was covered by Script error: No such module "convert". iron plates, backed by Script error: No such module "convert". of wood.[9] One layer of two-inch plates protected the fore and aft main decks and extended below the waterline for several feet.[10] A 10-inch iron casting supposedly defended the pilothouse.[5]

Construction and career

Named for the capitol of the Confederacy,[12] Richmond was begun at Gosport Navy Yard in March 1862, launched on May 6 and towed up to her namesake that very night to escape Federal forces threatening the yard and the lower James River. She was sometimes referred to as Virginia II, Virginia No. 2 or Young Virginia in the South and as Merrimack No. 2, New Merrimack or Young Merrimack by Union writers, months before the actual Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". was ever laid down. The ironclad was thus finished at Richmond, Virginia, in July 1862 and placed in commission by Commander Robert B. Pegram, as part of the James River Squadron.

During 1863 and early 1864 the James front was quiet, but from May 1864 momentous events followed in quick succession. The Confederate Navy had three new ironclads in Captain French Forrest's James River Squadron there, and minor actions were frequent.

During 1864 Richmond, under Lieutenant William Harwar Parker, CSN, took part in engagements at Dutch Gap on August 13, Fort Harrison on September 29 – October 1, and Chaffin's Bluff on October 22. On January 23–24, 1865, she was under heavy fire while aground with Virginia II above the obstructions at Trent's Reach — at an angle that caused Federal projectiles to ricochet harmlessly off their casemates. But RichmondTemplate:'s unarmored tender, Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., being lashed alongside Richmond, was severely damaged by the explosion of Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Template:'s magazine. The ironclads were forced to withdraw under the Confederate batteries at Chaffin's Bluff. A few weeks later, however, Richmond had to be destroyed to avoid capture by order of Rear Admiral Raphael Semmes, squadron commander, prior to the evacuation of the Confederate capital on April 3.

Commanders

The commanders of the CSS Richmond were:[13]

Notes

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Citations

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  1. ↑ Canney, pp. 34, 40–41
  2. ↑ a b c d Marcello
  3. ↑ Bisbee, p. 87; Holcombe, p. 16
  4. ↑ a b c Silverstone 2006, p. 152
  5. ↑ a b Canney, p. 39
  6. ↑ Canney, p. 41, Bisbee, p. 189
  7. ↑ Coski, p. 113
  8. ↑ Coski, p. 80
  9. ↑ a b Canney, p. 41
  10. ↑ a b c d Holcombe, p. 17
  11. ↑ a b Luraghi, p. 208
  12. ↑ Silverstone 1984, p. 52
  13. ↑ Coski, pp.

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References

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