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| source_model = [[Closed source]]
| source_model = [[Closed source]]
| latest_release_version = 6.5.30
| latest_release_version = 6.5.30
| latest_release_date = {{Release date and age|df=yes|2006|08|16}}
| latest_release_date = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2006|08|16}}
| marketing_target = Workstations, servers
| marketing_target = Workstations, servers
| supported_platforms = [[MIPS architecture|MIPS]]
| supported_platforms = [[MIPS architecture|MIPS]]
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}}
}}


'''IRIX''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ai|ɹ|ɪ|k|s}}, {{respell|EYE|ricks}}) is a discontinued [[operating system]] developed by [[Silicon Graphics]] (SGI) to run on the company's proprietary [[MIPS architecture|MIPS]] workstations and servers. It is based on [[UNIX System V]] with [[Berkeley Software Distribution|BSD]] extensions. In IRIX, SGI originated the [[XFS]] file system and the industry-standard [[OpenGL]] [[graphics API]].
'''IRIX''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ai|ɹ|ɪ|k|s}}, {{respell|EYE|ricks}}, a portmanteau of [[SGI IRIS|IRIS]] and [[Unix|UNIX]]) is a discontinued [[operating system]] developed by [[Silicon Graphics]] (SGI) to run on the company's proprietary [[MIPS architecture|MIPS]] workstations and servers. It is based on [[UNIX System V]] with [[Berkeley Software Distribution|BSD]] extensions. In IRIX, SGI originated the [[XFS]] file system and the industry-standard [[OpenGL]] [[graphics API]].


==History==
==History==
SGI originated the IRIX name in the 1988 release 3.0 of the operating system for the [[SGI IRIS 4D]] series of workstations and servers. Previous releases are identified only by the release number prefixed by "4D1-", such as "4D1-2.2". The "4D1-" prefix continued to be used in official documentation to prefix IRIX release numbers. Prior to the IRIS 4D, SGI bundled the GL2 operating system, based on [[UniSoft]] UniPlus [[System V Unix]], and using the proprietary [[MEX (windowing system)|MEX]] (Multiple EXposure) [[windowing system]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ryan.thoryk.com/sgi/irix_versions.html|title=History of IRIX|author=Ryan Thoryk|date=2021-10-07|access-date=2021-12-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bitsavers.org/pdf/sgi/iris/007-1103-010_IRIS_Programming_Tutorial_v1.0_1986.pdf|title=IRIS Programming Tutorial V1.0|date=1986|publisher=SGI|access-date=2021-12-25|website=Bitsavers}}</ref>
SGI originated the IRIX name in the 1988 release 3.0 of the operating system for the [[SGI IRIS 4D]] series of workstations and servers. Previous releases are identified only by the release number prefixed by "4D1-", such as "4D1-2.2". The "4D1-" prefix continued to be used in official documentation to prefix IRIX release numbers. Prior to the IRIS 4D, SGI bundled the GL2 operating system, based on [[UniSoft]] UniPlus [[System V Unix]], and using the proprietary [[MEX (windowing system)|MEX]] (Multiple EXposure) [[windowing system]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ryan.thoryk.com/sgi/irix_versions.html|title=History of IRIX|author=Ryan Thoryk|date=2021-10-07|access-date=2021-12-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bitsavers.org/pdf/sgi/iris/007-1103-010_IRIS_Programming_Tutorial_v1.0_1986.pdf|title=IRIS Programming Tutorial V1.0|date=1986|publisher=SGI|access-date=2021-12-25|website=Bitsavers}}</ref>


IRIX 3.x is based on [[UNIX System V]] Release 3 with [[4.3BSD]] enhancements, and incorporates the 4Sight [[windowing system]], based on [[NeWS]] and [[IRIS GL]]. SGI's own [[Extent File System]] (EFS) replaces the System V filesystem.<ref name="history">{{cite web
IRIX 3.x was based on [[UNIX System V]] Release 3 with [[4.3BSD]] enhancements, and incorporated the 4Sight [[windowing system]], based on [[NeWS]] and [[IRIS GL]]. SGI's [[Extent File System]] (EFS) replaced the System V filesystem.<ref name="history">{{cite web
|url=https://ryan.tliquest.net/sgi/irix_versions.html|title=History of IRIX|access-date=November 18, 2022}}</ref>
|url=https://ryan.tliquest.net/sgi/irix_versions.html|title=History of IRIX|access-date=November 18, 2022}}</ref>


IRIX 4.0, released in 1991, replaces 4Sight with the [[X Window System]] (X11R4), the [[4Dwm]] [[window manager]] providing a similar look and feel to 4Sight.<ref name="history"/>
IRIX 4.0, released in 1991, replaced 4Sight with the [[X Window System]] (X11R4), the [[4Dwm]] [[window manager]] provided a similar look and feel to 4Sight.<ref name="history"/>


IRIX 5.0, released in 1993, incorporates certain features of UNIX System V Release 4, including [[Executable and Linkable Format|ELF]] executables.<ref name=bs-irix/><ref>[http://irix7.com/techpubs/007-4658-001.pdf 64-bit ELF Object File Specification] (Silicon Graphics)</ref><ref name=irixhistory/> IRIX 5.3 introduced the [[XFS]] [[journaling file system]].<ref name=irixhistory/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://xfs.org/docs/xfsdocs-xml-dev/XFS_User_Guide/tmp/en-US/html/ch01s02.html |title=xFS: The Extension of EFS - "x" for To-be-Determined (but the Name Stuck) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714224038/http://xfs.org/docs/xfsdocs-xml-dev/XFS_User_Guide/tmp/en-US/html/ch01s02.html |archive-date=2014-07-14 |website=XFS.org}}</ref>
IRIX 5.0, released in 1993, incorporates certain features of UNIX System V Release 4, including [[Executable and Linkable Format|ELF]] executables.<ref name=bs-irix/><ref>[http://irix7.com/techpubs/007-4658-001.pdf 64-bit ELF Object File Specification] (Silicon Graphics)</ref><ref name=irixhistory/> IRIX 5.3 introduced the [[XFS]] [[journaling file system]].<ref name=irixhistory/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://xfs.org/docs/xfsdocs-xml-dev/XFS_User_Guide/tmp/en-US/html/ch01s02.html |title=xFS: The Extension of EFS - "x" for To-be-Determined (but the Name Stuck) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714224038/http://xfs.org/docs/xfsdocs-xml-dev/XFS_User_Guide/tmp/en-US/html/ch01s02.html |archive-date=2014-07-14 |website=XFS.org}}</ref>
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|title=SGIstuff : Software : Irix Versions
|title=SGIstuff : Software : Irix Versions
|access-date=November 2, 2007
|access-date=November 2, 2007
}}</ref> IRIX 6.4 improved [[multiprocessor]] scalability for the [[SGI Octane|Octane]], [[SGI Origin 2000|Origin 2000]], and [[SGI Onyx2|Onyx2]] systems. The Origin 2000 and Onyx2 IRIX 6.4 was marketed as "Cellular IRIX", although it only incorporates some features from the original Cellular IRIX [[distributed operating system]] project.<ref>{{cite conference |author=S. Whitney |author2=J. McCalpin |author3=N. Bitar |author4=J. L. Richardson |author5=L. Stevens |title="The SGI Origin software environment and application performance" |conference=Proceedings IEEE COMPCON 97 Digest of Papers |location=San Jose, CA, USA |date=February 1997 |page=165-170 |doi=10.1109/CMPCON.1997.584691 |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/584691 |website=ieeexplore.ieee.org|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sgi.com/Products/hardware/servers/products/Irix.html|website=sgi.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980203211033/http://www.sgi.com/Products/hardware/servers/products/Irix.html|title=Irix(TM) 6.4|archive-date=February 3, 1998|author=[[Silicon Graphics]]|date=1998}}</ref>
}}</ref> IRIX 6.4 improved [[multiprocessor]] scalability for the [[SGI Octane|Octane]], [[SGI Origin 2000|Origin 2000]], and [[SGI Onyx2|Onyx2]] systems. The Origin 2000 and Onyx2 IRIX 6.4 was marketed as "Cellular IRIX", although it only incorporates some features from the original Cellular IRIX [[distributed operating system]] project.<ref>{{cite conference |author=S. Whitney |author2=J. McCalpin |author3=N. Bitar |author4=J. L. Richardson |author5=L. Stevens |title="The SGI Origin software environment and application performance" |conference=Proceedings IEEE COMPCON 97 Digest of Papers |location=San Jose, CA, USA |date=February 1997 |pages=165–170 |doi=10.1109/CMPCON.1997.584691 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sgi.com/Products/hardware/servers/products/Irix.html|website=sgi.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980203211033/http://www.sgi.com/Products/hardware/servers/products/Irix.html|title=Irix(TM) 6.4|archive-date=February 3, 1998|author=[[Silicon Graphics]]|date=1998}}</ref>


The last major version of IRIX is 6.5, released in May 1998. New minor versions of IRIX 6.5 were released every quarter until 2005, and then four minor releases.<ref name=bs-irix/> Through version 6.5.22, there are two branches of each release: a [[maintenance release]] (identified by an "m" suffix) that includes only fixes to the original IRIX 6.5 code, and a feature release (with an "f" suffix) that includes improvements and enhancements. An overlay upgrade from 6.5.x to the 6.5.22 maintenance release was available as a free download, whereas versions 6.5.23 and higher required an active Silicon Graphics support contract.
The last major version of IRIX is 6.5, released in May 1998. New minor versions of IRIX 6.5 were released every quarter until 2005, and then four minor releases.<ref name=bs-irix/> Through version 6.5.22, there are two branches of each release: a [[maintenance release]] (identified by an "m" suffix) that includes only fixes to the original IRIX 6.5 code, and a feature release (with an "f" suffix) that includes improvements and enhancements. An overlay upgrade from 6.5.x to the 6.5.22 maintenance release was available as a free download, whereas versions 6.5.23 and higher required an active Silicon Graphics support contract.
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</ref>
</ref>


Much of IRIX's core technology has been open sourced and ported by SGI to Linux,<ref name=irixlinux>{{cite journal|url=https://www.linuxjournal.com/article/4421|journal=[[Linux Journal]]|title=Porting from IRIX to Linux|author=George Koharchik|date=January 31, 2001|access-date=August 20, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041226003358/https://www.linuxjournal.com/article/4421|archive-date=December 26, 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sgi.com/software/lsf/|website=sgi.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011211125640/http://www.sgi.com/software/lsf/|title=Load Sharing Facility|archive-date=December 11, 2001|author=[[Silicon Graphics]]|date=2001}}</ref><ref name=seddon/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sgi.com/products/software/opengl/overview.html|title=SGI – OpenGL Overview|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041031094901/http://www.sgi.com/products/software/opengl/overview.html|archive-date=October 31, 2004|access-date=August 20, 2024|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=July 31, 2006|title=OpenGL ARB to Pass Control of OpenGL Specification to Khronos Group|url=https://www.khronos.org/news/press/opengl_arb_to_pass_control_of_opengl_specification_to_khronos_group|access-date=August 20, 2024|website=The Khronos Group|language=en}}</ref> including XFS.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://olstrans.sourceforge.net/release/OLS2000-xfs/OLS2000-xfs.html | title= Porting XFS to Linux | website= Olstrans.SourceForge.net | date= 2000-07-21 | access-date= 2024-08-19 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130225112334/http://olstrans.sourceforge.net/release/OLS2000-xfs/OLS2000-xfs.html | archive-date= 2013-02-25 | url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.4/ChangeLog-2.4.25 | title= Linux kernel 2.4.25 changelog | website= [[kernel.org]] | date= 2004-02-18 | access-date= 2024-08-19 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140819083123/https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.4/ChangeLog-2.4.25 | archive-date= 2014-08-19 | url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Common threads: Advanced filesystem implementor's guide, Part 9, Introducing XFS |author= Daniel Robbins |work= Developer Works |publisher= IBM |date= January 1, 2002 |url= http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/l-fs9/index.html | access-date=August 19, 2024 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150904032700/http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/l-fs9/index.html| archive-date= September 4, 2015 }}</ref>
Much of IRIX's core technology has been open sourced and ported by SGI to Linux,<ref name=irixlinux>{{cite journal|url=https://www.linuxjournal.com/article/4421|journal=[[Linux Journal]]|title=Porting from IRIX to Linux|author=George Koharchik|date=January 31, 2001|access-date=August 20, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041226003358/https://www.linuxjournal.com/article/4421|archive-date=December 26, 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sgi.com/software/lsf/|website=sgi.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011211125640/http://www.sgi.com/software/lsf/|title=Load Sharing Facility|archive-date=December 11, 2001|author=[[Silicon Graphics]]|date=2001}}</ref><ref name=seddon/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sgi.com/products/software/opengl/overview.html|title=SGI – OpenGL Overview|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041031094901/http://www.sgi.com/products/software/opengl/overview.html|archive-date=October 31, 2004|access-date=August 20, 2024|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=July 31, 2006|title=OpenGL ARB to Pass Control of OpenGL Specification to Khronos Group|url=https://www.khronos.org/news/press/opengl_arb_to_pass_control_of_opengl_specification_to_khronos_group|access-date=August 20, 2024|website=The Khronos Group|language=en}}</ref> including XFS.<ref>{{cite web | url= https://olstrans.sourceforge.net/release/OLS2000-xfs/OLS2000-xfs.html | title= Porting XFS to Linux | website= Olstrans.SourceForge.net | date= 2000-07-21 | access-date= 2024-08-19 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130225112334/http://olstrans.sourceforge.net/release/OLS2000-xfs/OLS2000-xfs.html | archive-date= 2013-02-25 | url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.4/ChangeLog-2.4.25 | title= Linux kernel 2.4.25 changelog | website= [[kernel.org]] | date= 2004-02-18 | access-date= 2024-08-19 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140819083123/https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.4/ChangeLog-2.4.25 | archive-date= 2014-08-19 | url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Common threads: Advanced filesystem implementor's guide, Part 9, Introducing XFS |author= Daniel Robbins |work= Developer Works |publisher= IBM |date= January 1, 2002 |url= http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/l-fs9/index.html | access-date=August 19, 2024 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150904032700/http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/l-fs9/index.html| archive-date= September 4, 2015 }}</ref>


In 2009, SGI filed for bankruptcy and then was purchased by [[Rackable Systems]],<ref>{{cite press release|url = http://www.sgi.com/company_info/newsroom/press_releases/2009/april/rackable.html|title = Rackable Systems Announces Agreement to Acquire Silicon Graphics Inc.|access-date = August 20, 2024|date = April 1, 2009|publisher = Silicon Graphics}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|url = http://www.rackable.com/news/pressrelease.aspx?prid=693|title = Rackable Systems Completes Acquisition of Silicon Graphics Assets|access-date = August 20, 2024|date = May 11, 2009|publisher = [[Rackable Systems]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090511040251/http://www.rackable.com/news/pressrelease.aspx?prid=693|archive-date = May 11, 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|url = http://www.rackable.com/news/pressrelease.aspx?prid=699|title = Rackable Systems Receives Court Approval to Purchase Silicon Graphics Assets|access-date = August 20, 2024|date = April 30, 2009|publisher = [[Rackable Systems]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090514034511/http://www.rackable.com/news/pressrelease.aspx?prid=699|archive-date = May 14, 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref> which was later purchased by [[Hewlett Packard Enterprise]] in 2016.<ref name="HPE-SGI">{{cite press release
In 2009, SGI filed for bankruptcy and then was purchased by [[Rackable Systems]],<ref>{{cite press release|url = http://www.sgi.com/company_info/newsroom/press_releases/2009/april/rackable.html|title = Rackable Systems Announces Agreement to Acquire Silicon Graphics Inc.|access-date = August 20, 2024|date = April 1, 2009|publisher = Silicon Graphics}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|url = http://www.rackable.com/news/pressrelease.aspx?prid=693|title = Rackable Systems Completes Acquisition of Silicon Graphics Assets|access-date = August 20, 2024|date = May 11, 2009|publisher = [[Rackable Systems]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090511040251/http://www.rackable.com/news/pressrelease.aspx?prid=693|archive-date = May 11, 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|url = http://www.rackable.com/news/pressrelease.aspx?prid=699|title = Rackable Systems Receives Court Approval to Purchase Silicon Graphics Assets|access-date = August 20, 2024|date = April 30, 2009|publisher = [[Rackable Systems]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090514034511/http://www.rackable.com/news/pressrelease.aspx?prid=699|archive-date = May 14, 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref> which was later purchased by [[Hewlett Packard Enterprise]] in 2016.<ref name="HPE-SGI">{{cite press release
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In the early 1990s, IRIX was a leader in [[Symmetric multiprocessing|Symmetric Multi-Processing (SMP)]], scalable from 1 to more than 1,024 processors with a single system image. IRIX has strong support for real-time disk and graphics I/O. IRIX was widely used for the 1990s and 2000s in the [[computer animation]] and [[scientific visualization]] industries, due to its large application base and high performance. It still is relevant in a few legacy applications.
In the early 1990s, IRIX was a leader in [[Symmetric multiprocessing|Symmetric Multi-Processing (SMP)]], scalable from 1 to more than 1,024 processors with a single system image. IRIX has strong support for real-time disk and graphics I/O. IRIX was widely used for the 1990s and 2000s in the [[computer animation]] and [[scientific visualization]] industries, due to its large application base and high performance. It still is relevant in a few legacy applications.


IRIX is one of the first Unix versions to feature a [[graphical user interface]] for the main desktop environment. [[IRIX Interactive Desktop]] uses the [[4Dwm]] [[X window manager]] with a custom look designed using the [[Motif (software)|Motif widget toolkit]].<ref name=5dwm/> IRIX is the originator of the industry standard [[OpenGL]] for graphics chips and image processing libraries.<ref name=seddon>{{cite book|title=OpenGL Game Development|page=43|chapter=History of OpenGL|author=Seddon, Chris|publisher=Wordware|year=2005|isbn=1-55622-989-5|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ahb5bqeLROAC&q=IRIS+GL&pg=PA43}}</ref><ref name=OpenGLs_PrehistoryIRIS_GL>{{cite web|author=Kilgard, Mark|url=https://www.slideshare.net/Mark_Kilgard/sigraph-asia-2008-modern-opengl-presentation/13-13OpenGLs_PrehistoryIRIS_GL_1Window_system|title=OpenGL Prehistory: IRIS GL (slide from SIGGRAPH talk)|website=www.slideshare.net|year=2008}}</ref><ref name=opengl/overview>{{cite web|url=http://www.sgi.com/products/software/opengl/overview.html|title=SGI – OpenGL Overview|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041031094901/http://www.sgi.com/products/software/opengl/overview.html|archive-date=October 31, 2004|access-date=August 19, 2024|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="g926">{{cite web|last1=Peddie|first1=Jon|title=Who's the Fairest of Them All?|url=http://www.cgw.com/Publications/CGW/2012/Volume-35-Issue-4-June-July-2012/Who-s-the-Fairest-of-Them-All-.aspx|publisher=Computer Graphics World|access-date=August 19, 2024|date=July 2012}}</ref><ref name=opengl_arb_khronos>{{Cite web|date=July 31, 2006|title=OpenGL ARB to Pass Control of OpenGL Specification to Khronos Group|url=https://www.khronos.org/news/press/opengl_arb_to_pass_control_of_opengl_specification_to_khronos_group|access-date=August 19, 2024|website=The Khronos Group|language=en}}</ref>
IRIX is one of the first Unix versions to feature a [[graphical user interface]] for the main desktop environment. [[IRIX Interactive Desktop]] uses the [[4Dwm]] [[X window manager]] with a custom look designed using the [[Motif (software)|Motif widget toolkit]].<ref name=5dwm/> IRIX is the originator of the industry standard [[OpenGL]] for graphics chips and image processing libraries.<ref name=seddon>{{cite book|title=OpenGL Game Development|page=43|chapter=History of OpenGL|author=Seddon, Chris|publisher=Wordware|year=2005|isbn=1-55622-989-5|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ahb5bqeLROAC&q=IRIS+GL&pg=PA43}}</ref><ref name=OpenGLs_PrehistoryIRIS_GL>{{cite web|author=Kilgard, Mark|url=https://www.slideshare.net/Mark_Kilgard/sigraph-asia-2008-modern-opengl-presentation/13-13OpenGLs_PrehistoryIRIS_GL_1Window_system|title=OpenGL Prehistory: IRIS GL (slide from SIGGRAPH talk)|website=www.slideshare.net|year=2008}}</ref><ref name="opengl/overview">{{cite web|url=http://www.sgi.com/products/software/opengl/overview.html|title=SGI – OpenGL Overview|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041031094901/http://www.sgi.com/products/software/opengl/overview.html|archive-date=October 31, 2004|access-date=August 19, 2024|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="g926">{{cite web|last1=Peddie|first1=Jon|title=Who's the Fairest of Them All?|url=http://www.cgw.com/Publications/CGW/2012/Volume-35-Issue-4-June-July-2012/Who-s-the-Fairest-of-Them-All-.aspx|publisher=Computer Graphics World|access-date=August 19, 2024|date=July 2012}}</ref><ref name=opengl_arb_khronos>{{Cite web|date=July 31, 2006|title=OpenGL ARB to Pass Control of OpenGL Specification to Khronos Group|url=https://www.khronos.org/news/press/opengl_arb_to_pass_control_of_opengl_specification_to_khronos_group|access-date=August 19, 2024|website=The Khronos Group|language=en}}</ref>


IRIX uses the [[Open64|MIPSPro]] compiler for both its front end and back end. The compiler, also known in earlier versions as IDO (IRIS Development Option), was released in many versions, many of which are coupled to the OS version. The last version was 7.4.4m, designed for 6.5.19 or later.  The compiler is designed to support parallel [[POSIX]] programming in C/C++, Fortran 77/90, and Ada. The Workshop GUI IDE is used for development.  Other tools include Speedshop for performance tuning, and [[Performance Co-Pilot]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://irix7.com/techpubs/007-3964-002.pdf|title=Performance Co-Pilot IRIX® Base Software Administrator's Guide|publisher=Silicon Graphics, Inc.|website=irix7.com}}</ref>
IRIX uses the [[Open64|MIPSPro]] compiler for both its front end and back end.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MIPSPro - TechPubs Wiki |url=https://tech-pubs.net/wiki/index.php/MIPSPro |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=tech-pubs.net}}</ref> The compiler, also known in earlier versions as IDO (IRIS Development Option),<ref>{{Cite web |title=IRIS Development Option - TechPubs Wiki |url=https://tech-pubs.net/wiki/index.php/IRIS_Development_Option |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=tech-pubs.net}}</ref> was released in many versions, many of which are coupled to the OS version. The last version was 7.4.4m, designed for 6.5.19 or later.  The compiler is designed to support parallel [[POSIX]] programming in C/C++, Fortran 77/90. The Workshop GUI IDE is used for development.  Other tools include Speedshop for performance tuning, and [[Performance Co-Pilot]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://irix7.com/techpubs/007-3964-002.pdf|title=Performance Co-Pilot IRIX® Base Software Administrator's Guide|publisher=Silicon Graphics, Inc.|website=irix7.com}}</ref>


==4Dwm==
==4Dwm==
'''4Dwm''' is the [[window manager]] component of the [[IRIX Interactive Desktop]] normally used on [[Silicon Graphics]] workstations running IRIX. 4Dwm is derived from the older [[Motif Window Manager]] and uses the [[Motif (software)|Motif]] [[widget toolkit]] on top of the [[X Window System]] found on most [[Unix]] systems.<ref name=5dwm/><ref>[http://irix7.com/techpubs/007-2006-120.pdf IRIX Interactive Desktop Integration guide] (Silicon Graphics, 1998)</ref><ref>[http://irix7.com/techpubs/007-3951-001.pdf Motif 2.1 Porting Guide] (Silicon Graphics, 1998)</ref> 4Dwm on IRIX was one of the first default [[graphical user interface]] desktops to be standard on a Unix computer system. 4Dwm refers to "[[Four-dimensional space|Fourth dimension]] window manager" and has no relation to [[dwm]].
'''4Dwm''' is the [[window manager]] component of the [[IRIX Interactive Desktop]] normally used on [[Silicon Graphics]] workstations running IRIX. 4Dwm is derived from the older [[Motif Window Manager]] and uses the [[Motif (software)|Motif]] [[widget toolkit]] on top of the [[X Window System]] found on most [[Unix]] systems.<ref name=5dwm/><ref>[http://irix7.com/techpubs/007-2006-120.pdf IRIX Interactive Desktop Integration guide] (Silicon Graphics, 1998)</ref><ref>[http://irix7.com/techpubs/007-3951-001.pdf Motif 2.1 Porting Guide] (Silicon Graphics, 1998)</ref> 4Dwm on IRIX was one of the first default [[graphical user interface]] desktops to be standard on a Unix computer system. 4Dwm refers to "[[Four-dimensional space|Fourth dimension]] window manager" and has no relation to [[dwm]].


Other [[X window manager]]s that mimic the 4Dwm [[look and feel]] exist, such as 4Dwm theme for [[IceWM]] and [[5Dwm]]<ref name=5dwm>[http://5dwm.org/roadmap.html#5Dwm_The_Window_Manager 5Dwm, The Window Manager]</ref> which is a [[Clone (computing)|clone]]/compatible implementation of 4Dwm based on [[Motif (software)#Open Motif|OpenMotif]]. 5Dwm support both the classic [[Silicon Graphics|SGI]] look and a modern/polished look and feel with [[Font rasterization|anti-aliased fonts]] and [[UTF-8]] support.
Other [[X window manager]]s that mimic the 4Dwm [[look and feel]] exist, such as 4Dwm theme for [[IceWM]] and MaxxDesktop<ref name="5dwm">[http://5dwm.org/roadmap.html#5Dwm_The_Window_Manager 5Dwm, The Window Manager]</ref> which is a [[Clone (computing)|clone]]/compatible implementation of 4Dwm based on [[Motif (software)#Open Motif|OpenMotif]]. MaxxDesktop supports both the classic [[Silicon Graphics|SGI]] look and a modern/polished look and feel with [[Font rasterization|anti-aliased fonts]] and [[UTF-8]] support.


=== Features ===
=== Features ===
* A [[stacking window manager]]
* A [[stacking window manager]]
* Uses the [[Motif (software)|Motif]] widget library
* Uses the [[Motif (software)|Motif]] widget library via C++ Viewkit.
* Applications can be launched via a [[menu panel]]
* Applications can be launched via a [[menu panel]]
* [[Window decoration]]s include borders and a [[titlebar]]
* [[Window decoration]]s include borders and a [[titlebar]]

Latest revision as of 09:21, 17 November 2025

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IRIX (Template:IPAc-en, Script error: No such module "Respell"., a portmanteau of IRIS and UNIX) is a discontinued operating system developed by Silicon Graphics (SGI) to run on the company's proprietary MIPS workstations and servers. It is based on UNIX System V with BSD extensions. In IRIX, SGI originated the XFS file system and the industry-standard OpenGL graphics API.

History

SGI originated the IRIX name in the 1988 release 3.0 of the operating system for the SGI IRIS 4D series of workstations and servers. Previous releases are identified only by the release number prefixed by "4D1-", such as "4D1-2.2". The "4D1-" prefix continued to be used in official documentation to prefix IRIX release numbers. Prior to the IRIS 4D, SGI bundled the GL2 operating system, based on UniSoft UniPlus System V Unix, and using the proprietary MEX (Multiple EXposure) windowing system.[1][2]

IRIX 3.x was based on UNIX System V Release 3 with 4.3BSD enhancements, and incorporated the 4Sight windowing system, based on NeWS and IRIS GL. SGI's Extent File System (EFS) replaced the System V filesystem.[3]

IRIX 4.0, released in 1991, replaced 4Sight with the X Window System (X11R4), the 4Dwm window manager provided a similar look and feel to 4Sight.[3]

IRIX 5.0, released in 1993, incorporates certain features of UNIX System V Release 4, including ELF executables.[4][5][6] IRIX 5.3 introduced the XFS journaling file system.[6][7]

In 1994, IRIX 6.0 added support for the 64-bit MIPS R8000 processor, but is otherwise similar to IRIX 5.2. Later 6.x releases support other members of the MIPS processor family in 64-bit mode. IRIX 6.3 was released for the SGI O2 workstation only.[6] IRIX 6.4 improved multiprocessor scalability for the Octane, Origin 2000, and Onyx2 systems. The Origin 2000 and Onyx2 IRIX 6.4 was marketed as "Cellular IRIX", although it only incorporates some features from the original Cellular IRIX distributed operating system project.[8][9]

The last major version of IRIX is 6.5, released in May 1998. New minor versions of IRIX 6.5 were released every quarter until 2005, and then four minor releases.[4] Through version 6.5.22, there are two branches of each release: a maintenance release (identified by an "m" suffix) that includes only fixes to the original IRIX 6.5 code, and a feature release (with an "f" suffix) that includes improvements and enhancements. An overlay upgrade from 6.5.x to the 6.5.22 maintenance release was available as a free download, whereas versions 6.5.23 and higher required an active Silicon Graphics support contract.

A 2001 Computerworld review found IRIX in a "critical" state. SGI had been moving its efforts to Linux and the Windows-based SGI Visual Workstation but MIPS and IRIX customers convinced SGI to continue to support its platform through 2006.[10] On September 6, 2006, an SGI press release announced the end of the MIPS and IRIX product lines.[11] Production ended on December 29, 2006, with final deliveries in March 2007, except by special arrangement. Support for these products ended in December 2013 and they will receive no further updates.[12]

Much of IRIX's core technology has been open sourced and ported by SGI to Linux,[13][14][15][16][17] including XFS.[18][19][20]

In 2009, SGI filed for bankruptcy and then was purchased by Rackable Systems,[21][22][23] which was later purchased by Hewlett Packard Enterprise in 2016.[24][25] All SGI hardware produced after 2007 is based on either IA-64 or x86-64 architecture, so it is incapable of running IRIX and is instead intended for Red Hat Enterprise Linux or SUSE Linux Enterprise Server.[26][27][28][29][30] HPE has not stated any plans for IRIX development or source code release.

Features

IRIX 6.5 is compliant with UNIX System V Release 4, UNIX 95, and POSIX (including 1e/2c draft 15 ACLs and Capabilities).[4]

In the early 1990s, IRIX was a leader in Symmetric Multi-Processing (SMP), scalable from 1 to more than 1,024 processors with a single system image. IRIX has strong support for real-time disk and graphics I/O. IRIX was widely used for the 1990s and 2000s in the computer animation and scientific visualization industries, due to its large application base and high performance. It still is relevant in a few legacy applications.

IRIX is one of the first Unix versions to feature a graphical user interface for the main desktop environment. IRIX Interactive Desktop uses the 4Dwm X window manager with a custom look designed using the Motif widget toolkit.[31] IRIX is the originator of the industry standard OpenGL for graphics chips and image processing libraries.[15][32][33][34][35]

IRIX uses the MIPSPro compiler for both its front end and back end.[36] The compiler, also known in earlier versions as IDO (IRIS Development Option),[37] was released in many versions, many of which are coupled to the OS version. The last version was 7.4.4m, designed for 6.5.19 or later. The compiler is designed to support parallel POSIX programming in C/C++, Fortran 77/90. The Workshop GUI IDE is used for development. Other tools include Speedshop for performance tuning, and Performance Co-Pilot.[38]

4Dwm

4Dwm is the window manager component of the IRIX Interactive Desktop normally used on Silicon Graphics workstations running IRIX. 4Dwm is derived from the older Motif Window Manager and uses the Motif widget toolkit on top of the X Window System found on most Unix systems.[31][39][40] 4Dwm on IRIX was one of the first default graphical user interface desktops to be standard on a Unix computer system. 4Dwm refers to "Fourth dimension window manager" and has no relation to dwm.

Other X window managers that mimic the 4Dwm look and feel exist, such as 4Dwm theme for IceWM and MaxxDesktop[31] which is a clone/compatible implementation of 4Dwm based on OpenMotif. MaxxDesktop supports both the classic SGI look and a modern/polished look and feel with anti-aliased fonts and UTF-8 support.

Features

See also

References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ 64-bit ELF Object File Specification (Silicon Graphics)
  6. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Silicon Graphics, Inc. (14 November 2005). SGI Launches New Flagship Altix 4000 Platform. (Press release).
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ a b c 5Dwm, The Window Manager
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ IRIX Interactive Desktop Integration guide (Silicon Graphics, 1998)
  40. ↑ Motif 2.1 Porting Guide (Silicon Graphics, 1998)

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External links

Template:Silicon Graphics Template:Unix-like

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