Union for National Progress: Difference between revisions
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| native_name = Union pour le Progrès national | | native_name = Union pour le Progrès national | ||
| logo = Logo of the Union for National Progress.png | | logo = Logo of the Union for National Progress.png | ||
| caption = | |||
| colorcode = {{party color|Union for National Progress}} | | colorcode = {{party color|Union for National Progress}} | ||
| leader = | | leader = | ||
| chairperson = | | chairperson = | ||
| president = [[ | | president = [[Gaston Sindimwo]]<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web | title=Burundi • Africa Elects | url=https://africaelects.com/burundi/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810215034/https://africaelects.com/burundi/ | access-date=2025-12-13 | archive-date=2022-08-10}}</ref> | ||
| secretary_general = | | secretary_general = | ||
| spokesperson = | | spokesperson = | ||
| founder = [[Louis Rwagasore]] | | founder = [[Louis Rwagasore]] | ||
| slogan = | | slogan = | ||
| founded = | | founded = {{start date and age|1960|01}} | ||
| dissolved = | | dissolved = | ||
| predecessor = | | predecessor = | ||
| Line 24: | Line 25: | ||
| membership_year = | | membership_year = | ||
| membership = | | membership = | ||
| ideology = [[Burundi]]an [[nationalism]]<br />[[Tutsi]] interests | | ideology = [[Burundi]]an [[nationalism]]<br />[[Tutsi]] interests<br />[[Civic nationalism]]<ref name="auto1"/><br />[[Economic interventionism]]<ref name="auto1"/> | ||
{{List collapsed|title=Historical:|1={{plain list| | {{List collapsed|title=Historical:|1={{plain list| | ||
'''Under François Ngeze:'''<br />[[Pacifism]]<ref>https://www.iwacu-burundi.org/au-coin-du-feu-avec-francois-ngeze/</ref><br />Pro-[[Louis Rwagasore]] views<ref | '''Under François Ngeze:'''<br />[[Pacifism]]<ref name="auto3">{{cite web | url=https://www.iwacu-burundi.org/au-coin-du-feu-avec-francois-ngeze/ | title=Au coin du feu avec François Ngeze – IWACU }}</ref><br />Pro-[[Louis Rwagasore]] views<ref name="auto3"/><br />Pro-[[Pierre Ngendandumwe]] views<ref name="auto3"/><br />'''Under Pierre Buyoya:'''<br />[[Economic liberalization]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/2001/04/18/biographie-de-pierre-buyoya_174487_1819218.html | title=Biographie de Pierre Buyoya | website=[[Le Monde]] | date=18 April 2001 }}</ref><br />Pro-[[Market economy]]<ref>{{Cite web| title=Burundi | via=Bertelsmann Transformation Index 2003 | url=https://bti-project.org/fileadmin/api/content/en/downloads/reports/country_report_2003_BDI.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919060652/https://bti-project.org/fileadmin/api/content/en/downloads/reports/country_report_2003_BDI.pdf | archive-date=2021-09-19}}</ref><br />'''Under Jean-Baptiste Bagaza:'''<br />[[Statism#Economic statism|Economic statism]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/icg/0024570/f_0024570_20067.pdf | title=Burundi: a deepening corruption crisis | website=ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu}}</ref><br />[[Mixed economy]]<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=https://www.iwacu-burundi.org/grand-debat-les-annees-bagaza-reflexion-critique-sur-un-homme-et-son-oeuvre/ | title=Grand débat – les années Bagaza/ Réflexion critique sur un homme et son oeuvre – IWACU }}</ref><br />Anti-[[ethnicism]]<ref>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofaf0000unse_f0z7/page/n5/mode/1up?q=Bagaza | isbn=978-0-19-533770-9 | title=Encyclopedia of Africa | date=2010 | last1=Appiah | first1=Anthony | publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref><br />Pro-[[Smallholding|small-scale capitalist agriculture]]<ref>Young, Eric (2010). "Jean-Baptiste Bagaza". In Appiah, Kwame Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis (eds.). Encyclopedia of Africa. Vol. i. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 146. ISBN 9780195337709.</ref><br />Pro-[[German model]]<ref name="auto"/><br />[[Authoritarianism]]<ref>{{Cite web | title=Novembre (1er) 1976: Arrivée au pouvoir du Colonel Jean-Baptiste Bagaza, le président bâtisseur et début d'une décennie de rare accalmie au Burundi | url=https://www.burundidaily.net/post/novembre-1er-1976-arrivee-au-pouvoir-du-colonel-jean-baptiste-bagaza-le-president-batisseur-et-debut-dune-decennie-de-rare-accalmie-au-burundi | access-date=2025-07-30 | website=www.burundidaily.net}}</ref><br />'''Under Michel Micombero:'''<br />[[Democratic centralism]]<ref name=Micombero/><br />[[Ujamma]]<ref name=Micombero/><br />[[Mobutism]]<ref name=Micombero>{{Cite encyclopedia|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.49441|first= Jean-Pierre|last=Chrétien |title=Micombero, Michel|year=2011|publisher=Oxford African American Studies Center|encyclopedia=The Dictionary of African Biography |isbn= 978-0-19-530173-1| url=https://oxfordaasc.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.001.0001/acref-9780195301731-e-49441 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220140755/https://oxfordaasc.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.001.0001/acref-9780195301731-e-49441 | access-date=2025-07-06 | archive-date=2025-02-20|url-access=subscription}}</ref><br>[[African socialism]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QgX0bQ3Enj4C&pg=PA804|page=804|first=Jeff|last=Shantz|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Cold War|title=Socialism|year=2013|isbn=9781135923112}}</ref><ref name=BBC>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13085064|title=Burundi country profile|date=31 July 2023|work=[[BBC]]}}</ref><br>[[Republicanism]]<ref name=Micombero/><ref name=BBC/><br />'''Under Louis Rwagasore:'''<br />[[Anti-colonialism]]<br />[[Constitutional monarchy]]<ref>Lemarchand, René (1970). Rwanda and Burundi. New York: Praeger Publishers. OCLC 254366212.</ref> | ||
}} | }} | ||
}} | }} | ||
| anthem = "UPRONA Ni wewe duhanze Amaso" | | anthem = "UPRONA Ni wewe duhanze Amaso" | ||
| position = [[Centre-left politics|Centre-left]]<ref name="auto1"/><br />'''Historical:'''<br />[[Syncretic politics|Syncretic]]<ref>DI Ray: Dictionary of the African Left , University of Calagry 1989, p. 222</ref> | |||
| religion = | | religion = | ||
| national = | | national = | ||
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| colors = {{Color box|red|border=darkgray}} Red and {{Color box|#FFFFFF|border=darkgray}} white | | colors = {{Color box|red|border=darkgray}} Red and {{Color box|#FFFFFF|border=darkgray}} white | ||
| symbol = | | symbol = | ||
| flag = [[File:Flag of the UPRONA.svg|200px | | flag = [[File:Flag of the UPRONA.svg|200px]] | ||
| website = | | website = | ||
| state = Burundi | | state = Burundi | ||
| footnotes = | | footnotes = | ||
| seats1_title = [[Senate (Burundi)|Senate]] | | seats1_title = [[Senate (Burundi)|Senate]] | ||
| seats1 = {{Composition bar| | | seats1 = {{Composition bar|0|13|hex={{party color|Union for National Progress}}}} | ||
| seats2_title = [[National Assembly (Burundi)|National Assembly]] | | seats2_title = [[National Assembly (Burundi)|National Assembly]] | ||
| seats2 = {{Composition bar| | | seats2 = {{Composition bar|0|111|hex={{party color|Union for National Progress}}}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
The '''Union for National Progress''' ({{langx|fr|Union pour le Progrès national}}, '''UPRONA''') is a [[African nationalism|nationalist]] [[political party]] in [[Burundi]]. Initially it emerged as a nationalist [[united front]] in opposition to [[Ruanda-Urundi|Belgian colonial rule]] but subsequently became an integral part of the [[one-party state]] established by [[Michel Micombero]] after 1966. Dominated by members of the [[Tutsi|Tutsi ethnic group]] and increasingly intolerant to their [[Hutu]] counterparts, UPRONA remained the dominant force in Burundian politics until the latter stages of the [[Burundian Civil War]] in 2003. It is currently a [[Opposition (politics)|minor opposition party]]. | The '''Union for National Progress''' ({{langx|fr|Union pour le Progrès national}}, '''UPRONA''') is a [[African nationalism|nationalist]] [[political party]] in [[Burundi]]. Initially it emerged as a nationalist [[united front]] in opposition to [[Ruanda-Urundi|Belgian colonial rule]] but subsequently became an integral part of the [[one-party state]] established by [[Michel Micombero]] after 1966. Dominated by members of the [[Tutsi|Tutsi ethnic group]] and increasingly intolerant to their [[Hutu]] counterparts, UPRONA remained the dominant force in Burundian politics until the latter stages of the [[Burundian Civil War]] in 2003. It is currently a [[Opposition (politics)|minor opposition party]]. | ||
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Conflict embroiled UPRONA over who would assume the party presidency, with [[André Muhirwa]]—the new prime minister—seeking it with the support of a Tutsi faction and [[Paul Mirerekano]] aiming to secure it with the backing of a Hutu faction.{{sfn|Lemarchand|1970|pp=351–352}} Muhirwa's group would be dubbed the Casablanca faction, while Mirerekano's group would become known as the Monrovia faction.{{sfn|Weinstein|1976|p=12}} The party increasingly split along ethnic lines.{{sfn|Lemarchand|1970|pp=350–353}} The assumption of numerous UPRONA figures into official government roles also decimated the independent structure of the organisation.{{sfn|Lemarchand|1970|p=350}} In the county's [[1965 Burundian parliamentary election|1965 elections]], most UPRONA candidates faced opposition from others bearing the UPRONA label; in some constituencies, there as many as five competing slates of candidates with the same affiliation. In practice, there were two main factions: ''populaire'' or pro-Hutu and ''traditionaliste'' or pro Tutsi. Ultimately, UPRONA-aligned candidates won 21 of the 33 seats in the [[National Assembly (Burundi)|National Assembly]].{{sfn|Lemarchand|1970|p=412}} | Conflict embroiled UPRONA over who would assume the party presidency, with [[André Muhirwa]]—the new prime minister—seeking it with the support of a Tutsi faction and [[Paul Mirerekano]] aiming to secure it with the backing of a Hutu faction.{{sfn|Lemarchand|1970|pp=351–352}} Muhirwa's group would be dubbed the Casablanca faction, while Mirerekano's group would become known as the Monrovia faction.{{sfn|Weinstein|1976|p=12}} The party increasingly split along ethnic lines.{{sfn|Lemarchand|1970|pp=350–353}} The assumption of numerous UPRONA figures into official government roles also decimated the independent structure of the organisation.{{sfn|Lemarchand|1970|p=350}} In the county's [[1965 Burundian parliamentary election|1965 elections]], most UPRONA candidates faced opposition from others bearing the UPRONA label; in some constituencies, there as many as five competing slates of candidates with the same affiliation. In practice, there were two main factions: ''populaire'' or pro-Hutu and ''traditionaliste'' or pro Tutsi. Ultimately, UPRONA-aligned candidates won 21 of the 33 seats in the [[National Assembly (Burundi)|National Assembly]].{{sfn|Lemarchand|1970|p=412}} | ||
UPRONA's most famous [[Prime Minister of Burundi|Prime Minister]] and Burundian National Hero is [[Louis Rwagasore]] (assassinated in 1961). Upon the death of | UPRONA's most famous [[Prime Minister of Burundi|Prime Minister]] and Burundian National Hero is [[Louis Rwagasore]] (assassinated in 1961). Upon the death of Rwagasore, UPRONA developed two factions which became known as the "Casablanca group" and the "Monrovia group". The former was dominated by Tutsis and anti-Western in its ideological orientation. The latter was led by Hutus and leaned either pro-West or was neutral towards it.<ref name="auto2">Eggers, Ellen K. (2006). Historical Dictionary of Burundi (third ed.). Lanham: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-5302-7.</ref> Ngendandumwe was associated with the Monrovia group.<ref name="auto2"/> From that time until 1965, the party also had some [[Hutu]] support, and three of its Hutu members, including [[Pierre Ngendandumwe]], became Prime Minister of Burundi. The party was taken over by President [[Michel Micombero]] in a [[November 1966 Burundian coup d'état|''coup d'état'']] and became a pillar of the [[military dictatorship]]s that ruled the country from 1966 to 1993. In 1993, UPRONA placed second in contested elections to [[Melchior Ndadaye|Melchior Ndadaye's]] FRODEBU. | ||
UPRONA President [[Pierre Buyoya]] handed over power to [[Hutu]] leader [[Domitien Ndayizeye]] of the [[Front for Democracy in Burundi]] (a [[Hutu]]-based party) on 30 April 2003. At the legislative [[Burundian legislative election, 2005|elections in 2005]], the party won 7.2% and 15 out of 118 seats. | UPRONA President [[Pierre Buyoya]] handed over power to [[Hutu]] leader [[Domitien Ndayizeye]] of the [[Front for Democracy in Burundi]] (a [[Hutu]]-based party) on 30 April 2003. At the legislative [[Burundian legislative election, 2005|elections in 2005]], the party won 7.2% and 15 out of 118 seats. | ||
Latest revision as of 20:40, 16 December 2025
Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". The Union for National Progress (Template:Langx, UPRONA) is a nationalist political party in Burundi. Initially it emerged as a nationalist united front in opposition to Belgian colonial rule but subsequently became an integral part of the one-party state established by Michel Micombero after 1966. Dominated by members of the Tutsi ethnic group and increasingly intolerant to their Hutu counterparts, UPRONA remained the dominant force in Burundian politics until the latter stages of the Burundian Civil War in 2003. It is currently a minor opposition party.
History
Sources differ on the circumstances of UPRONA's founding.Template:Sfn According to political scientist Warren Weinstein, UPRONA was created shortly after a 1958 meeting of customary chiefs and clergy convened by Burundian prince Louis Rwagasore and Léopold Biha to discuss nationalist ideas.Template:Sfn According to Biha, UPRONA was created in 1957 to protest a Belgian administrative reorganisation that disempowered the monarchy.Template:Sfn According to linguist Ellen K. Eggers, UPRONA was formed in the late 1950s and Rwagasore became heavily involved with it in 1958.Template:Sfn Historian Ludo De Witte wrote that Rwagasore and some associates organised the first UPRONA meetings in September and October 1958.Template:Sfn According to Governor Jean-Paul Harroy, Rwagasore founded the party in late 1959. It received official recognition from the colonial administration as a political party on 7 January 1960.Template:Sfn
Rwagasore took virtual control over the movement, though his familial connection to the Mwami disqualified him from holding any party offices and he officially served UPRONA only as an advisor.Template:Sfn UPRONA was able to secure the early financial support of the Swahili population in Bujumbura and Lake Tanganyika coastline. The party initially was strongly identified with the interests of the Bezi lineage of Ganwa and support for traditional institutions, but this alignment fell apart after Rwagasore came into conflict with his father.Template:Sfn Under Rwagasore, UPRONA pushed a program of modernisation, committing neither to a return to the feudal system nor a complete societal transformation.Template:Sfn He used symbols of the monarchy to communicate his message and often emphasised his princely status at public appearances, but he stressed that UPRONA would support the monarchy "only insofar as this regime and its dynasty favoured the genuine emancipation of the Murundi people".Template:Sfn
Rwagasore sought to transform UPRONA into a mass party with broad-base appeal across different regions, ethnicities, and castes.Template:Sfn Wary of the growing Hutu–Tutsi ethnic conflict in Ruanda, he sought to counteract tensions by bringing members of both groups into UPRONA's leadership.Template:Sfn Formal party positions at both the national and local levels were usually evenly divided between Hutus and Tutsis, though the latter tended to occupy the most important offices.Template:Sfn The party enjoyed some cohesive success in Usumbura, but never truly cultivated a mass political base, especially outside the capital. UPRONA's internal rules set devolved responsibilities to the central committee, but in practice the party operated at the whim of Rwagasore; it retained relatively weak organisational capability and was held together by his charismatic leadership.Template:Sfn His populist tendencies and personal popularity led many of the original chiefs who had supported UPRONA, including founding member Biha, to leave the party and engage in their own political activities.Template:Sfn In their place, the party relied upon the support of seminary graduates, évolués, and younger chiefs.Template:Sfn
Shortly before Burundi's first municipal elections in 1960, the Belgian administration—fearful of communist sympathies in UPRONA—placed Rwagasore under house arrest and forced many other party figures into exile.Template:Sfn UPRONA declared a boycott of the electionsTemplate:Sfn which, UPRONA's rivals, specifically the Christian Democratic Party (Parti Démocratique Chrétien, PDC), performed well in, with Belgian support.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Of the 2,876 offices available, UPRONA won 545, while the PDC won 942.Template:Sfn UPRONA was not represented in the national transitional government established by the colonial administration in January 1961.Template:Sfn
For the 1961 legislative elections, UPRONA concentrated its entire election campaign on Rwagasore, using his charisma to rally substantial support.Template:Sfn Burundi hosted legislative elections on 18 September 1961. With approximately 80% voter turnout, UPRONA won 58 of 64 seats in the Legislative Assembly,Template:Sfn and Rwagasore was declared Script error: No such module "Lang"..Template:Sfn Ten days later the Legislative Assembly installed a 10-member government with Rwagasore as prime minister.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn He was assassinated in October in a plot conceived by PDC figures, who were subsequently arrested and executed.Template:Sfn The murder fractured UPRONA, as Rwagasore's former lieutenants struggled to succeed him as the party's leader.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
Conflict embroiled UPRONA over who would assume the party presidency, with André Muhirwa—the new prime minister—seeking it with the support of a Tutsi faction and Paul Mirerekano aiming to secure it with the backing of a Hutu faction.Template:Sfn Muhirwa's group would be dubbed the Casablanca faction, while Mirerekano's group would become known as the Monrovia faction.Template:Sfn The party increasingly split along ethnic lines.Template:Sfn The assumption of numerous UPRONA figures into official government roles also decimated the independent structure of the organisation.Template:Sfn In the county's 1965 elections, most UPRONA candidates faced opposition from others bearing the UPRONA label; in some constituencies, there as many as five competing slates of candidates with the same affiliation. In practice, there were two main factions: populaire or pro-Hutu and traditionaliste or pro Tutsi. Ultimately, UPRONA-aligned candidates won 21 of the 33 seats in the National Assembly.Template:Sfn
UPRONA's most famous Prime Minister and Burundian National Hero is Louis Rwagasore (assassinated in 1961). Upon the death of Rwagasore, UPRONA developed two factions which became known as the "Casablanca group" and the "Monrovia group". The former was dominated by Tutsis and anti-Western in its ideological orientation. The latter was led by Hutus and leaned either pro-West or was neutral towards it.[1] Ngendandumwe was associated with the Monrovia group.[1] From that time until 1965, the party also had some Hutu support, and three of its Hutu members, including Pierre Ngendandumwe, became Prime Minister of Burundi. The party was taken over by President Michel Micombero in a coup d'état and became a pillar of the military dictatorships that ruled the country from 1966 to 1993. In 1993, UPRONA placed second in contested elections to Melchior Ndadaye's FRODEBU.
UPRONA President Pierre Buyoya handed over power to Hutu leader Domitien Ndayizeye of the Front for Democracy in Burundi (a Hutu-based party) on 30 April 2003. At the legislative elections in 2005, the party won 7.2% and 15 out of 118 seats.
During the 2010 elections, UPRONA boycotted councillors' and presidential elections but decided to participate in the legislative elections claiming the need to form an opposition bloc in Parliament and to better compete in the 2015 elections.
Electoral history
Presidential elections
| Election | Party candidate | Votes | % | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1984 | Jean-Baptiste Bagaza | 1,752,579 | 99.6% | Elected Green tick |
| 1993 | Pierre Buyoya | 742,360 | 32.86% | Lost Red X |
| 2015 | Gerard Nduwayo | 60,380 | 2.14% | Lost Red X |
| 2020 | Gaston Sindimwo | 73,353 | 1.70% | Lost Red X |
National Assembly elections
| Election | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Position |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1961 | 627,453 | 81.23% | Template:Composition bar | Increase 58 | Increase 1st |
| 1965 | Template:Composition bar | Decrease 37 | Steady 1st | ||
| 1982 | Template:Composition bar | Increase 31 | Steady 1st | ||
| 1993 | 461,691 | 21.87% | Template:Composition bar | Decrease 36 | Decrease 2nd |
| 2005 | 174,575 | 7.21% | Template:Composition bar | Increase 15 | Decrease 3rd |
| 2010 | 251,759 | 11.06% | Template:Composition bar | Increase 2 | Increase 2nd |
| 2015 | 71,189 | 2.49% | Template:Composition bar | Decrease 15 | Decrease 3rd |
| 2020 | 108,865 | 2.54% | Template:Composition bar | Steady | Steady 3rd |
Senate elections
| Election | Seats | +/– | Position |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2005 | Template:Composition bar | Increase 2 | Increase 4th |
| 2010 | Template:Composition bar | Steady | Increase 2nd |
| 2015 | Template:Composition bar | Steady | Steady 2nd |
| 2020 | Template:Composition bar | Decrease 1 | Steady 2nd |
References
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Works cited
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External links
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