Alexander Stirling Calder: Difference between revisions

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Alexander Stirling Calder (January 11, 1870 – January 7, 1945) was an American sculptor and art teacher. He won a silver medal at the World's Fair of 1904 for his statue of Philip François Renault and led the sculpture program for the 1915 Panama-Pacific Exposition after the death of Karl Bitter. His notable works include the Samuel Gross statue, George Washington on the Washington Square Arch in New York City, the Swann Memorial Fountain in Philadelphia, the Depew Memorial Fountain in Indianapolis, and the Leif Erikson Memorial in Reykjavík, Iceland.

He taught sculpture at the Pennsylvania Museum School of Industrial Art, the Throop Polytechnic Institute, and the National Academy of Design. His father, Alexander Milne Calder, and son Alexander Calder were also sculptors.

Early life and education

Calder was born on January 11, 1870, in Philadelphia,^[1] the oldest of six boys,Template:Sfn to sculptor Alexander Milne Calder and Margaret Stirling. He attended city public schools and enrolled at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (PAFA) in Fall 1885, at age 15. He studied under Thomas Eakins for several months, until the teacher's forced resignation in February 1886. Calder remained at PAFA, studying under Thomas Anshutz and James P. Kelly. Two of his sculptures were accepted for PAFA's 1887 annual exhibition, a rare honor for a student.^[2]Template:Rp He worked from 1889 to 1890 as a demonstrator of anatomy at the academyTemplate:Sfn and graduated in 1890.Template:Sfn

His father designed and was then in the midst of executing, the extensive sculpture program for Philadelphia City Hall. Calder worked as an apprentice on the project during the summers, and is reported to have modeled an arm for one of the figures. He made his first trip to Europe in Summer 1889, and returned there to study the following year.^[2]Template:Rp

Calder moved to Paris with Charles Grafly in Fall 1890, and studied at the Académie Julian under Henri Michel Chapu. The following year, he was accepted at the École des Beaux-Arts, where he entered the atelier of Alexandre Falguière.^[3]^[2]Template:Rp

Career

File:Swann Fountain.JPG

Swann Memorial Fountain in Logan Circle, Philadelphia

In 1892, he returned to Philadelphia and began his career as a sculptor in earnest. His first major commission, won in a national competition, was for the Samuel Gross statue for the National Mall in Washington, D.C. Another early commission was for a set of twelve statues of Presbyterian clergymen for the facade of the Witherspoon Building in Philadelphia.^[3]^[2]Template:Rp

He worked as an instructor in modeling at the Pennsylvania Museum School of Industrial Art from 1900 to 1906.^[3]^[4] In 1904, he won a silver medal at the World's Fair of 1904 in St. Louis, Missouri, for his statue of Philip François Renault.^[1]

He suffered from tuberculosis and moved to Arizona in 1906 to recover his health. After his health recovered, he moved to Pasadena, California, and his family joined him.^[3] In Pasadena, he modeled architectural sculpture for the Throop Polytechnic Institute (now the California Institute of Technology). He returned to the east coast in 1910 and settled in Croton-on-Hudson, New York.^[2]Template:Rp He taught at the National Academy of Design from 1910 to 1917 and was elected an academician in 1913.^[3]

He was placed in charge of the sculpture program for the 1915 Panama-Pacific Exposition in San Francisco, California, after the death of Karl Bitter.^[1]^[5] He obtained a studio in New York City and employed the services of model Audrey Munson who posed for him as the model for the Star Maiden statue. For the exposition, Calder completed three massive sculpture groups, The Nations of the East and The Nations of the West, which crowned triumphal arches, and a fountain group, The Fountain of Energy. Following Bitter's sudden death in April 1915, Calder completed the Depew Memorial Fountain in Indianapolis, Indiana.^[1]

File:Leifur heppni (603381304).jpg

Leif Erikson Memorial, Reykjavík, Iceland

Hermon Atkins MacNeil and Calder were commissioned to create sculptures for the Washington Square Arch in New York City. George Washington as Commander-in-Chief, Accompanied by Fame and Valor (1914–1916) was sculpted by MacNeil; and George Washington as President, Accompanied by Wisdom and Justice (1917–18) by Calder. These are sometimes referred to as Washington at War and Washington at Peace.^[6]

He sculpted a number of ornamental works for Villa Vizcaya, the James Deering estate outside Miami, Florida.^[1] These included the famous Italian Barge (1917–1919), a stone folly in the shape of a boat, projecting into Biscayne Bay.^[7]

He taught at the Art Students League of New York from 1918 to 1922.^[3]

Two of his major commissions of the 1920s were the Swann Memorial Fountain in Logan Circle,^[8] and the architectural sculpture program for the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.^[9]

He was one of a dozen sculptors invited to compete in Oklahoma's Pioneer Woman statue competition in 1926–27,^[10] which was won by Bryant Baker. In 1927, he was also commissioned by the Berkshire Museum to sculpt the woodwork and fountain of the museum's Ellen Crane Memorial Room in Pittsfield, Massachusetts.^[11]

In 1929, he won the national competition for a monumental statue of Leif Eriksson, to be the gift of the United States to Iceland in commemoration of the 1000th anniversary of the Icelandic Parliament.^[5]

Personal life

Calder married portrait painter Nanette LedererTemplate:Sfn on February 22, 1895, and they lived in Philadelphia for the first decade of their marriage. They had two children: Margaret Calder Hayes and Alexander Calder.^[2]Template:Rp

Calder died on January 7, 1945, and was interred at West Laurel Hill Cemetery in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania.^[12]

Legacy

Works from Alexander Stirling Calder will be displayed at a new museum under construction for his son's work in Philadelphia.^[13]

Selected works

Title	Image	Year	Location/GPS Coordinates	Material	Height	Notes
Dr. Samuel D. Gross Memorial^[14]	File:Statue of Samuel D. Gross.jpg	1895–1897	Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	bronze	Template:Cvt	File:Samuel D Gross LOC 00109v (cropped).jpg Posthumous portrait of Dr. Gross, based on Thomas Eakins's 1875 painting. From 1897 to 1970, the statue stood on the National Mall in Washington, D.C.:
Bust of Major General John F. Hartranft^[15]	File:Hartranft Smith Arch.JPG	1898	Smith Memorial Arch, West Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	bronze	Template:Cvt	Gen. Hartranft was a U.S. Medal of Honor recipient for the First Battle of Bull Run.
Class of 1892 Drinking Fountain^[16] (The Scholar and the Football Player)		1900	Quadrangle Dormitories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Script error: No such module "Coordinates".,	bronze	Template:Cvt	File:University of Pennsylvania- its history, traditions, buildings and memorials- also a brief guide to Philadelphia (1918) (14578112798).jpg Located under the arch at the top of the North Steps.
Overmantel frieze: The Boar Hunt	File:Fireplace in Keil Hall - Mercersburg Academy (Chambersburg, PA.).jpg	c.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".1900	Keil Hall, Mercersburg Academy, Mercersburg, Pennsylvania Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	carved oak		Modeled by Calder, carved by John J. Maene.^[17]
Sewell Cross^[18] Major General William Joyce Sewell Monument	File:Sewell Memorial, The World's Work, Sept 1910, p.13386.jpg	1901	Harleigh Cemetery, Camden, New Jersey Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	green granite	Template:Cvt	Modeled by Calder, carved by Leland & Hall Company. Gen. Sewell was a U.S. Medal of Honor recipient for the Battle of Chancellorsville. Calder was awarded PAFA's 1905 Walter Lippincott Prize for the Sewell Cross.^[2]Template:Rp
Man Cub: "Sandy" Calder at Age 3	File:Man Cub MET 22.89.jpg	1901–02	Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania	plaster (original lost)	Template:Cvt	PAFA purchased Calder's plaster original in 1905, and used it to make a 1906 bronze cast.^[19] The plaster was either returned to Calder or lost (by 1941).^[2]Template:Rp A 1922 bronze cast is at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.^[20]
Sundial^[21]	File:Calder sundial Hort Center.JPG	1903–1905	Fairmount Park Horticultural Center, West Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	marble	Template:Cvt	Located in the Sunken Gardens: File:2008-Subaru-Cherry-Blossom-Festival-of-Greater-Philadelphia-1.jpg
Missouri: The Queen of Rivers^[22]	File:The World almanac and encyclopedia (1904) (14598348608).jpg	1904	Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Missouri	plaster		Calder won a silver medal for his sculpture at the 1904 World's Fair.^[2]Template:Rp
Philip François Renault^[23]	File:Calder Renault 1904 SAAM-J0050225.jpg	1904	Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Missouri	plaster
Calder Cross^[24] William Hickman Harte Memorial Cross	File:Sterling Calder Celtic Cross.JPG	c.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".1905	Chippiannock Cemetery, Rock Island, Illinois Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	granite	Template:Cvt	Master William Hickman Harte was a Union naval officer who died in the June 17, 1862 Battle of Saint Charles, following the sinking of the USS Mound City. Fifty years later, Harte's son located his Arkansas grave, and commissioned this cenotaph for their home town cemetery.^[25]
Henry Charles Lea Monument^[26]	File:Henry Charles Lea monument, Laurel Hill Cemetery.jpg	1911	Laurel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	bronze		File:HC Lea grave LH Philly.jpg Henry Charles Lea was a noted historian. The seated figure is Clio, the Muse of History:
Stretching Girl^[27]		c.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".1911	National Academy of Design, Manhattan, New York City	bronze	Template:Cvt	Calder's NAD diploma piece, presented following his election as an Academician in 1913.^[28] Robert Henri painted Calder's NAD diploma portrait.^[28] Another bronze cast is at the Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art in Bentonville, Arkansas.^[29]
An American Stoic: Portrait of Najinyankte^[30]^[31]		1912	Rhode Island School of Design Museum, Providence, Rhode Island	bronze	Template:Cvt	A standing Sioux man wrapped in a blanket.
Star Maiden^[32]	File:StarASC.jpg	1913–1915	Oakland Museum, Oakland, California	bronze	Template:Cvt	File:The story of the exposition; being the official history of the international celebration held at San Francisco in 1915 to commemorate the discovery of the Pacific Ocean and the construction of the (14579801637).jpg The Star Maidens were balustrade figures surrounding the Court of the Universe:
Fountain of Energy (destroyed)	File:Calder Fountain of Energy SAAM-J0050248.jpg File:Perry Energy sculpturemuralso00panarich 0006.jpg File:Fountain energy.jpg File:Panama-Pacific International Exposition – Opening day.jpg	1913–1915	Panama–Pacific International Exposition, San Francisco, California	staff		File:Fountain of Energy Stirling Calder 1915.jpg "Energy, the Lord of the Isthmian Way, rides grandly upon the earth. His outstretched arms have severed the lands and let the waters pass. Upon his mighty shoulders stand Fame and Glory, heralding the coming of a conqueror. Energy, the Power of the Future, the Superman, approaches."^[33]
						File:Calder EasternHemisphere Todd vol.1 opp. p.194.jpg The globe featured a large reclining female figure with the head of a lioness, The Eastern Hemisphere, and a large reclining male figure with the head of a bull, The Western Hemisphere:
						4 sculpture groups were clustered around the globe: The Atlantic Ocean, The Pacific Ocean, The North Sea, The South Sea File:Fountain energy atlantic.jpg File:PacificASC.jpg File:Fountain energy northsea.jpg File:Calder South Sea Fountain of Energy PPIE 1915.jpg
						12 Nerieds riding dolphins were spaced around the pool's perimeter: File:Calder Nereid Riding Dolphin 1.jpg File:Calder Nereid Riding Dolphin 2.jpg
The Nations of the East^[34] (destroyed)	File:Nationa of the East.jpeg File:Calder Arch Rising Sun Story of Expo vol.2 p.139.jpg	1913–1915	atop The Arch of the Rising Sun, Panama–Pacific International Exposition, San Francisco, California	staff
The Nations of the West^[35] (destroyed)	File:The Nations of the West - Project Gutenberg eText 16960.jpg File:Todd Story of Exposition vol.2 opp. p.142.jpg	1913–1915	atop The Arch of the Setting Sun, Panama–Pacific International Exposition, San Francisco, California	staff		File:Calder Enterprise American Architect Dec 1920 p.779.jpg Crowning figure: Enterprise
The Nations of the West^[35] (destroyed)		1913–1915		staff		File:Todd Story of Exposition vol.2 opp. p.70.jpg Central figure: The Mother of Tomorrow
Depew Memorial Fountain	File:DepewFountain.jpg	1915–1917	University Park, Indianapolis, Indiana Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	bronze	Crowning figure: Template:Cvt	File:Depew Memorial Fountain - Maquette.jpg Calder completed this commission following sculptor Karl Bitter's 1915 death. Bitter's 1915 maquette for the fountain:
George Washington as President, Accompanied by Wisdom and Justice^[6]	File:Washington in Peace Calder.jpg	1917–18	Washington Square Arch, Washington Square, Manhattan, New York City Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	marble	Template:Cvt	File:The Washington Square Arch, Greenwich Village, NY (5).jpg Sometimes called Washington at Peace. Hermon Atkins MacNeil modeled Washington at War (1914–16). The pair flank the north side of the arch.
The Great Stone Barge^[36]^[37] (Delights and Terrors of the Sea)	File:Coco Grove FL Vizcaya barge02.jpg	1917–1919	"Villa Vizcaya" (James Deering estate), Coconut Grove, Florida Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	limestone		File:American Architect Feb 28, 1917 p.147.jpg Calder's barge sculptures were criticized for being "excessively erotic."Template:Sfn The eroded sculptures were used to cast concrete replicas in 1981.^[38]
Garden sculpture	File:Calder Vizcaya AmericanArchitect Dec1920 p.730.jpg	1917–1919		limestone		File:Vizcaya - panoramio (13).jpg File:Busts - Vizcaya Museum and Gardens - Miami, Florida - DSC08625.jpg File:Shepherd group - Vizcaya Museum and Gardens - Miami, Florida - DSC08703.jpg File:Gate - Vizcaya Museum and Gardens - Miami, Florida - DSC08283.jpg File:Villa Vizcaya - IMG 8050.JPG
The Little Dear with the Tiny Black Swan (Leda and the Swan)^[39]	File:Calder Little Dear 1921 SAAM-J0050084.jpg	1918–1921	Denver Art Museum, Denver, Colorado	bronze	Template:Cvt	A Template:Cvt version is a promised gift to Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art.^[40]
Swann Memorial Fountain^[41] (Fountain of Three Rivers)	File:Logan Square in Phila..JPG	1920–1924	Logan Circle, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	bronze	Central figures: Template:Cvt	File:Swann Fountain Delaware.JPG Wilson Eyre, architect. The female allegorical figures represent the Schuylkill River and the Wissahickon Creek. The male Lenni Lenape figure represents the Delaware River.
Naiad with Tragic Mask^[42] Model for a Fountain	File:Calder Naiad with Tragic Mask SAAM-J0050115.jpg	c.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".1920	Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania	painted plaster	Template:Cvt	A bronze cast is at the Reading Public Museum in Reading, Pennsylvania.^[43] A larger plaster version is at the Montclair Art Museum in Montclair, New Jersey.^[44]
Scratching Her Heel^[45]	File:Scratching Her Heel MET 270706.jpg	1921	Metropolitan Museum of Art, Manhattan, New York City	bronze	Template:Cvt	Another bronze cast is at the Telfair Museum of Art in Savannah, Georgia.^[46]
The Last Dryad^[47]	File:Calder Last Dryad SAAM-J0050118-000001.jpg	1921	Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania	plaster	Template:Cvt	File:The Last Dryad by Alexander Stirling Calder - University of California, Berkeley - DSC04911.JPG A 1926 bronze cast is at the University of California, Berkeley.
Shakespeare Memorial^[48] (Tragedy and Comedy, Hamlet and the Fool)	File:Shakespeare monument - panoramio.jpg	1923–1926	In front of the Free Library of Philadelphia, Logan Square, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	bronze	Template:Cvt	File:Shakespeare Memorial Philly.JPG Gilbert McIlvaine, architect Touchstone and Prince Hamlet: Another bronze cast is at Brookgreen Gardens.^[49]
Head of George Bellows^[50]		1925	Conner-Rosenkranz Gallery, Manhattan, New York City	plaster	Template:Cvt	A bronze cast is at the New York Historical Society.^[51]
Our Lady and the Holy Child^[52] (A Study in French Gothic Style)	File:Calder Our Lady 1926 SAAM-J0050097.jpg	1926	St. Mary's of Redford Church, Detroit, Michigan	marble	Template:Cvt	Located in a niche behind the High Altar.^[53]
Pioneer Woman (Self-Reliant)^[54]	File:Calder Pioneer Woman SAAM-S0000367.jpg	1926–27	Woolaroc Museum, Bartlesville, Oklahoma Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	bronze	Template:Cvt	One of twelve bronze models created by American sculptors for the 1927 Pioneer Woman statue competition. Bryant Baker won the commission. His heroic-sized Pioneer Woman was dedicated in 1930, in Ponca City, Oklahoma. Calder received a $10,000 honorarium for his model.^[55]
Bust of John James Audubon^[56]	File:Calder Audubon 1927 SAAM-S0000369.jpg	1927	Hall of Fame for Great Americans, Bronx Community College, Bronx, New York City Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	bronze
Leif Eriksson Memorial^[57]Script error: No such module "anchor".	File:Reykjavik-31-Hallgrimskirche-Leifur Eiriksson-2018-gje.jpg File:LeifurEiriksson10.JPG	1929–1932	Hallgrímskirkja Cathedral, Reykjavík, Iceland	bronze	Template:Cvt	File:Áletrun á styttu af Leifi Eiríkssyni.JPG Gift of the United States commemorating the 1000th anniversary of the founding of the Althing, Iceland's parliament. The statue appeared on a U.S. postage stamp and an Icelandic coin. Calder's plaster model is at the Smithsonian American Art Museum.^[58] File:View from the top of Hallgrímskirkja.JPG A bronze cast is at the Mariners' Museum in Newport News, Virginia.^[59] View from the cathedral's tower, looking west to the Atlantic Ocean:
Cruel Nature: Self-Portrait at Age 60^[60]^[61]	File:Calder Cruel Nature 1930 SAAM-J0050231.jpg	c.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".1930	National Portrait Gallery, Washington, D.C.	terra cotta	Template:Cvt
Robert Henri: The Painter-Teacher with the Gift of Friendship^[62]^[63] (Posthumous Bust of Robert Henri)	File:Calder Robert Henri SAAM-J0050172.jpg	1934	Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania	plaster (unlocated)^[64]	Template:Cvt	Calder and Henri (1865–1929) had been friends since 1885, when both were first-year students at PAFA.^[2]Template:Rp Calder's widow had a bronze cast made of the bust in 1947, which she donated to PAFA.^[2]Template:Rp
Posthumous Bust of John Singer Sargent^[65]	File:Calder Sargent 1934 SAAM-J0050237.jpg	c.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".1934	Bronx Community College, Bronx, New York City	plaster
Introspection	File:Calder Introspection 1935 SAAM-J0050044.jpg	c.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".1935		plaster
Continental Post Rider^[66]	File:Sculpture "Continental post rider," by Alexander Stirling Calder at the Ariel Rios Federal Building, Washington, D.C LCCN2013634477.tif	1936	William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building, Washington, D.C.	aluminum	Template:Cvt
Bust of William Penn^[67]	File:Wmpennhofjeh.JPG	1936	Hall of Fame for Great Americans, Bronx Community College, Bronx, New York City Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	bronze
Nature's Dance^[68]^[69] (The Dance of Life)	File:Calder Dance of Life SAAM-J0050049.jpg	1938	Brookgreen Gardens, Murrells Inlet, South Carolina Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	Indiana limestone	Template:Cvt
Bishop William White^[70]^[71]	File:Bishop William White by Alexander Stirling Calder, Washington Memorial Chapel.jpg	1940	Washington Memorial Chapel, Valley Forge, Pennsylvania Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	bronze		The Right Reverend White was the first bishop of the American Episcopal Church. Calder's last major commission.
Bust of Winston Churchill^[72]	File:Calder Churchill 1943 SAAM-J0050194.jpg	1943		plaster		Inscription: "HAVE FAITH, HAVE HOPE, DELIVERANCE IS SURE." JULY 14, 1941.

Architectural sculpture

Twelve cast stone figures of Presbyterian clergymen, Witherspoon Building, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1898–99, Joseph Miller Huston, architect.
- Six of the figures were removed in 1961, and relocated to the garden of the Presbyterian Historical Society.^[73]

Reverend Marcus Whitman

Reverend Marcus Whitman
Reverend James Caldwell

Reverend James Caldwell
Reverend Samuel Davies

Reverend Samuel Davies
Reverend John McMillan

Reverend John McMillan
Reverend John Witherspoon

Reverend John Witherspoon
Reverend Francis Makemie

Reverend Francis Makemie

Six spandrel figures, cast concrete, Throop Polytechnic Institute (now California Institute of Technology), Pasadena, California, 1906–1909, Myron Hart & Elmer Grey, architects.^[74]
- Nature and Art, Energy and Law, Science and Imagination^[75]
Oakland Civic Auditorium, Oakland, California, 1914, John J. Donovan, architect.^[76]
- The Riches of the Earth – Seven terra cotta, half-domed friezes within the arched entrances.Category:Riches of the Earth (1915) by Alexander Stirling Calder – Wikimedia Commons
Missouri State Capitol, Jefferson City, Missouri, 1924, Tracy and Swartwout, architects.
- South Frieze, limestone, Template:Cvt x Template:Cvt, depicts Missouri history in 13 bas relief panels.^[77] The frieze flanks the tops of the central portico's columns and continues behind them.
- North Frieze, limestone, bas relief panels depict Native Americans and Europeans.^[78] The frieze flanks the tops of the central columns and continues inside the curved portico.

Throop Polytechnic Institute, c.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".1910.

Throop Polytechnic Institute, c.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".1910.
Oakland Civic Auditorium, c.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".1917

Oakland Civic Auditorium, c.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".1917
Half-domed frieze

Half-domed frieze
Missouri State Capitol, south façade.

Missouri State Capitol, south façade.
Missouri State Capitol, north facade.

Missouri State Capitol, north facade.

Four figures of famous actresses, marble, I. Miller Building, Broadway and West 46th Street, Manhattan, New York City, 1927–1929:

I. Miller Building facade

I. Miller Building facade
Ethel Barrymore as Ophelia[79]

Ethel Barrymore as Ophelia^[79]
Rosa Ponselle as Norma[80]

Rosa Ponselle as Norma^[80]
Marilyn Miller as Sunny[81]

Marilyn Miller as Sunny^[81]
Mary Pickford as Little Lord Fauntleroy[82]

Mary Pickford as Little Lord Fauntleroy^[82]

File:University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.JPG

University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology

Sculpture program for University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, completed 1931, Wilson Eyre, Frank Miles Day, and Cope & Stewardson, architects:
- Lion's Head Fountain (1920s).^[83]
- Peacock doorway (1920s).^[84]
- Youth doorway (1920s).^[85]
- Gateposts (1920s): Asia,^[86] Africa,^[87] Europe,^[88] America^[89]

Medallions

Life as a Dance (c.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".1938), Metropolitan Museum of Art, Manhattan, New York City^[90]

References

Citations

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↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Gadzinski, Cunningham, Panhorst et al.
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↑ John William Leonard, ed., Men and Things: A Biographical Dictionary of Contemporaries (New York: L. R. Hamersly & Company, 1908), p. 374.
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↑ ‘’Exhibition of Models for a Monument to the Pioneer Woman’’ at the Chicago Architectural Exhibition, East Galleries, Art Institute of Chicago, June 25 to August 1, 1927
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↑ Anna Margaretta Archambault, A Guide Book of Art, Architecture, and Historic Interest in Pennsylvania (Philadelphia: John C. Winston Company, 1924), p. 250.
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↑ Minda Powers-Douglas, Chippiannock Cemetery (Arcadia Publishing, 2010), p. 98.[1]
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↑ ^a ^b David B. Dearinger, Paintings & Sculpture at the National Academy of Design, Volume 1: 1826–1925 (Hudson Hills Press, 2004), p. 84.
↑ Stretching Girl, from Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art.
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↑ An American Stoic, from Bonham's Auction House.
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↑ Stella G. S. Perry, The Sculpture and Mural Decorations of the Exposition: A Photo Survey of the Art of the Panama–Pacific International Exposition (San Francisco: Paul Elder and Company, Publishers, 1921), p. 16.[2]
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↑ The Little Dear with the Tiny Black Swan, from Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art.
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↑ Naiad with Tragic Mask, from PAFA.
↑ Naiad with Mask, from Reading Public Museum.
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↑ Tragedy and Comedy, from SIRIS.
↑ George Bellows, from SIRIS.
↑ George Wesley Bellows, from SIRIS.
↑ Our Lady and the Holy Child, from SIRIS.
↑ Our Lady and the Holy Child, from Andy Hoxie via Flickr.
↑ Pioneer Woman, from SIRIS.
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↑ John James Audubon, from SIRIS.
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↑ Leif Ericson, from SIRIS.
↑ Leif Ericson, from SIRIS.
↑ Self-mask, from SIRIS.
↑ A. Stirling Calder Self-Portrait, from National Portrait Gallery.
↑ Robert Henri, from PAFA.
↑ Bust of Robert Henri, from SIRIS.
↑ Model of Bust of Robert Henri, from SIRIS.
↑ Bust of John Singer Sargent, from SIRIS.
↑ Continental Post Rider, from SIRIS.
↑ William Penn, from SIRIS.
↑ Nature's Dance, from SIRIS.
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↑ [3] Template:Webarchive
↑ Right Reverend William White, from SIRIS.
↑ Winston Churchill, from SIRIS.
↑ Witherspoon Building Figures, from SIRIS.
↑ A. Stirling Calder, "The Relationship of Sculpture to Architecture," The American Architect, vol. 68, no. 2346 (8 December 1920), p. 778.
↑ Spandrel figures, from SIRIS.
↑ Oakland Auditorium Panels, from SIRIS.
↑ South Frieze, from SIRIS.
↑ Pediment at Missouri State Capitol, from SIRIS.
↑ Ethel Barrymore as Ophelia, from SIRIS.
↑ Rosa Ponselle as Norma, from SIRIS.
↑ Marilyn Miller as Sunny, from SIRIS.
↑ Mary Pickford as Little Lord Fauntleroy, from SIRIS.
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Sources

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Fairmount Park Art Association, Sculpture of a City: Philadelphia's Treasures in Bronze and Stone, Walker Publishing Co., Inc, New York. NY 1974
Falk, Peter Hastings, ed., Who was Who in American Art, Sound View Press, Madison Connecticut, 1985
Gadzinski, Cunningham, Panhorst et al., American Sculpture in the Museum of American Art of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Museum of American Art of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1997
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Opitz, Glenn B ed., Mantle Fielding's Dictionary of American Painters, Sculptors & Engravers, Apollo Book, Poughkeepsie NY, 1986
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Proske, Beatrice Gilman, Brookgreen Gardens Sculpture, Brookgreen Gardens, South Carolina, 1968

External links

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[Gadzinski-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Gadzinski, Cunningham, Panhorst et al.

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[Men-4] John William Leonard, ed., Men and Things: A Biographical Dictionary of Contemporaries (New York: L. R. Hamersly & Company, 1908), p. 374.

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[10] ‘’Exhibition of Models for a Monument to the Pioneer Woman’’ at the Chicago Architectural Exhibition, East Galleries, Art Institute of Chicago, June 25 to August 1, 1927

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[17] Anna Margaretta Archambault, A Guide Book of Art, Architecture, and Historic Interest in Pennsylvania (Philadelphia: John C. Winston Company, 1924), p. 250.

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[25] Minda Powers-Douglas, Chippiannock Cemetery (Arcadia Publishing, 2010), p. 98.[1]

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[Dearinger-28] David B. Dearinger, Paintings & Sculpture at the National Academy of Design, Volume 1: 1826–1925 (Hudson Hills Press, 2004), p. 84.

[29] Stretching Girl, from Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art.

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[31] An American Stoic, from Bonham's Auction House.

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[33] Stella G. S. Perry, The Sculpture and Mural Decorations of the Exposition: A Photo Survey of the Art of the Panama–Pacific International Exposition (San Francisco: Paul Elder and Company, Publishers, 1921), p. 16.[2]

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[40] The Little Dear with the Tiny Black Swan, from Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art.

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[42] Naiad with Tragic Mask, from PAFA.

[43] Naiad with Mask, from Reading Public Museum.

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[49] Tragedy and Comedy, from SIRIS.

[50] George Bellows, from SIRIS.

[51] George Wesley Bellows, from SIRIS.

[52] Our Lady and the Holy Child, from SIRIS.

[53] Our Lady and the Holy Child, from Andy Hoxie via Flickr.

[54] Pioneer Woman, from SIRIS.

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[56] John James Audubon, from SIRIS.

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[58] Leif Ericson, from SIRIS.

[59] Leif Ericson, from SIRIS.

[60] Self-mask, from SIRIS.

[61] A. Stirling Calder Self-Portrait, from National Portrait Gallery.

[62] Robert Henri, from PAFA.

[63] Bust of Robert Henri, from SIRIS.

[64] Model of Bust of Robert Henri, from SIRIS.

[65] Bust of John Singer Sargent, from SIRIS.

[66] Continental Post Rider, from SIRIS.

[67] William Penn, from SIRIS.

[68] Nature's Dance, from SIRIS.

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[70] [3] Template:Webarchive

[71] Right Reverend William White, from SIRIS.

[72] Winston Churchill, from SIRIS.

[73] Witherspoon Building Figures, from SIRIS.

[Am_Arch-74] A. Stirling Calder, "The Relationship of Sculpture to Architecture," The American Architect, vol. 68, no. 2346 (8 December 1920), p. 778.

[75] Spandrel figures, from SIRIS.

[76] Oakland Auditorium Panels, from SIRIS.

[77] South Frieze, from SIRIS.

[78] Pediment at Missouri State Capitol, from SIRIS.

[79] Ethel Barrymore as Ophelia, from SIRIS.

[80] Rosa Ponselle as Norma, from SIRIS.

[81] Marilyn Miller as Sunny, from SIRIS.

[82] Mary Pickford as Little Lord Fauntleroy, from SIRIS.

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Alexander Stirling Calder: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 12:07, 10 October 2025

Contents

Early life and education

Career

Personal life

Legacy

Selected works

Architectural sculpture

Medallions

References

Further reading

External links

Navigation menu

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|American artist (1870–1945)}}
+{{Short description|American sculptor (1870–1945)}}
 {{Infobox artist
 | name          = Alexander Stirling Calder
@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 | birth_place   = [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], U.S.
 | death_date    = {{death date and age |1945|1|7|1870|1|11}}
-| death_place   = [[Manhattan]], [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|NY]], U.S.
+| death_place   =
+| resting_place = [[West Laurel Hill Cemetery]], [[Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania]], U.S.
 | known_for     = [[Sculpture]]
-| training      = [[Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts]]<br>[[Académie Julian]]
+| training      = [[Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts]]<br>[[Académie Julian]]<br/>[[École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts|École des Beaux-Arts]]
 | movement      =
-| notable_works = ''Washington as President''<br>''[[Swann Memorial Fountain]]''<br>''[[Statue of Leif Erikson (Reykjavík)|Leif Eriksson Memorial]]''
+| notable_works = [[Samuel Gross (Calder)|Samuel Gross Statue]]<br/>[[Washington Square Arch]]<br>[[Swann Memorial Fountain]]<br>[[Depew Memorial Fountain]]<br/>[[Statue of Leif Erikson (Reykjavík)|Leif Eriksson Memorial]]
 | patrons       =
 | awards        =
 }}
-'''Alexander Stirling Calder''' (January 11, 1870 – January 7, 1945) was an American [[sculpture|sculptor]] and teacher. He was the son of sculptor [[Alexander Milne Calder]] and the father of sculptor [[Alexander Calder|Alexander (Sandy) Calder]]. His best-known works are ''George Washington as President'' on the [[Washington Square Arch]] in New York City, the ''[[Swann Memorial Fountain]]'' in Philadelphia, and the ''[[Statue of Leif Erikson (Reykjavík)|Leif Eriksson Memorial]]'' in [[Reykjavík]], Iceland.
+'''Alexander Stirling Calder''' (January 11, 1870 – January 7, 1945) was an American [[sculpture|sculptor]] and art teacher. He won a silver medal at the [[Louisiana Purchase Exposition|World's Fair of 1904]] for his statue of [[Philip François Renault]] and led the sculpture program for the 1915 [[Panama-Pacific Exposition]] after the death of [[Karl Bitter]]. His notable works include the [[Samuel Gross (Calder)|Samuel Gross statue]], George Washington on the [[Washington Square Arch]] in New York City, the [[Swann Memorial Fountain]] in Philadelphia, the [[Depew Memorial Fountain]] in Indianapolis, and the [[Statue of Leif Erikson (Reykjavík)|Leif Erikson Memorial]] in [[Reykjavík]], Iceland.
-==Education==
+He taught sculpture at the [[University of the Arts (Philadelphia)|Pennsylvania Museum School of Industrial Art]], the [[California Institute of Technology|Throop Polytechnic Institute]], and the [[National Academy of Design]]. His father, [[Alexander Milne Calder]], and son [[Alexander Calder]] were also sculptors.
-A. Stirling Calder was born in [[Philadelphia]], Pennsylvania, the son of sculptor [[Alexander Milne Calder]] and Margaret Stirling. He attended city public schools, and enrolled at the [[Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts]] in Fall 1885, at age 15. He studied under [[Thomas Eakins]] for several months, until [[Art Students' League of Philadelphia|the teacher's forced resignation]] in February 1886. Calder remained at PAFA, studying under [[Thomas Anshutz]] and James P. Kelly. Two of his sculptures were accepted for PAFA's 1887 annual exhibition, a rare honor for a student.<ref name="Gadzinski"/>{{rp|170}}
+==Early life and education==
+Calder was born on January 11, 1870, in [[Philadelphia]],<ref name=Marter>{{cite book |last1=Marter |first1=Joan M. |title=The Grove Encyclopedia of American Art - Volume 1 |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=395–396 |isbn=978-0-19-533579-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sPGdBxzaWj0C |access-date=28 August 2025}}</ref> the oldest of six boys,{{sfn|Perl|2017|p=9}} to sculptor Alexander Milne Calder and Margaret Stirling. He attended city public schools and enrolled at the [[Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts]] (PAFA) in Fall 1885, at age 15. He studied under [[Thomas Eakins]] for several months, until [[Art Students' League of Philadelphia|the teacher's forced resignation]] in February 1886. Calder remained at PAFA, studying under [[Thomas Anshutz]] and James P. Kelly. Two of his sculptures were accepted for PAFA's 1887 annual exhibition, a rare honor for a student.<ref name="Gadzinski"/>{{rp|170}} He worked from 1889 to 1890 as a demonstrator of anatomy at the academy{{sfn|Perl|2017|p=20}} and graduated in 1890.{{sfn|Perl|2017|p=19}}
 His father designed and was then in the midst of executing, the extensive sculpture program for [[Philadelphia City Hall]]. Calder worked as an apprentice on the project during the summers, and is reported to have modeled an arm for one of the figures. He made his first trip to Europe in Summer 1889, and returned there to study the following year.<ref name="Gadzinski"/>{{rp|170}}
-Calder moved to Paris in Fall 1890, where he studied at the [[Académie Julian]] under [[Henri Michel Chapu]]. The following year, he was accepted at the [[École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts|École des Beaux-Arts]], where he entered the atelier of [[Alexandre Falguière]].<ref name="Gadzinski">Gadzinski, Cunningham, Panhorst et al.</ref>{{rp|170}}
+Calder moved to Paris with [[Charles Grafly]] in Fall 1890, and studied at the [[Académie Julian]] under [[Henri Michel Chapu]]. The following year, he was accepted at the [[École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts|École des Beaux-Arts]], where he entered the [[atelier]] of [[Alexandre Falguière]].<ref name=Tolles>{{cite book |last1=Tolles |first1=Thayer |title=American Sculpture in the Metropolitan Museum of Art - Volume II. A Catologue of Artists Born Between 1865 and 1885 |date=2001 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |location=New York |isbn=0-87099-923-0 |page=528 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=slQEFSrX3ooC |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="Gadzinski">Gadzinski, Cunningham, Panhorst et al.</ref>{{rp|170}}
 ==Career==
-[[File:Swann Memorial Fountain-night.jpg|thumb|left|250px|''[[Swann Fountain|Swann Memorial Fountain]]'' (1920–1924), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]]
+[[File:Swann Fountain.JPG|thumb|[[Swann Memorial Fountain]] in [[Logan Circle (Philadelphia)|Logan Circle]], Philadelphia]]
-In 1892, he returned to Philadelphia and began his career as a sculptor in earnest. His first major commission, won in a national competition, was for [[Samuel Gross (Calder)|a larger-than-life-size statue]] of [[Samuel D. Gross|Dr. Samuel Gross]] (1895–97) for the [[National Mall]] in Washington, D.C. Calder replicated the pose of Dr. Gross from Eakins's 1875 painting ''[[The Gross Clinic]]''. Another early commission was for a set of twelve larger-than-life-size statues of Presbyterian clergymen for the facade of the [[Witherspoon Building]] (1898–99) in Philadelphia.<ref name="Gadzinski"/>{{rp|170}}
+In 1892, he returned to Philadelphia and began his career as a sculptor in earnest. His first major commission, won in a national competition, was for the Samuel Gross statue for the [[National Mall]] in Washington, D.C. Another early commission was for a set of twelve statues of Presbyterian clergymen for the facade of the [[Witherspoon Building]] in Philadelphia.<ref name=Tolles/><ref name="Gadzinski"/>{{rp|170}}
+He worked as an instructor in modeling at the Pennsylvania Museum School of Industrial Art from 1900 to 1906.<ref name=Tolles/><ref name="Men">John William Leonard, ed., ''Men and Things: A Biographical Dictionary of Contemporaries'' (New York: L. R. Hamersly & Company, 1908), p. 374.</ref> In 1904, he won a silver medal at the World's Fair of 1904 in St. Louis, Missouri, for his statue of Philip François Renault.<ref name=Marter/>
-In 1906, he was elected into the [[National Academy of Design]] as an Associate member, and became a full member in 1913.
+He suffered from [[tuberculosis]] and moved to Arizona in 1906 to recover his health. After his health recovered, he moved to [[Pasadena, California]], and his family joined him.<ref name=Tolles/> In Pasadena, he modeled architectural sculpture for the Throop Polytechnic Institute (now the [[California Institute of Technology]]). He returned to the east coast in 1910 and settled in [[Croton-on-Hudson]], New York.<ref name="Gadzinski"/>{{rp|171}} He taught at the [[National Academy of Design]] from 1910 to 1917 and was elected an [[academician]] in 1913.<ref name=Tolles/>
-In [[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]], he modeled architectural sculpture for the Throop Polytechnic Institute (now the [[California Institute of Technology]]). He returned to the east coast in 1910.<ref name="Gadzinski"/>{{rp|171}}
+He was placed in charge of the sculpture program for the 1915 Panama-Pacific Exposition in San Francisco, California, after the death of Karl Bitter.<ref name=Marter/><ref name=Perloff>{{cite web |last1=Perloff |first1=Susie |title=Generations of Alexander Calder art a trinity of blessings for Philadelphia |url=https://whyy.org/articles/generations-of-alexander-calder-art-a-trinity-of-blessings-for-philadelphia/ |website=whyy.org |publisher=WHYY |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref> He obtained a studio in New York City and employed the services of model [[Audrey Munson]] who posed for him as the model for the ''Star Maiden'' statue. For the exposition, Calder completed three massive sculpture groups, ''The Nations of the East'' and ''The Nations of the West'', which crowned triumphal arches, and a fountain group, ''The Fountain of Energy''. Following Bitter's sudden death in April 1915, Calder completed the ''[[Depew Memorial Fountain]]'' in Indianapolis, Indiana.<ref name=Marter/>
-In 1912, he was named acting-chief (under [[Karl Bitter]]) of the sculpture program for the [[Panama-Pacific Exposition]], a [[World's Fair]] to open in San Francisco, California, in February 1915. He obtained a studio in NYC and there employed the services of model [[Audrey Munson]] who posed for him – ''Star Maiden'' (1913–1915) – and a host of other artists. For the exposition, Calder completed three massive sculpture groups, ''The Nations of the East'' and ''The Nations of the West'', which crowned triumphal arches, and a fountain group, ''The Fountain of Energy''. Following Bitter's sudden death in April 1915, Calder completed the ''[[Depew Memorial Fountain]]'' (1915–1919) in Indianapolis, Indiana.
+[[File:Leifur heppni (603381304).jpg|thumb|[[Statue of Leif Erikson (Reykjavík)|Leif Erikson Memorial]], Reykjavík, Iceland]]
+[[Hermon Atkins MacNeil]] and Calder were commissioned to create sculptures for the [[Washington Square Arch]] in New York City. ''George Washington as Commander-in-Chief, Accompanied by Fame and Valor'' (1914–1916) was sculpted by MacNeil; and ''George Washington as President, Accompanied by Wisdom and Justice'' (1917–18) by Calder. These are sometimes referred to as ''Washington at War'' and ''Washington at Peace''.<ref name=WashArch>{{cite web |title=Washington Arch: George Washington as President, Accompanied by Wisdom and Justice, (sculpture). |url=https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=Y75647027366G.53245&menu=search&aspect=Keyword&npp=50&ipp=20&spp=20&profile=ariall&ri=&term=Washington+Arch%3A+George+Washington+as+President%2C+Accompanied+by+Wisdom+and+Justice%2C+%28sculpture%29.&index=.GW&x=20&y=5&aspect=Keyword&term=&index=.AW&term=&index=.TW&term=&index=.SW&term=&index=.FW&term=&index=.OW&term=&index=.NW |website=siris-artinventories.si.edu |publisher=Smithsonian |access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref>
-[[File:Leifur heppni (603381304).jpg|thumb|''Leif Eriksson Memorial'' (1929–1932), Reykjavík, Iceland]]
+He sculpted a number of ornamental works for [[Vizcaya Museum and Gardens|Villa Vizcaya]], the [[James Deering]] estate outside [[Miami, Florida]].<ref name=Marter/> These included the famous ''Italian Barge'' (1917–1919), a stone [[folly]] in the shape of a boat, projecting into [[Biscayne Bay]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pressman |first1=Heather |last2=Schulz |first2=Danielle |title=The Art of Access - A Practical Guide for Museum Accessibility |date=2021 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |location=Lanham, Maryland |isbn=9781538130506 |page=53 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c60eEAAAQBAJ |access-date=31 August 2025}}</ref>
-[[Hermon Atkins MacNeil]] and Calder were commissioned to create larger-than-life-size sculptures for the [[Washington Square Arch]] in New York City. ''George Washington as Commander-in-Chief, Accompanied by Fame and Valor'' (1914–1916) was sculpted by MacNeil; and ''George Washington as President, Accompanied by Wisdom and Justice'' (1917–18) by Calder. These are sometimes referred to as ''Washington at War'' and ''Washington at Peace''.<ref name="Wash Arch"/>
-He sculpted a number of ornamental works for "[[Villa Vizcaya|Vizcaya]]", the [[James Deering]] estate outside [[Miami, Florida]]. These included the famous ''Italian Barge'' (1917–1919), a stone [[folly]] in the shape of a boat, projecting into [[Biscayne Bay]].
+He taught at the [[Art Students League of New York]] from 1918 to 1922.<ref name=Tolles/>
-Two of his major commissions of the 1920s were the ''[[Swann Memorial Fountain]]'' (1920–1924) in Logan Circle, and the architectural sculpture program for the [[University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology]] (completed 1931), both in Philadelphia.
+Two of his major commissions of the 1920s were the ''[[Swann Memorial Fountain]]'' in [[Logan Circle (Philadelphia)|Logan Circle]],<ref name=Baltzell>{{cite book |last1=Baltzell |first1=E. Digby |title=Puritan Boston and Quaker Philadelphia |date=1996 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=9781351495332 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spsuDwAAQBAJ&dq=Alexander+Stirling+Calder&pg=PT318 |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref> and the architectural sculpture program for the [[University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pezzatti |first1=Alessandro |last2=Hickman |first2=Jane |last3=Fleischman |first3=Alexandra |title=A Brief History of the Penn Museum |url=https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/a-brief-history-of-the-penn-museum/ |publisher=Penn Museum |access-date=31 August 2025}}</ref>
-He was one of a dozen sculptors invited to compete in Oklahoma's ''[[Pioneer Woman]]'' statue competition in 1926–27,<ref>‘’Exhibition of Models for a Monument to the Pioneer Woman’’ at the Chicago Architectural Exhibition, East Galleries, Art Institute of Chicago, June 25 to August 1, 1927</ref> which was won by [[Bryant Baker]]. In 1927, he was also commissioned by the [[Berkshire Museum]] to sculpt the woodwork and fountain of the Museum's Ellen Crane Memorial Room in [[Pittsfield, Massachusetts]].
+He was one of a dozen sculptors invited to compete in Oklahoma's ''[[Pioneer Woman]]'' statue competition in 1926–27,<ref>‘’Exhibition of Models for a Monument to the Pioneer Woman’’ at the Chicago Architectural Exhibition, East Galleries, Art Institute of Chicago, June 25 to August 1, 1927</ref> which was won by [[Bryant Baker]]. In 1927, he was also commissioned by the [[Berkshire Museum]] to sculpt the woodwork and fountain of the museum's Ellen Crane Memorial Room in [[Pittsfield, Massachusetts]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Salmon |first1=Felix |title=The Lost Masterpieces of Norman Rockwell Country |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/the-lost-masterpieces-of-norman-rockwell-country |website=www.newyorker.com |date=4 October 2017 |publisher=Conde Nast |access-date=31 August 2025}}</ref>
-In 1929, he won the national competition for a monumental statue of [[Leif Eriksson]], to be the gift of the United States to Iceland in commemoration of the 1000th anniversary of the [[Althing|Icelandic Parliament]]. Standing before the [[Hallgrímskirkja]], the Lutheran cathedral in [[Reykjavík]], and facing west toward the Atlantic Ocean and Greenland, the ''Leif Eriksson Memorial'' (1929–1932) has become as iconic for Icelanders as the [[Statue of Liberty]] is for Americans.
+In 1929, he won the national competition for a monumental statue of [[Leif Eriksson]], to be the gift of the United States to Iceland in commemoration of the 1000th anniversary of the [[Althing|Icelandic Parliament]].<ref name=Perloff/>
-===Teacher===
+==Personal life==
-Throughout his career, Calder frequently worked as a teacher. He was instructor in modeling at the [[University of the Arts (Philadelphia)|Pennsylvania Museum School of Industrial Art]] from 1899 to 1904.<ref name="Men">John William Leonard, ed., ''Men and Things: A Biographical Dictionary of Contemporaries'' (New York: L. R. Hamersly & Company, 1908), p. 374.</ref> He taught at the National Academy of Design's evening school, 1910–11, and alongside Hermon Atkins MacNeil at NAD, 1911–12. He taught modeling at the [[Art Students League of New York]], 1918–22.<ref name="Gadzinski"/>{{rp|171}} He was never on PAFA's faculty, but may have occasionally lectured there, where his friend [[Charles Grafly]] was instructor in sculpture.<ref name="Gadzinski"/>{{rp|171, n. 4}}
+Calder married portrait painter Nanette Lederer{{sfn|Perl|2017|p=3}} on February 22, 1895, and they lived in Philadelphia for the first decade of their marriage. They had two children: Margaret Calder Hayes and Alexander Calder.<ref name="Gadzinski"/>{{rp|171}}
-==Personal==
+Calder died on January 7, 1945, and was interred at [[West Laurel Hill Cemetery]] in [[Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania]].<ref name=rmj>{{cite web |title=Alexander Stirling Calder |url=https://remembermyjourney.com/memorials/alexander-stirling-calder?id=VE6M6QQ5 |website=remembermyjourney.com |publisher=webCemeteries |access-date=26 August 2025}}</ref>
-Calder married portrait painter Nanette Lederer on February 22, 1895, and they lived in Philadelphia for the first decade of their marriage. They had two children: Margaret Calder Hayes (1896–1988) and [[Alexander Calder|Alexander "Sandy" Calder III]] (1899–1976).<ref name="Gadzinski"/>{{rp|171}} Calder contracted [[tuberculosis]] in 1905, and he and his wife moved to Arizona for a year, leaving the children with friends (to protect them from the disease). Once he recovered his health, the family was reunited in 1906, and settled in Pasadena, California.<ref>Alexander Calder, ''An Autobiography with Pictures'' (Pantheon Books, 1966).</ref> They moved back east in 1910, and settled in [[Croton-on-Hudson]], New York.<ref name="Gadzinski"/>{{rp|171}}
-Calder died in 1945. He is buried in [[West Laurel Hill Cemetery]] in [[Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania]]. His memoir, ''Thoughts of A. Stirling Calder on Art and Life'' (1947), was published posthumously.
+==Legacy==
-{{clear}}
+Works from Alexander Stirling Calder will be displayed at a new museum under construction for his son's work in Philadelphia.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Salisbury |first1=Stephan |last2=Dobrin |first2=Peter |title=Alexander Calder will finally get a prime museum site on the Parkway, across from Barnes and Rodin |url=https://www.inquirer.com/arts/alexander-calder-museum-philadelphia-benjamin-franklin-parkway-20200220.html |website=www.inquirer.com |date=20 February 2020 |publisher=The Philadelphia Inquirer |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>
 ==Selected works==
-{{GeoGroup}}{{Clear}}
 {|class="wikitable sortable"
 |-
@@ Line 69: / Line 72: @@
 ! Notes
 |-
-|''[[Samuel Gross (Calder)|Dr. Samuel D. Gross Memorial]]''<ref>[https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=K5484282V77M7.1548&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!19806~!1&ri=1&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=Calder&index=.AW&uindex=&oper=&term=Gross&index=.TW&uindex=&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ri=1 Dr. Samuel Gross], from SIRIS.</ref>
+|''[[Samuel Gross (Calder)|Dr. Samuel D. Gross Memorial]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Samuel Gross, (sculpture). |url=https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=K5484282V77M7.1548&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!19806~!1&ri=1&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=Calder&index=.AW&uindex=&oper=&term=Gross&index=.TW&uindex=&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ri=1 |website=siris-artinventories.si.edu |publisher=Smithsonian |access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref>
 |[[File:Statue of Samuel D. Gross.jpg|100px]]
 |1895–1897
@@ Line 77: / Line 80: @@
 |[[File:Samuel D Gross LOC 00109v (cropped).jpg|100px|right]]Posthumous portrait of Dr. Gross, based on [[The Gross Clinic|Thomas Eakins's 1875 painting]].<br><br>From 1897 to 1970, the statue stood on the [[National Mall]] in Washington, D.C.:
 |-
-|''Bust of Major General [[John F. Hartranft]]''<ref>[https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=1CM8427I66897.1543&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!329214~!1&ri=3&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=Hartranft&index=.GW&uindex=&oper=&term=Calder&index=.AW&uindex=&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ri=3 Major General John Frederick Hartranft], from SIRIS.</ref>
+|''Bust of Major General [[John F. Hartranft]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=The Smith Memorial: Major General John Frederick Hartranft, (sculpture). |url=https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=1CM8427I66897.1543&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!329214~!1&ri=3&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=Hartranft&index=.GW&uindex=&oper=&term=Calder&index=.AW&uindex=&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ri=3 |website=siris-artinventories.si.edu |publisher=Smithsonian |access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref>
 |[[File:Hartranft Smith Arch.JPG|100px]]
 |1898
@@ Line 85: / Line 88: @@
 |Gen. Hartranft was a U.S. [[Medal of Honor]] recipient for the [[First Battle of Bull Run]].
 |-
-|Class of 1892 Drinking Fountain<ref>[https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=154851HQP8338.2672&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!16478~!184&ri=18&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=Calder,+Alexander+Stirling,+1870-1945,+sculptor.&index=AUTHOR&uindex=&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ri=18 A Drinking Fountain], from SIRIS.</ref><br>(''The Scholar and the Football Player'')
+|Class of 1892 Drinking Fountain<ref>{{cite web |title=A Drinking Fountain, (sculpture). |url=https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=154851HQP8338.2672&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!16478~!184&ri=18&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=Calder,+Alexander+Stirling,+1870-1945,+sculptor.&index=AUTHOR&uindex=&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ri=18 |website=siris-artinventories.si.edu |publisher=Smithsonian |access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref><br>(''The Scholar and the Football Player'')
 |
 |1900
@@ Line 101: / Line 104: @@
 |Modeled by Calder, carved by [[Edward Maene#Other commissions|John J. Maene]].<ref>[[Anna Margaretta Archambault]], ''A Guide Book of Art, Architecture, and Historic Interest in Pennsylvania'' (Philadelphia: John C. Winston Company, 1924), p. 250.</ref>
 |-
-|''Sewell Cross''<ref>[https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=154838234NTX9.1237&menu=search&aspect=Keyword&npp=50&ipp=20&spp=20&profile=ariall&ri=&term=stoic&index=.GW&aspect=Keyword&term=Calder&index=.AW&term=&index=.TW&term=&index=.SW&term=&index=.FW&term=&index=.OW&term=&index=.NW&x=12&y=7 The Sewell Cross], from SIRIS.</ref><br>Major General [[William Joyce Sewell]] Monument
+|''Sewell Cross''<ref>{{cite web |title=The Sewell Cross, (sculpture). |url=https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=154838234NTX9.1237&menu=search&aspect=Keyword&npp=50&ipp=20&spp=20&profile=ariall&ri=&term=stoic&index=.GW&aspect=Keyword&term=Calder&index=.AW&term=&index=.TW&term=&index=.SW&term=&index=.FW&term=&index=.OW&term=&index=.NW&x=12&y=7 |website=siris-artinventories.si.edu |publisher=Smithsonian |access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref><br>Major General [[William Joyce Sewell]] Monument
 |[[File:Sewell Memorial, The World's Work, Sept 1910, p.13386.jpg|100px]]
 |1901
@@ Line 115: / Line 118: @@
 |plaster<br>(original lost)
 |{{cvt|45|in|cm|sortable=on}}
-|PAFA purchased Calder's plaster original in 1905, and used it to make a 1906 bronze cast.<ref>[https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=154838234NTX9.1237&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!12183~!0&ri=1&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=Calder&index=.AW&uindex=&oper=&term=Man+Cub&index=.TW&uindex=&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ri=1 Man Cub], from SIRIS.</ref><br>The plaster was either returned to Calder or lost (by 1941).<ref name="Gadzinski"/>{{rp|172}}<br>A 1922 bronze cast is at the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/works_of_art/collection_database/american_paintings_and_sculpture/man_cub_alexander_stirling_calder/objectview.aspx?page=1&sort=6&sortdir=asc&keyword=man%20cub&fp=1&dd1=2&dd2=0&vw=1&collID=2&OID=20010698&vT=1&hi=0&ov=0 |title=Alexander Stirling Calder &#124; Man Cub &#124; The Metropolitan Museum of Art |publisher=Metmuseum.org |access-date=2014-08-10}}</ref>
+|PAFA purchased Calder's plaster original in 1905, and used it to make a 1906 bronze cast.<ref>{{cite web |title=Man Cub, (sculpture). |url=https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=154838234NTX9.1237&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!12183~!0&ri=1&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=Calder&index=.AW&uindex=&oper=&term=Man+Cub&index=.TW&uindex=&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ri=1 |website=siris-artinventories.si.edu |publisher=Smithsonian |access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref><br>The plaster was either returned to Calder or lost (by 1941).<ref name="Gadzinski"/>{{rp|172}}<br>A 1922 bronze cast is at the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/works_of_art/collection_database/american_paintings_and_sculpture/man_cub_alexander_stirling_calder/objectview.aspx?page=1&sort=6&sortdir=asc&keyword=man%20cub&fp=1&dd1=2&dd2=0&vw=1&collID=2&OID=20010698&vT=1&hi=0&ov=0 |title=Alexander Stirling Calder &#124; Man Cub &#124; The Metropolitan Museum of Art |publisher=Metmuseum.org |access-date=2014-08-10}}</ref>
 |-
-|''Sundial''<ref>[https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=1MD84M8442783.1549&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!15627~!3&ri=1&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=Sundial&index=.GW&uindex=&oper=&term=Calder&index=.AW&uindex=&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ri=1 Sundial], from SIRIS.</ref>
+|''Sundial''<ref>{{cite web |title=Sundial, (sculpture). |url=https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=1MD84M8442783.1549&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!15627~!3&ri=1&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=Sundial&index=.GW&uindex=&oper=&term=Calder&index=.AW&uindex=&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ri=1 |website=siris-artinventories.si.edu |publisher=Smithsonian |access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref>
 |[[File:Calder sundial Hort Center.JPG|100px]]
 |1903–1905
@@ Line 125: / Line 128: @@
 |Located in the Sunken Gardens:[[File:2008-Subaru-Cherry-Blossom-Festival-of-Greater-Philadelphia-1.jpg|100px|right]]
 |-
-|''Missouri: The Queen of Rivers''<ref>[https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=1V48380H5G219.1226&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!16497~!13&ri=1&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=missouri&index=.GW&uindex=&oper=&term=Calder&index=.AW&uindex=&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ri=1 The Missouri], from SIRIS.</ref>
+|''Missouri: The Queen of Rivers''<ref>{{cite web |title=The Missouri, the Queen of the Rivers, (sculpture). |url=https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=1V48380H5G219.1226&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!16497~!13&ri=1&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=missouri&index=.GW&uindex=&oper=&term=Calder&index=.AW&uindex=&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ri=1 |website=siris-artinventories.si.edu |publisher=Smithsonian |access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref>
 |[[File:The World almanac and encyclopedia (1904) (14598348608).jpg|100px]]
 |rowspan="2" |1904
@@ Line 133: / Line 136: @@
 |rowspan="2" |Calder won a silver medal for his sculpture at the 1904 World's Fair.<ref name="Gadzinski"/>{{rp|170}}
 |-
-|''Philippe Francois Renault''<ref>[https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=T548667P4J562.4725&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!2386~!0&ri=1&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=Renault&index=.GW&uindex=&oper=&term=Calder&index=.AW&uindex=&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ri=1 Philippe Francois Renault], from SIRIS.</ref>
+|''[[Philip François Renault]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Philippe Francois Renault, (sculpture). |url=https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=T548667P4J562.4725&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!2386~!0&ri=1&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=Renault&index=.GW&uindex=&oper=&term=Calder&index=.AW&uindex=&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ri=1 |website=siris-artinventories.si.edu |publisher=Smithsonian |access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref>
 |[[File:Calder Renault 1904 SAAM-J0050225.jpg|75px]]
 |plaster
 |
 |-
-|Calder Cross<ref>[https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=154838234NTX9.1237&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!309277~!0&ri=1&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=celtic&index=.GW&uindex=&oper=&term=Calder&index=.AW&uindex=&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ri=1 Calder Cross], from SIRIS.</ref><br>William Hickman Harte Memorial Cross
+|Calder Cross<ref>{{cite web |title=Calder Cross, (sculpture). |url=https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=154838234NTX9.1237&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!309277~!0&ri=1&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=celtic&index=.GW&uindex=&oper=&term=Calder&index=.AW&uindex=&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ri=1 |website=siris-artinventories.si.edu |publisher=Smithsonian |access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref><br>William Hickman Harte Memorial Cross
 |[[File:Sterling Calder Celtic Cross.JPG|100px]]
 |{{circa}}1905
@@ Line 146: / Line 149: @@
 |[[Lieutenant (junior grade)|Master]] William Hickman Harte was a Union naval officer who died in the June<br>17, 1862 [[Battle of St. Charles|Battle of Saint Charles]], following the sinking of the ''[[USS Mound City]]''.<br>Fifty years later, Harte's son located his [[Arkansas]] grave, and commissioned<br>this [[cenotaph]] for their home town cemetery.<ref>Minda Powers-Douglas, ''Chippiannock Cemetery'' (Arcadia Publishing, 2010), p. 98.[https://books.google.com/books?id=zX6NCQAAQBAJ&dq=william+hickman+harte&pg=PT51]</ref>
 |-
-|''Henry Charles Lea Monument''<ref>[https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=1H484FM189812.1599&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!307213~!1&ri=1&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=Calder&index=.AW&uindex=&oper=&term=Lea&index=.TW&uindex=&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ri=1 Henry Charles Lea Monument], from SIRIS.</ref>
+|''[[Henry Charles Lea]] Monument''<ref>{{cite web |title=Henry Charles Lea Monument, (sculpture). |url=https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=1H484FM189812.1599&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!307213~!1&ri=1&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=Calder&index=.AW&uindex=&oper=&term=Lea&index=.TW&uindex=&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ri=1 |website=siris-artinventories.si.edu |publisher=Smithsonian |access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref>
 |[[File:Henry Charles Lea monument, Laurel Hill Cemetery.jpg|100px]]
 |1911
@@ Line 152: / Line 155: @@
 |bronze
 |
-|[[File:HC Lea grave LH Philly.jpg|100px|right]] [[Henry Charles Lea]] was a noted historian.<br>The seated figure is [[Clio]], the Muse of History:
+|[[File:HC Lea grave LH Philly.jpg|100px|right]] Henry Charles Lea was a noted historian.<br>The seated figure is [[Clio]], the Muse of History:
 |-
-|''Stretching Girl''<ref>[https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=154851HQP8338.2672&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!31852~!207&ri=18&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=Calder,+Alexander+Stirling,+1870-1945,+sculptor.&index=AUTHOR&uindex=&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ri=18 Stretching Girl], from SIRIS.</ref>
+|''Stretching Girl''<ref>{{cite web |title=Stretching Girl, (sculpture). |url=https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=154851HQP8338.2672&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!31852~!207&ri=18&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=Calder,+Alexander+Stirling,+1870-1945,+sculptor.&index=AUTHOR&uindex=&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ri=18 |website=siris-artinventories.si.edu |publisher=Smithsonian |access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref>
 |
 |{{circa}}1911
@@ Line 162: / Line 165: @@
 |Calder's NAD diploma piece, presented following his election as an Academician<br>in 1913.<ref name="Dearinger">David B. Dearinger, ''Paintings & Sculpture at the National Academy of Design, Volume 1: 1826–1925'' (Hudson Hills Press, 2004), p. 84.</ref> Robert Henri painted Calder's NAD diploma portrait.<ref name="Dearinger"/><br><br>Another bronze cast is at the [[Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art]]<br>in Bentonville, Arkansas.<ref>[https://collection.crystalbridges.org/objects/182/stretching-girl?ctx=b114b1dd-b33e-4d73-b33a-13f3c9cc5819&idx=0 Stretching Girl], from Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art.</ref>
 |-
-|''An American Stoic: Portrait of Najinyankte''<ref>[https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=15OO4226A3045.1491&profile=ariall&uri=link=3100012~!10125~!3100001~!3100002&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ri=10&source=~!siartinventories&term=Portrait+male+--+Najinyankte&index=SUBJX Najinyankte], from SIRIS.</ref><ref>[https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/23478/lot/138/ An American Stoic], from Bonham's Auction House.</ref>
+|''An American Stoic: Portrait of Najinyankte''<ref>{{cite web |title=Najinyankte, (sculpture). |url=https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=15OO4226A3045.1491&profile=ariall&uri=link=3100012~!10125~!3100001~!3100002&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ri=10&source=~!siartinventories&term=Portrait+male+--+Najinyankte&index=SUBJX |website=siris-artinventories.si.edu |publisher=Smithsonian |access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref><ref>[https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/23478/lot/138/ An American Stoic], from Bonham's Auction House.</ref>
 |
 |1912
@@ Line 170: / Line 173: @@
 |A standing [[Sioux]] man wrapped in a blanket.
 |-
-|''Star Maiden''<ref>[https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=15483P97X51E9.1213&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!3483~!5&ri=4&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=Calder,+Alexander+Stirling,+1870-1945,+sculptor.&index=AUTHOR&uindex=&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ri=4 Star Maiden], from SIRIS.</ref>
+|''Star Maiden''<ref>{{cite web |title=Star Figure, (sculpture). |url=https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=15483P97X51E9.1213&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!3483~!5&ri=4&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=Calder,+Alexander+Stirling,+1870-1945,+sculptor.&index=AUTHOR&uindex=&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ri=4 |website=siris-artinventories.si.edu |publisher=Smithsonian |access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref>
 |[[File:StarASC.jpg|100px]]
 |1913–1915
@@ Line 192: / Line 195: @@
 |12 Nerieds riding dolphins were spaced around the pool's perimeter:<br>[[File:Calder Nereid Riding Dolphin 1.jpg|50px]] [[File:Calder Nereid Riding Dolphin 2.jpg|50px]]
 |-
-|rowspan="1" style="background:#BEBEBE" | ''The Nations of the East''<ref>[https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=154A55W1145Y1.2968&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!16485~!40&ri=11&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=Calder,+Alexander+Stirling&index=.AW&uindex=&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ri=11 The Nations of the East], from SIRIS.</ref> (destroyed)
+|rowspan="1" style="background:#BEBEBE" | ''The Nations of the East''<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nations of the East, (sculpture). |url=https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=154A55W1145Y1.2968&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!16485~!40&ri=11&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=Calder,+Alexander+Stirling&index=.AW&uindex=&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ri=11 |website=siris-artinventories.si.edu |publisher=Smithsonian |access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref> (destroyed)
 |[[File:Nationa of the East.jpeg|100px]]<br><br>[[File:Calder Arch Rising Sun Story of Expo vol.2 p.139.jpg|100px]]
 |1913–1915
@@ Line 200: / Line 203: @@
 |
 |-
-|rowspan="2" style="background:#BEBEBE" | ''The Nations of the West''<ref>[https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=154A55W1145Y1.2968&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!16481~!36&ri=9&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=Calder,+Alexander+Stirling&index=.AW&uindex=&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ri=9 The Nations of the West], from SIRIS.</ref> (destroyed)
+|rowspan="2" style="background:#BEBEBE" | ''The Nations of the West''<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nations of the West, (sculpture). |url=https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=154A55W1145Y1.2968&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!16481~!36&ri=9&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=Calder,+Alexander+Stirling&index=.AW&uindex=&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ri=9 |website=siris-artinventories.si.edu |publisher=Smithsonian |access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref> (destroyed)
 |rowspan="2" |[[Image:The Nations of the West - Project Gutenberg eText 16960.jpg|100px]]<br><br>[[File:Todd Story of Exposition vol.2 opp. p.142.jpg|100px]]
 |rowspan="2" |1913–1915
@@ Line 218: / Line 221: @@
 |[[File:Depew Memorial Fountain - Maquette.jpg|100px|right]]Calder completed this commission following sculptor [[Karl Bitter]]'s 1915 death.<br><br>Bitter's 1915 maquette for the fountain:
 |-
-|''George Washington as President,<br>Accompanied by Wisdom and Justice''<ref name="Wash Arch">[https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=1548F235X3389.1499&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!19848~!2&ri=1&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=washington+square&index=.GW&uindex=&oper=&term=Calder&index=.AW&uindex=&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ri=1 Washington Arch: George Washington as President], from SIRIS.</ref>
+|''George Washington as President,<br>Accompanied by Wisdom and Justice''<ref name=WashArch/>
 |[[File:Washington in Peace Calder.jpg|100px]]
 |1917–18
@@ Line 226: / Line 229: @@
 |[[File:The Washington Square Arch, Greenwich Village, NY (5).jpg|100px|right]]Sometimes called ''Washington at Peace''.<br>Hermon Atkins MacNeil modeled ''Washington at War'' (1914–16).<br>The pair flank the north side of the arch.
 |-
-|''The Great Stone Barge''<ref>[https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=154851HQP8338.2672&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!6567~!8&ri=18&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=Calder,+Alexander+Stirling,+1870-1945,+sculptor.&index=AUTHOR&uindex=&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ri=18 Stone Barge], from SIRIS.</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Woodward |first=Kellie |url=http://vizcayamuseumshop.blogspot.com/2009/10/stone-barge-alexander-stirling-calder.html |title=Vizcaya Museum Shop: The Stone Barge, Alexander Stirling Calder, and the Internet |publisher=Vizcayamuseumshop.blogspot.com |date=2009-10-15 |access-date=2014-08-10}}</ref><br>(''Delights and Terrors of the Sea'')
+|''The Great Stone Barge''<ref>{{cite web |title=Stone Barge, (sculpture). |url=https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=154851HQP8338.2672&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!6567~!8&ri=18&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=Calder,+Alexander+Stirling,+1870-1945,+sculptor.&index=AUTHOR&uindex=&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ri=18 |website=siris-artinventories.si.edu |publisher=Smithsonian |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Woodward |first=Kellie |url=https://vizcayamuseumshop.blogspot.com/2009/10/stone-barge-alexander-stirling-calder.html |title=Vizcaya Museum Shop: The Stone Barge, Alexander Stirling Calder, and the Internet |publisher=Vizcayamuseumshop.blogspot.com |date=2009-10-15 |access-date=2014-08-10}}</ref><br>(''Delights and Terrors of the Sea'')
 |[[File:Coco Grove FL Vizcaya barge02.jpg|100px]]
 |rowspan="2" |1917–1919
@@ Line 232: / Line 235: @@
 |rowspan="2" |limestone
 |rowspan="2" |
-|[[File:American Architect Feb 28, 1917 p.147.jpg|100px|right]]Calder's barge sculptures were criticized for being "excessively erotic."<ref>Jed Perl, ''Calder: The Conquest of Time — The Early Years: 1898–1940'' (Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2017), p. 14.</ref><br><br>The eroded sculptures were used to cast concrete replicas in 1981.<ref>[https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=154851HQP8338.2672&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!336999~!199&ri=18&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=Calder,+Alexander+Stirling,+1870-1945,+sculptor.&index=AUTHOR&uindex=&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ri=18 Delights and Terrors of the Sea], from SIRIS.</ref>
+|[[File:American Architect Feb 28, 1917 p.147.jpg|100px|right]]Calder's barge sculptures were criticized for being "excessively erotic."{{sfn|Perl|2017|p=14}}<br><br>The eroded sculptures were used to cast concrete replicas in 1981.<ref>{{cite web |title=Delights and Terrors of the Sea, (sculpture). |url=https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=154851HQP8338.2672&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!336999~!199&ri=18&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=Calder,+Alexander+Stirling,+1870-1945,+sculptor.&index=AUTHOR&uindex=&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ri=18 |website=siris-artinventories.si.edu.com |publisher=Smithsonian |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
 |-
 |Garden sculpture
@@ Line 238: / Line 241: @@
 |[[File:Vizcaya - panoramio (13).jpg|100px]] [[File:Busts - Vizcaya Museum and Gardens - Miami, Florida - DSC08625.jpg|100px]] [[File:Shepherd group - Vizcaya Museum and Gardens - Miami, Florida - DSC08703.jpg|100px]] [[File:Gate - Vizcaya Museum and Gardens - Miami, Florida - DSC08283.jpg|50px]] [[File:Villa Vizcaya - IMG 8050.JPG|100px]]
 |-
-|''The Little Dear with the Tiny Black Swan''<br>(''Leda and the Swan'')<ref>[https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=15483P97X51E9.1213&menu=search&aspect=Keyword&npp=50&ipp=20&spp=20&profile=ariall&ri=&term=&index=.GW&aspect=Keyword&term=Calder&index=.AW&term=Leda&index=.TW&term=&index=.SW&term=&index=.FW&term=&index=.OW&term=&index=.NW&x=10&y=15 Leda and the Swan], from SIRIS.</ref>
+|''The Little Dear with the Tiny Black Swan''<br>(''Leda and the Swan'')<ref>{{cite web |title=Leda and the Swan, (sculpture). |url=https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=15483P97X51E9.1213&menu=search&aspect=Keyword&npp=50&ipp=20&spp=20&profile=ariall&ri=&term=&index=.GW&aspect=Keyword&term=Calder&index=.AW&term=Leda&index=.TW&term=&index=.SW&term=&index=.FW&term=&index=.OW&term=&index=.NW&x=10&y=15 |website=siris-artinventories.si.edu |publisher=Smithsonian |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
 |[[File:Calder Little Dear 1921 SAAM-J0050084.jpg|100px]]
 |1918–1921
@@ Line 246: / Line 249: @@
 |A {{cvt|60.25|in|cm|sortable=on}} version is a promised gift to Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art.<ref>[https://collection.crystalbridges.org/objects/136/the-little-dear-with-the-tiny-black-swan?ctx=dcd8ec37-31d3-4d87-a07b-df364c292969&idx=1 The Little Dear with the Tiny Black Swan], from Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art.</ref>
 |-
-|''[[Swann Fountain|Swann Memorial Fountain]]''<ref>[https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=SG48X34391544.1595&menu=search&aspect=Keyword&npp=50&ipp=20&spp=20&profile=ariall&ri=&term=&index=.GW&aspect=Keyword&term=Calder&index=.AW&term=Swann&index=.TW&term=&index=.SW&term=&index=.FW&term=&index=.OW&term=&index=.NW&x=0&y=0 Swann Memorial Fountain], from SIRIS.</ref><br>(''Fountain of Three Rivers'')
+|''[[Swann Fountain|Swann Memorial Fountain]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Swann Memorial Fountain, (sculpture). |url=https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=SG48X34391544.1595&menu=search&aspect=Keyword&npp=50&ipp=20&spp=20&profile=ariall&ri=&term=&index=.GW&aspect=Keyword&term=Calder&index=.AW&term=Swann&index=.TW&term=&index=.SW&term=&index=.FW&term=&index=.OW&term=&index=.NW&x=0&y=0 |website=siris-artinventories.si.edu |publisher=Smithsonian |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><br>(''Fountain of Three Rivers'')
 |[[File:Logan Square in Phila..JPG|100px]]
 |1920–1924
@@ Line 260: / Line 263: @@
 |painted plaster
 |{{cvt|16.25|in|cm|sortable=on}}
-|A bronze cast is at the [[Reading Public Museum]] in Reading, Pennsylvania.<ref>[http://collection.readingpublicmuseum.org/objects/1268/naiad-with-mask Naiad with Mask], from Reading Public Museum.</ref><br>A larger plaster version is at the [[Montclair Art Museum]] in Montclair, New Jersey.<ref>[https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=15484I14B2777.1481&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!2996~!0&ri=9&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=Calder&index=.AW&uindex=&oper=&term=Naiad&index=.TW&uindex=&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ri=9 Naiad with a Mask], from SIRIS.</ref>
+|A bronze cast is at the [[Reading Public Museum]] in Reading, Pennsylvania.<ref>[http://collection.readingpublicmuseum.org/objects/1268/naiad-with-mask Naiad with Mask], from Reading Public Museum.</ref><br>A larger plaster version is at the [[Montclair Art Museum]] in Montclair, New Jersey.<ref>{{cite web |title=Naiad with a Mask, (sculpture). |url=https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=15484I14B2777.1481&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!2996~!0&ri=9&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=Calder&index=.AW&uindex=&oper=&term=Naiad&index=.TW&uindex=&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ri=9 |website=siris-artinventories.si.edu |publisher=Smithsonian |access-date=31 August 2025}}</ref>
 |-
 |''Scratching Her Heel''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/works_of_art/collection_database/american_paintings_and_sculpture/scratching_her_heel_alexander_stirling_calder/objectview_enlarge.aspx?page=40&sort=0&sortdir=asc&keyword=&fp=1&dd1=2&dd2=0&vw=1&collID=2&OID=20010699&vT=1&hi=0&ov=0 |title=Alexander Stirling Calder &#124; Scratching Her Heel &#124; The Metropolitan Museum of Art |publisher=Metmuseum.org |access-date=2014-08-10}}</ref>
@@ Line 268: / Line 271: @@
 |bronze
 |{{cvt|12|in|cm|sortable=on}}
-|Another bronze cast is at the [[Telfair Museums|Telfair Museum of Art]] in Savannah, Georgia.<ref>[https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=15K85T683832T.2655&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!6738~!0&ri=1&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=heel&index=.GW&uindex=&oper=&term=Calder&index=.AW&uindex=&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ri=1 Scratching Her Heel], from SIRIS.</ref>
+|Another bronze cast is at the [[Telfair Museums|Telfair Museum of Art]] in Savannah, Georgia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Scratching Her Heel, (sculpture). |url=https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=15K85T683832T.2655&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!6738~!0&ri=1&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=heel&index=.GW&uindex=&oper=&term=Calder&index=.AW&uindex=&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ri=1 |website=siris-artinventories.si.edu |publisher=Smithsonian |access-date=31 August 2025}}</ref>
 |-
 |''The Last Dryad''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/300112.html?mulR=9329 |title=Philadelphia Museum of Art – Collections Object : The Last Dryad |publisher=Philamuseum.org |date=2007-02-17 |access-date=2014-08-10}}</ref>
@@ Line 278: / Line 281: @@
 |[[File:The Last Dryad by Alexander Stirling Calder - University of California, Berkeley - DSC04911.JPG|100px|right]]A 1926 bronze cast is at the [[University of California, Berkeley]].
 |-
-|''Shakespeare Memorial''<ref>[https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=15I842LT85595.1555&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!16531~!2&ri=1&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=Calder&index=.AW&uindex=&oper=&term=Shakespeare&index=.TW&uindex=&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ri=1 Shakespeare Memorial], from SIRIS.</ref><br>(''Tragedy and Comedy'', ''Hamlet and the Fool'')
+|[[Shakespeare Memorial (Philadelphia)|Shakespeare Memorial]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Shakespeare Memorial, (sculpture). |url=https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=15I842LT85595.1555&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!16531~!2&ri=1&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=Calder&index=.AW&uindex=&oper=&term=Shakespeare&index=.TW&uindex=&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ri=1 |website=siris-artinventories.si.edu |publisher=Smithsonian |access-date=31 August 2025}}</ref><br>(''Tragedy and Comedy'', ''Hamlet and the Fool'')
 |[[File:Shakespeare monument - panoramio.jpg|100px]]
 |1923–1926
@@ Line 441: / Line 444: @@
 ===Medallions===
-* ''Life as a Dance'' ({{circa}}1938), Metropolitan Museum of Art, Manhattan, New York City<ref>[https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=154851HQP8338.2672&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!16490~!44&ri=18&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=Calder,+Alexander+Stirling,+1870-1945,+sculptor.&index=AUTHOR&uindex=&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ri=18 The Dance of Life], from SIRIS.</ref>
+* ''Life as a Dance'' ({{circa}}1938), Metropolitan Museum of Art, Manhattan, New York City<ref>{{cite web |title=The Dance of Life, (sculpture). |url=https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=154851HQP8338.2672&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!16490~!44&ri=18&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=Calder,+Alexander+Stirling,+1870-1945,+sculptor.&index=AUTHOR&uindex=&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ri=18 |website=siris-artinventories.si.edu |publisher=Smithsonian |access-date=31 August 2025}}</ref>
 <gallery>
 File:Life as a Dance MET AW 38 111 2-001.jpg
@@ Line 448: / Line 451: @@
 ==References==
-* Armstrong, Craven et al., ''200 Years of American Sculpture'', Whitney Museum of Art, NYC,  1976
+'''Citations'''
-* Bach, Penny Balkin, ''Public Art in Philadelphia'', Temple University Press, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1992
+{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
-* Calder, A. Sterling, ''Thoughts of A. Stirling Calder on Art and Life'', Privately published, New York,  1947
-* Craven, Wayne, ''Sculpture in America'', Thomas Y Crowell Co, New York 1968
+'''Sources'''
+* {{cite book
+  | last = Armstrong
+  | first = Tom
+  | year = 1976
+  | title = 200 Years of American Sculpture
+  | publisher = Whitney Museum of Art
+  | isbn = 0-87923-185-8
+  | url = https://archive.org/details/200yearsofarms/mode/2up
+  }}
 * Fairmount Park Art Association, ''Sculpture of a City: Philadelphia's Treasures in Bronze and Stone'', Walker Publishing Co., Inc, New York. NY 1974
 * Falk, Peter Hastings, ed.,  ''Who was Who in American Art'', Sound View Press, Madison Connecticut,  1985
 * Gadzinski, Cunningham, Panhorst et al., ''American Sculpture in the Museum of American Art of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts'', Museum of American Art of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1997
-* Hayes, Margaret Calder, ''Three Alexander Calders'', Paul S Eriksson Publisher, Middlebury, Vermont,  1977
 * {{cite journal |last=Hoeber |first=Arthur |author-link= Arthur Hoeber |date=September 1910 |title=Calder – A "Various" Sculptor: A Man Of Craftmanship And Brains |journal=[[World's Work|The World's Work: A History of Our Time]] |volume=XX |pages=13377–13388  |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HsrkfU461xAC&pg=PA13377|access-date=2009-07-10 }}
-* Kvaran and Lockley, ''A Guide to American Architectural Sculpture'' unpublished manuscript,
 * Opitz, Glenn B ed., ''Mantle Fielding's Dictionary of American Painters, Sculptors & Engravers'', Apollo Book, Poughkeepsie NY, 1986
+* {{cite book
+  | last = Perl
+  | first = Jed
+  | year = 2017
+  | title = Calder: The Conquest of Time - The Early Years: 1898-1940
+  | publisher = Alfred A. Knopf
+  | isbn = 9780307272720
+  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0Q8cDgAAQBAJ
+  }}
 * Proske, Beatrice Gilman, ''Brookgreen Gardens Sculpture'', Brookgreen Gardens, South Carolina,  1968
-===Notes===
+==Further reading==
-{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
+*Bach, Penny Balkin, ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Public%20Art%20in%20Philadelphia/x9hlQgAACAAJ Public Art in Philadelphia]'', Temple University Press, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1992
+*Calder, A. Sterling, ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Thoughts%20of%20A%20Stirling%20Calder%20on%20Art%20and/YuU2AQAAIAAJ Thoughts of A. Stirling Calder on Art and Life]'', Privately published, New York,  1947
+*Craven, Wayne, ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Sculpture%20in%20America/YnJQAAAAMAAJ Sculpture in America]'', University of Delaware Press, 1984
+*Hayes, Margaret Calder  ''[https://archive.org/details/threealexanderca00haye/mode/2up Three Alexander Calders]'', Paul S Eriksson Publisher, Middlebury, Vermont,  1977 {{ISBN|0-8397-8017-6}}
 ==External links==
@@ Line 478: / Line 500: @@
 [[Category:1870 births]]
 [[Category:1945 deaths]]
+[[Category:19th-century American male artists]]
+[[Category:19th-century American sculptors]]
+[[Category:20th-century American male artists]]
+[[Category:20th-century American sculptors]]
+[[Category:American alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts]]
 [[Category:American architectural sculptors]]
+[[Category:American expatriates in France]]
 [[Category:American male sculptors]]
-[[Category:19th-century American sculptors]]
+[[Category:American people of Scottish descent]]
 [[Category:Art Students League of New York faculty]]
 [[Category:Artists from Philadelphia]]
-[[Category:American people of Scottish descent]]
+[[Category:Burials at West Laurel Hill Cemetery]]
-[[Category:Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts alumni]]
+[[Category:Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters]]
-[[Category:Students of Thomas Eakins]]
+[[Category:National Sculpture Society members]]
 [[Category:Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts faculty]]
-[[Category:American alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts]]
+[[Category:Sculptors from New York (state)]]
-[[Category:20th-century American sculptors]]
-[[Category:20th-century American male artists]]
-[[Category:American expatriates in France]]
-[[Category:National Sculpture Society members]]
 [[Category:Sculptors from Pennsylvania]]
-[[Category:Sculptors from New York (state)]]
+[[Category:Students of Thomas Eakins]]
-[[Category:19th-century American male artists]]
-[[Category:Burials at West Laurel Hill Cemetery]]
-[[Category:Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters]]

Alexander Stirling Calder: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 12:07, 10 October 2025

Early life and education

Career

Personal life

Legacy

Selected works

Architectural sculpture

Medallions

References

Further reading

External links

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