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{{About year|1454}} | {{About year|1454}} | ||
[[File:Italy 1494 AD.png|250px|thumb|[[August 30]]: Milan, Venice, Florence, the Papal States and Naples create alliance of the major powers of Italy.]] | |||
{{Year nav|1454}} | {{Year nav|1454}} | ||
{{C15 year in topic}}Year '''1454''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCDLIV]]''') was a [[common year starting on Tuesday]] of the [[Julian calendar]]. | {{C15 year in topic}}Year '''1454''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCDLIV]]''') was a [[common year starting on Tuesday]] of the [[Julian calendar]]. | ||
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* [[April 9]] – [[Treaty of Lodi]]: [[Francesco Sforza]] forms a triple alliance between the [[Duchy of Milan]], the [[Republic of Florence]] and [[Kingdom of Naples]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Christina J. Moose|title=Great Events from History: The Renaissance & early modern era, 1454-1600|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oKXxAAAAMAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Salem Press|isbn=978-1-58765-215-8|page=15}}</ref> | * [[April 9]] – [[Treaty of Lodi]]: [[Francesco Sforza]] forms a triple alliance between the [[Duchy of Milan]], the [[Republic of Florence]] and [[Kingdom of Naples]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Christina J. Moose|title=Great Events from History: The Renaissance & early modern era, 1454-1600|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oKXxAAAAMAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Salem Press|isbn=978-1-58765-215-8|page=15}}</ref> | ||
* [[May 8]] – [[Catalan, Lord of Monaco|Catalan Grimaldi]] becomes the new [[List of rulers of Monaco|Lord of Monaco]] upon the death of his father, [[Jean I, Lord of Monaco|Jean I Grimaldi]].<ref>Dezobry et Bachelet, ''Dictionnaire de biographie'', vol. 1, (Ch. Delagrave, 1878) p. 1237</ref> | * [[May 8]] – [[Catalan, Lord of Monaco|Catalan Grimaldi]] becomes the new [[List of rulers of Monaco|Lord of Monaco]] upon the death of his father, [[Jean I, Lord of Monaco|Jean I Grimaldi]].<ref>Dezobry et Bachelet, ''Dictionnaire de biographie'', vol. 1, (Ch. Delagrave, 1878) p. 1237</ref> | ||
* [[May 28]] – King Casimir IV of Poland receives an oath of allegiance from the citizens of [[Toruń]] and other cities in the Chelmno area.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Górski|first=Karol|title=Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych|year=1949|publisher=Instytut Zachodni|location=Poznań|pages= | * [[May 28]] – King Casimir IV of Poland receives an oath of allegiance from the citizens of [[Toruń]] and other cities in the Chelmno area.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Górski|first=Karol|title=Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych|year=1949|publisher=Instytut Zachodni|location=Poznań|pages=76–77|language=pl}}</ref> | ||
* [[June 11]] – In Poland, the landholders and bishops of [[Eblag]] pledge allegiance to King Casimir IV, and [[ | * [[June 11]] – In Poland, the landholders and bishops of [[Eblag]] pledge allegiance to King Casimir IV, and [[Gdańsk]] follows on June 16.<ref name=Dyskant/> | ||
* [[June 13]] – | * [[June 13]] – | ||
**The [[canton of St. Gallen]] is accepted as an associate state of the [[Old Swiss Confederation|Swiss Confederation]].<ref>W. A. B. Coolidge. "St Gall (town)". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press, 1911. p. 4</ref> | **The [[canton of St. Gallen]] is accepted as an associate state of the [[Old Swiss Confederation|Swiss Confederation]].<ref>W. A. B. Coolidge. "St Gall (town)". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press, 1911. p. 4</ref> | ||
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* [[July 12]] – Within the [[Duchy of Pomerania]] in Germany, the [[Hanseatic League]] town of [[Stralsund]] ends its resistance to the Pomeranian dukes and enters into a peace agreement.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Geschichte in Daten. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern |first1=Gerhard |last1=Heitz |first2=Henning |last2=Rischer |publisher=Koehler&Amelang |location=Münster-Berlin |year=1995 |page=192 |isbn=3-7338-0195-4|language=German}}</ref> | * [[July 12]] – Within the [[Duchy of Pomerania]] in Germany, the [[Hanseatic League]] town of [[Stralsund]] ends its resistance to the Pomeranian dukes and enters into a peace agreement.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Geschichte in Daten. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern |first1=Gerhard |last1=Heitz |first2=Henning |last2=Rischer |publisher=Koehler&Amelang |location=Münster-Berlin |year=1995 |page=192 |isbn=3-7338-0195-4|language=German}}</ref> | ||
* [[July 21]] – At [[Valladolid]], [[Henry IV of Castile|Enrique IV]] is proclaimed as the new [[Kingdom of Castile|King of Castile]] on the day after the death of his father, [[John II of Castile|King Juan II]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Martín |first1=José-Luis |title=Enrique IV de Castilla : Rey de Navarra, Príncipe de Cataluña |date=2002 |publisher=Nerea |location=Hondarribia |isbn=84-89569-82-7|oclc=52644522}}</ref> | * [[July 21]] – At [[Valladolid]], [[Henry IV of Castile|Enrique IV]] is proclaimed as the new [[Kingdom of Castile|King of Castile]] on the day after the death of his father, [[John II of Castile|King Juan II]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Martín |first1=José-Luis |title=Enrique IV de Castilla : Rey de Navarra, Príncipe de Cataluña |date=2002 |publisher=Nerea |location=Hondarribia |isbn=84-89569-82-7|oclc=52644522}}</ref> | ||
* [[July 31]] – In [[France]], the rebel [[Pierre II de Montferrand]], former Governor of Baye, is beheaded, drawn and quartered after his July 14 conviction for treason.<ref>{{ | * [[July 31]] – In [[France]], the rebel [[Pierre II de Montferrand]], former Governor of Baye, is beheaded, drawn and quartered after his July 14 conviction for treason.<ref>{{citation |author1=Florent Palluault |author2=Fabrice Vigier |title=L'exécution de Pierre de Montferrand, sire de Lesparre, à Poitiers le 31 juillet 1454 |trans-title=The execution of Pierre de Montferrand, lord of Lesparre, at Poitiers on 31 July 1454|work=Revue historique du Centre-Ouest |volume=XVII (17) |pages=153–156 |date=2018 |issn=1767-6320}}</ref> Shortly afterward, Montferrand is beheaded, then drawn and quartered. | ||
* [[August 22]] – In [[Moldavia]], [[Petru Aron]] retakes the throne from [[Alexăndrel of Moldavia|Alexăndrel]].<ref>Constantin Rezachevici, ''Cronologia critică a domnilor din Țara Românească și Moldova, a. 1324 - 1881'' ("Critical Chronology of the Lords of Wallachia and Moldavia, 1324-1881"), vol. I, (Bucharest: Editura Enciclopedică, 2001) {{ISBN|973-45-0387-1}}</ref> | |||
* [[August 26]] – At [[Elbistan]], capital of the [[Beylik of Dulkadir|principality of Dulkadir]], [[Malik Arslan]] becomes the new ruler upon the death of his father, [[Suleiman of Dulkadir]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Yinanç |first1=Refet |title=Dulkadir Beyliği |date=1989 |publisher=Turkish Historical Society Press |location=Ankara |page=58 |isbn=9751601711 |oclc=21676736 |language=tr}}</ref> | |||
* [[August 30]] – The [[Italic League]] is concluded in [[Venice]] as an alliance between the [[Republic of Venice]], the [[Papal States]], the [[Duchy of Milan]], the [[Republic of Florence]], and the [[Kingdom of Naples]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Roland Sarti|title=Italic League|encyclopedia=Italy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xhoLorFC1iwC&pg=PA342|page=342|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2004|isbn=978-0816-07474-7}}</ref> | * [[August 30]] – The [[Italic League]] is concluded in [[Venice]] as an alliance between the [[Republic of Venice]], the [[Papal States]], the [[Duchy of Milan]], the [[Republic of Florence]], and the [[Kingdom of Naples]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Roland Sarti|title=Italic League|encyclopedia=Italy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xhoLorFC1iwC&pg=PA342|page=342|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2004|isbn=978-0816-07474-7}}</ref> | ||
* [[September 18]] – [[Thirteen Years' War (1454–66)|Thirteen Years' War]] – [[Battle of Chojnice (1454)|Battle of Chojnice]]: The [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Polish]] army is defeated by a smaller but more professional [[Teutonic Knights|Teutonic]] army. | * [[September 18]] – [[Thirteen Years' War (1454–66)|Thirteen Years' War]] – [[Battle of Chojnice (1454)|Battle of Chojnice]]: The [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Polish]] army is defeated by a smaller but more professional [[Teutonic Knights|Teutonic]] army. | ||
* [[September 24]] – At the [[Battle of Leskovac]], [[Nikola Skobaljić]], [[voivode]] of Dubočica, defeats Ottoman Turks invading Serbia.<ref name=Mihailovic>{{Cite book |last=Mihailović |first=Konstantin |url=https://ekitapstore.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/konstantin-mihailovic%CC%A7-bir-yenic%CC%A7erinin-hat%C4%B1ralar%C4%B1.pdf |title=Bir Yeniçerinin Hatıraları |publisher=Ayrıntı Yayınları |year=2012 |isbn=978-975-539-754-2 |editor-last=Kıcıroğlu |editor-first=Nuri Fudayl |pages= | * [[September 24]] – At the [[Battle of Leskovac]], [[Nikola Skobaljić]], [[voivode]] of Dubočica, defeats Ottoman Turks invading Serbia.<ref name=Mihailovic>{{Cite book |last=Mihailović |first=Konstantin |url=https://ekitapstore.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/konstantin-mihailovic%CC%A7-bir-yenic%CC%A7erinin-hat%C4%B1ralar%C4%B1.pdf |title=Bir Yeniçerinin Hatıraları |publisher=Ayrıntı Yayınları |year=2012 |isbn=978-975-539-754-2 |editor-last=Kıcıroğlu |editor-first=Nuri Fudayl |pages=85–86 |language=tr |trans-title=Memoirs of a Janissary |chapter=Yirmi Yedinci Kısım: Mehmed Despotla Olan Antlaşmasına Nasıl İhanet Etti |trans-chapter=Chapter Twenty Seven: How Mehmed Betrayed His Treaty With The Despot |editor-last2=Ekim |editor-first2=Behiç Anıl}}</ref> | ||
===October–December=== | ===October–December=== | ||
* [[October 2]] – At the [[Battle of Kruševac]], the Serbian Army, commanded by General Skobaljić with the assistance of troops from [[John Hunyadi]] and [[Đurađ Branković]], destroys Ottoman invaders commanded by [[Feriz Beg]].<ref name=Mihailovic/> | * [[October 2]] – At the [[Battle of Kruševac]], the Serbian Army, commanded by General Skobaljić with the assistance of troops from [[John Hunyadi]] and [[Đurađ Branković]], destroys Ottoman invaders commanded by [[Feriz Beg]].<ref name=Mihailovic/> | ||
* [[October 9]] – [[Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466)|Thirteen Years' War]]: [[Malbork treaty]] between the authorities of the Teutonic Order and the mercenary forces fighting for the Teutonic Order. | * [[October 9]] – [[Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466)|Thirteen Years' War]]: The [[Malbork treaty]] is concluded between the authorities of the Teutonic Order and the mercenary forces fighting for the Teutonic Order. | ||
* [[November 16]] – [[Nikola Skobaljić]], the Serbian [[voivode]] of Dubočica who had resisted Ottoman rule, is defeated by the armies of the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II and is taken prisoner. Skobaljić is executed by [[impalement]] at the Mehmed's command, and his head is sent to Constantinople to serve as an example of the punishment for people who resist the Ottoman Sultan.<ref>Franz Babinger, ''Mehmed the Conqueror and his time'' (Princeton University Press, 1978) p.110</ref> | * [[November 16]] – [[Nikola Skobaljić]], the Serbian [[voivode]] of Dubočica who had resisted Ottoman rule, is defeated by the armies of the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II and is taken prisoner. Skobaljić is executed by [[impalement]] at the Mehmed's command, and his head is sent to Constantinople to serve as an example of the punishment for people who resist the Ottoman Sultan.<ref>Franz Babinger, ''Mehmed the Conqueror and his time'' (Princeton University Press, 1978) p.110</ref> | ||
* [[December 12]] (Julian calendar, December 21 Gregorian) – ( | * [[December 12]] (Julian calendar, December 21 Gregorian) – (24th day of 11th month of [[Kyōtoku|Kyotuku 3]]) [[1454 Kyōtoku earthquake and tsunami|An earthquake estimated by geologists at 8.4 magnitude]] strikes off the east coast of Japan and causes a [[tsunami]] that kills an indeterminate number of people in the [[Kantō region]] and the [[Tōhoku region]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sawai |first1=Y. |last2=Namegaya |first2=Y. |last3=Tamura |first3=T. |last4=Nakashuima |first4=R. |last5=Tanigawa |first5=K. |date=2015 |title=Shorter intervals between great earthquakes near Sendai: Scour ponds and a sand layer attributable to A.D. 1454 overwash |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=42 |issue=12 |pages=4795–4800 |doi=10.1002/2015GL064167|bibcode=2015GeoRL..42.4795S |doi-access=free}}</ref> | ||
* [[December]] – King Henry VI of [[Kingdom of England|England]] having regained his sanity dismisses the Duke of York as Protector. | * [[December]] – King Henry VI of [[Kingdom of England|England]] having regained his sanity dismisses the Duke of York as Protector. | ||
Latest revision as of 05:12, 26 July 2025
Template:Year nav Script error: No such module "Sidebar". Script error: No such module "Year in various calendars".Year 1454 (MCDLIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–March
- January 6 – Mehmed II, the Muslim Sultan of the Ottoman empire, restores the Christian Ecumenical Orthodox Patriarchate of Constantinople, and appoints the Byzantine Greek theologian Gennadius Scholarius as the Patriarch Gennadius II.[1]
- February 4 – The cause of the Thirteen Years' War is set when the Secret Council of the Prussian Confederation sends a formal act of disobedience to the Grand Master, and the citizens of Toruń rebel against the Teutonic Knights, beginning the conflict.[2]
- March 6 – Casimir IV of Poland renounces allegiance to the Teutonic Knights and the Prussian Confederation pledges its allegiance to him.
- March 27 – Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York, becomes Protector for King Henry VI of England, who is in a catatonic state.
April–June
- April 9 – Treaty of Lodi: Francesco Sforza forms a triple alliance between the Duchy of Milan, the Republic of Florence and Kingdom of Naples.[3]
- May 8 – Catalan Grimaldi becomes the new Lord of Monaco upon the death of his father, Jean I Grimaldi.[4]
- May 28 – King Casimir IV of Poland receives an oath of allegiance from the citizens of Toruń and other cities in the Chelmno area.[5]
- June 11 – In Poland, the landholders and bishops of Eblag pledge allegiance to King Casimir IV, and Gdańsk follows on June 16.[6]
- June 13 –
- The canton of St. Gallen is accepted as an associate state of the Swiss Confederation.[7]
- Ulrich II, Count of Celje becomes the new Ban of Slavonia upon the death of his father, Frederick II.[8]
- June 19 – In Poland, Królewiec (now Kaliningrad in Russia) pledges its allegiance to Casimir IV with the city's Chancellor, Jan Taszka Koniecpolski, delivering the oath on behalf of the estates and cities of Lower Prussia.[6]
July–September
- July 12 – Within the Duchy of Pomerania in Germany, the Hanseatic League town of Stralsund ends its resistance to the Pomeranian dukes and enters into a peace agreement.[9]
- July 21 – At Valladolid, Enrique IV is proclaimed as the new King of Castile on the day after the death of his father, King Juan II.[10]
- July 31 – In France, the rebel Pierre II de Montferrand, former Governor of Baye, is beheaded, drawn and quartered after his July 14 conviction for treason.[11] Shortly afterward, Montferrand is beheaded, then drawn and quartered.
- August 22 – In Moldavia, Petru Aron retakes the throne from Alexăndrel.[12]
- August 26 – At Elbistan, capital of the principality of Dulkadir, Malik Arslan becomes the new ruler upon the death of his father, Suleiman of Dulkadir.[13]
- August 30 – The Italic League is concluded in Venice as an alliance between the Republic of Venice, the Papal States, the Duchy of Milan, the Republic of Florence, and the Kingdom of Naples.[14]
- September 18 – Thirteen Years' War – Battle of Chojnice: The Polish army is defeated by a smaller but more professional Teutonic army.
- September 24 – At the Battle of Leskovac, Nikola Skobaljić, voivode of Dubočica, defeats Ottoman Turks invading Serbia.[15]
October–December
- October 2 – At the Battle of Kruševac, the Serbian Army, commanded by General Skobaljić with the assistance of troops from John Hunyadi and Đurađ Branković, destroys Ottoman invaders commanded by Feriz Beg.[15]
- October 9 – Thirteen Years' War: The Malbork treaty is concluded between the authorities of the Teutonic Order and the mercenary forces fighting for the Teutonic Order.
- November 16 – Nikola Skobaljić, the Serbian voivode of Dubočica who had resisted Ottoman rule, is defeated by the armies of the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II and is taken prisoner. Skobaljić is executed by impalement at the Mehmed's command, and his head is sent to Constantinople to serve as an example of the punishment for people who resist the Ottoman Sultan.[16]
- December 12 (Julian calendar, December 21 Gregorian) – (24th day of 11th month of Kyotuku 3) An earthquake estimated by geologists at 8.4 magnitude strikes off the east coast of Japan and causes a tsunami that kills an indeterminate number of people in the Kantō region and the Tōhoku region.[17]
- December – King Henry VI of England having regained his sanity dismisses the Duke of York as Protector.
Date unknown
- The press of Johannes Gutenberg (at Mainz on the Rhine) produces the first printed documents bearing a date.
- Isaac Zarfati sends a circular letter to Rhineland, Swabia, Moravia and Hungary, praising the happy conditions of the Jews under the crescent, in contrast to the "great torture chamber" under the cross, and urging them to come to the Ottoman Empire.[18]
- The Statutes of Nieszawa are enacted in Poland.
- The Drought of One Rabbit is recorded in Aztec history.
Births
- June 3 – Bogislaw X, Duke of Pomerania (1474–1523) (d. 1523)
- June 16 – Joanna of Aragon, Queen of Naples (d. 1517)
- July 14 – Poliziano, Italian humanist (d. 1494)
- September 4 – Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, English politician (d. 1483)
- September 24 – Gerold Edlibach, Swiss historian (d. 1530)
- November 25 – Catherine Cornaro, Queen of Cyprus (d. 1510)
- date unknown
- Domenico Maria Novara da Ferrara, Italian astronomer (d. 1504)
- Pinturicchio, Italian painter (d. 1513)
- Choe Bu, Korean official and venturer to China (d. 1504)
- Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany (d. 1485)
Deaths
- March 22 – John Kemp, Archbishop of Canterbury
- July 20 – King John II of Castile (b. 1405)
- December 10 – Ignatius Behnam Hadloyo, Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch.[19]
- date unknown
- Chiara Zorzi, regent of Athens
- William Turnbull, Bishop of Glasgow
- Robert Wingfield, English politician (b. 1403)
References
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Daniel Stone (2001). The Polish–Lithuanian State, 1386–1795. University of Washington Press. pp. 29–30.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Dezobry et Bachelet, Dictionnaire de biographie, vol. 1, (Ch. Delagrave, 1878) p. 1237
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ W. A. B. Coolidge. "St Gall (town)". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press, 1911. p. 4
- ↑ Eberhard Windeck, Kaiser Sigismunds Buch, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Cod. 13975, Vol. 1, fol. 224v-225v.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Constantin Rezachevici, Cronologia critică a domnilor din Țara Românească și Moldova, a. 1324 - 1881 ("Critical Chronology of the Lords of Wallachia and Moldavia, 1324-1881"), vol. I, (Bucharest: Editura Enciclopedică, 2001) Template:ISBN
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Franz Babinger, Mehmed the Conqueror and his time (Princeton University Press, 1978) p.110
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".