Mile: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 10:24, 10 November 2025

Template:Short description Template:Redirect-several Template:Use British English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox unit

The mile, sometimes the international mile or statute mile to distinguish it from other miles, is a British imperial unit and United States customary unit of length; both are based on the older English unit of length equal to 5,280 English feet, or 1,760 yards. The statute mile was standardised as a unit of length between the Commonwealth of Nations and the United States by an international agreement in 1959, when the yard was formally redefined with respect to SI units as 0.9144Template:Nbsp metres, making the mile exactly 1609.344 metres (1.609344 kilometres). For everyday use, five miles equates roughly to eight kilometres.

With qualifiers, mile is also used to describe or translate a wide range of units derived from or roughly equivalent to the Roman mile (roughly 1.48 km), such as the nautical mile (now 1.852 km exactly), the Italian mile (roughly 1.852 km), and the Chinese mile (now 500 m exactly). The Romans divided their mile into 5,000 Script error: No such module "Lang". (Template:Lit.), but the greater importance of furlongs in the Elizabethan-era England meant that the statute mile was made equivalent to 8 furlongs or 5,280 feet in 1593. This form of the mile then spread across the British Empire, some successor states of which continue to employ the mile. The US Geological Survey now employs the metre for official purposes, but legacy data from its 1927 geodetic datum has meant that a separate US survey mile (Template:Sfrac km) continues to see some use, although it was officially phased out in 2022. While most countries replaced the mile with the kilometre when switching to the International System of Units (SI), the international mile continues to be used in some countries, such as the United Kingdom, the United States, and a number of countries with fewer than one million inhabitants, most of which are UK or US territories or have close historical ties with the UK or US.

NameScript error: No such module "anchor".

The modern English word mile derives from Middle English Script error: No such module "Lang". and Old English Script error: No such module "Lang"., which was cognate with all other Germanic terms for miles. These derived from the nominal ellipsis form of Script error: No such module "Lang". 'mile' or Script error: No such module "Lang". 'miles', the Roman mile of one thousand paces.Template:Sfnp

The present international mile is usually what is understood by the unqualified term mile. When this distance needs to be distinguished from the nautical mile, the international mile may also be described as a land mile or statute mile.Template:Sfnp In British English, statute mile may refer to the present international mile or to any other form of English mile since the 1593 Act of Parliament, which set it as a distance of 1,760 yards. Under American law, however, statute mile refers to the US survey mile.Template:Sfnp Foreign and historical units translated into English as miles usually employ a qualifier to describe the kind of mile being used but this may be omitted if it is obvious from the context, such as a discussion of the 2nd-century Antonine Itinerary describing its distances in terms of miles rather than Roman miles.

Abbreviation

The mile has been variously abbreviated in English—with and without a trailing period—as "mi", "M", "ml", and "m".^[1] The American National Institute of Standards and Technology now uses and recommends "mi" to avoid confusion with the SI metre (m) and millilitre (ml).Template:Sfnp However, derived units such as miles per hour or miles per gallon continue to be abbreviated as an initialism as in "mph" and "mpg", rather than "mi/h" and "mi/gal". In the United Kingdom, road signs use "m" as the abbreviation for mile though height and width restrictions also use "m" as the symbol for the metre, which may be displayed alongside feet and inches.^[2] The BBC style holds that "there is no acceptable abbreviation for 'milesTemplate:'" and so it should be spelled out when used in describing areas.^[3]

Historical

File:RomaForoRomanoMiliariumAureum.JPG

The supposed remains of the Golden Milestone, the zero-mile marker of the Roman road network, in the Roman Forum

RomanScript error: No such module "anchor".

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Roman mile (Script error: No such module "Lang"., lit. "thousand paces"; abbr. m.p.; also Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Refn and Script error: No such module "Lang".) consisted of a thousand paces as measured by every other step—as in the total distance of the left foot hitting the ground 1,000 times.^[4] The distance was indirectly standardised by Agrippa's establishment of a standard Roman foot (Agrippa's own) in 29 BC,Template:Sfnp and the definition of a pace as 5 (Roman) feet.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". An Imperial Roman mile thus denoted 5,000 Roman feet. Surveyors and specialised equipment such as the decempeda and dioptra then spread its use.Template:Sfn

In modern times, Agrippa's Imperial Roman mile was empirically estimated to have been about Template:Convert in length, slightly less than the Template:Convert of the modern international mile.Template:Sfnp

In Hellenic areas of the Empire, the Roman mile (Template:Langx, Script error: No such module "Lang".) was used beside the native Greek units as equivalent to 8 stadia of 600 Greek feet. The Script error: No such module "Lang". continued to be used as a Byzantine unit and was also used as the name of the zero mile marker for the Byzantine Empire, the Milion, located at the head of the Mese near Hagia Sophia.

The Roman mile spread throughout Europe, with its local variations giving rise to the different units.^[5] Also arising from the Roman mile is the milestone. All roads radiated out from the Roman Forum throughout the Empire – 50,000 (Roman) miles of stone-paved roads. At every mile was placed a shaped stone. Originally, these were obelisks made from granite, marble, or whatever local stone was available. On these was carved a Roman numeral, indicating the number of miles from the centre of Rome – the Forum. Hence, one can know how far one is from Rome.^[6]

Ptolemaic mile

In the 2nd-century, Greco-Roman polymath, Claudius Ptolemy, of Alexandria (Egypt), in his Almagest and Geography, defined a mile as a geographic arcminute of longitude, of the earth's circumference, equivalent to 1:60 of a degree of longitude, or 1:21,600 of the circumference.^[7] While his estimate of the circumference of the earth, and therefore the derived length of a stade, and a mile, from third party observations, principally offered in non-normalised stadion (600 Greek feet), Egyptian schoinos, and Persian parasang were erroneous.Template:Clarify Ptolomy's assumptions of a customary stade to be Template:Sfrac of a Roman mile, Template:Sfrac of a schoinos or parasang, Template:Sfrac of an arc-minute, or ~185 metres,^[8]^[9] his Geographical mile, is the basis of the current nautical mile, and was adopted by medieval Arab and European cartographers.^[10]^[11]

Arabic

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Arabic mile (Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".), of 4,000 cubits, was not the common Arabic unit of length; instead, Arabs and Persians traditionally used the longer parasang or "Arabic league". Although the precise length of the Arabic mile remains disputed, due to the variability in cubit length, it was somewhere between 1.8 and 2.0 km; it is approximate to a 1.852 km nautical or geographical mile, and an approximation of 1 arcminute of latitude measured directly north-and-south along a meridian. The mile was used by medieval Arab geographers and scientists.

BreslauScript error: No such module "anchor".

The Breslau mile, used in Breslau, and from 1630 officially in all of Silesia, is equal to 11,250 ells, or about 6,700 meters. The mile equaled the distance from the Piaskowa Gate all the way to Psie Pole (Hundsfeld). By rolling a circle with a radius of 5 ells through Piaskowa Island, Ostrów Tumski and suburban tracts, passing eight bridges on the way, the standard Breslau mile was determined.^[12]^[13]

CroatianScript error: No such module "anchor".

The Croatian mile (Script error: No such module "Lang".), first devised by the Jesuit Stjepan Glavač on a 1673 map, is the length of an arc of the equator subtended by Template:Sfrac° or 11.13 km exactly.^[14]^[15] The previous Croatian mile, now known as the "ban mile" (Script error: No such module "Lang".), had been the Austrian mile given above.^[16]

DanishScript error: No such module "anchor".

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Following its standardisation by Ole Rømer in the late 17th century, the Danish mile (Script error: No such module "Lang".) was precisely equal to the Prussian mile and likewise divided into 24,000 feet.Template:Sfnp These were sometimes treated as equivalent to 7.5 km. Earlier values had varied: the Script error: No such module "Lang"., for instance, had been 11.13 km.

Dutch

Scalebar on a Mercator map

Scalebar on a 16th-century map made by Mercator. The scalebar is expressed in "Hours walking or common Flemish miles", and includes three actual scales: small, medium and big Flemish miles.

The Dutch mile (Script error: No such module "Lang".) has had different definitions throughout history. One of the older definitions was 5,600 ells. But the length of an ell was not standardised, so that the length of a mile could range between 3,280 m and 4,280 m. In the sixteenth century, the Dutch had three different miles: small (Script error: No such module "Lang".), medium (Script error: No such module "Lang".), and large (Script error: No such module "Lang".). The Dutch Script error: No such module "Lang". mile had the historical definition of one hour's walking (Script error: No such module "Lang".), which was defined as 24 stadia, 3000 paces, or 15,000 Amsterdam or Rhineland feet (respectively 4,250 m or 4,710 m). The common Dutch mile was 32 stadia, 4,000 paces, or 20,000 feet (5,660 m or 6,280 m). The large mile was defined as 5000 paces.^[17] The common Dutch mile was preferred by mariners, equating with 15 to one degree of latitude or one degree of longitude on the equator. This was originally based upon Ptolemy's underestimate of the Earth's circumference. The ratio of 15 Dutch miles to a degree remained fixed while the length of the mile was changed as with improved calculations of the circumference of the Earth. In 1617, Willebrord Snellius calculated a degree of the circumference of the Earth at 28,500 Script error: No such module "Lang". (within 3.5% of the actual value), which resulted in a Dutch mile of 1900 rods.^[18] By the mid-seventeenth century, map scales assigned 2000 rods to the common Dutch mile, which equalled around 7,535 m (reducing the discrepancy with latitude measurement to less than 2%). The metric system was introduced in the Netherlands in 1816, and the metric mile became a synonym for the kilometre, being exactly 1,000 m. Since 1870, the term Script error: No such module "Lang". was replaced by the equivalent Script error: No such module "Lang".. Today, the word Script error: No such module "Lang". is no longer used, except as part of certain proverbs and compound terms like Script error: No such module "Lang". (Template:Gloss).

English

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The "old English mile" of the medieval and early modern periods varied but seems to have measured about 1.3 international miles (2.1 km).Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp The old English mile varied over time and location within England.Template:Sfnp The old English mile has also been defined as 79,200 or 79,320 inches (1.25 or 1.2519 statute miles).Template:Sfnp The English long continued the Roman computations of the mile as 5,000 feet, 1,000 paces, or 8 longer divisions, which they equated with their "furrow's length" or furlong.Template:Sfnp

The origins of English units are "extremely vague and uncertain",Template:Sfnp but seem to have been a combination of the Roman system with native and Germanic systems both derived from multiples of the barleycorn.Template:Refn Probably by the reign of Edgar in the 10th century, the nominal prototype physical standard of English length was an arm-length iron bar (a yardstick) held by the king at Winchester;Template:Sfn Template:Sfnp the foot was then one-third of its length. Henry I was said to have made a new standard in 1101 based on his own arm.Template:Sfnp Following the issuance of Magna Carta in 1215, the barons of Parliament directed John and his son to keep the king's standard measure (Script error: No such module "Lang".) and weight at the Exchequer,Template:Sfnp which thereafter verified local standards until its abolition in the 19th century. New brass standards are known to have been constructed under Henry VII and Elizabeth I.Template:Sfnp

Arnold's Template:C. Customs of London recorded a mile shorter than previous ones, coming to 0.947 international miles (5,000 feet) or 1.524 km.Template:Sfnp

English statuteScript error: No such module "anchor".

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The English statute mile was established by a Weights and Measures Act of Parliament in 1593 during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. The act on the Composition of Yards and Perches had shortened the length of the foot and its associated measures, causing the two methods of determining the mile to diverge.Template:Sfnp Owing to the importance of the surveyor's rod in deeds and surveying undertaken under Henry VIII,Template:Sfnp decreasing the length of the rod by <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄11 would have amounted to a significant tax increase. Parliament instead opted to maintain the mile of 8 furlongs (which were derived from the rod) and to increase the number of feet per mile from the old Roman value.Template:Sfnp The applicable passage of the statute reads: "A Mile shall contain eight Furlongs, every Furlong forty Poles,Template:Refn and every Pole shall contain sixteen Foot and Template:Not a typo half."Template:Refn The statute mile therefore contained 5,280 feet or 1,760 yards.Template:Sfnp The distance was not uniformly adopted. Robert Morden had multiple scales on his 17th-century maps which included continuing local values: his map of Hampshire, for example, bore two different "miles" with a ratio of 1 : 1.23Template:Sfnp and his map of Dorset had three scales with a ratio of 1 : 1.23 : 1.41.Template:Sfnp In both cases, the traditional local units remained longer than the statute mile. The English statute mile was superseded in 1959 by the international mile by international agreement.

GermanScript error: No such module "anchor".

File:Wegmasse1.png

Various historic miles and leagues from an 1848 German textbook, given in feet, metres, and fractions of a "degree of meridian"

The German mile (Script error: No such module "Lang".) was 24,000 German feet. The standardised Austrian mile used in southern Germany and the Austrian Empire was 7.586 km; the Prussian mile used in northern Germany was 7.5325 km. The Germans also used a longer version of the geographical mile.

HungarianScript error: No such module "anchor".

The Hungarian mile (Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang".) varied from 8.3790 km to 8.9374 km before being standardised as 8.3536 km.

Irish

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File:Milestone, Mountbellow (geograph 5365674).jpg

Milestone on Mountbellew Bridge, erected Template:Circa. Distances are given in Irish miles.

The Irish mile (Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang".) measured 2,240 yards: approximately 1.27 statute miles or 2.048 kilometres.Template:Sfnp^[19] It was used in Ireland from the 16th century plantations until the 19th century, with residual use into the 20th century. The units were based on "English measure" but used a linear perch measuring Template:Convert as opposed to the English rod of Template:Convert.^[19]

Italian

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The Italian mile (Script error: No such module "Lang"., pl. Script error: No such module "Lang".) was traditionally considered a direct continuation of the Roman mile, equal to 1000 paces,^[20] although its actual value over time or between regions could vary greatly.Template:Sfnp It was often used in international contexts from the Middle Ages into the 17th century^[20] and is thus also known as the "geographical mile",^[21] although the geographical mile is now a separate standard unit.

Japanese

The CJK Compatibility Unicode block contains square-format versions of Japanese names for measurement units as written in katakana script. Among them, there is Template:Unichar, after Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration.

OttomanScript error: No such module "anchor".

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

The Ottoman mile was 1,894.35 m, which was equal to 5,000 Ottoman foot. After 1933, the Ottoman mile was replaced with the modern Turkish mile (1,853.181 m).

PortugueseScript error: No such module "anchor".

The Portuguese mile (Script error: No such module "Lang".) used in Portugal and Brazil was 2.0873 km prior to metrication.Template:Sfnp

RussianScript error: No such module "anchor".

The Russian mile (Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".) was 7.468 km, divided into 7 versts.

Saxon

The Saxon post mile (Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang"., introduced on occasion of a survey of the Saxon roads in the 1700s, corresponded to 2,000 Dresden rods, equivalent to 9.062 kilometres.^[22]

Old ScandinavianScript error: No such module "anchor".

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The old Scandinavian miles (Norse: mil, Script error: No such module "IPA"., Template:Langx) were a number of measurements of length used in Scandinavia prior to the adoption of the modern "Scandinavian metric mile" (10 km) in the late 19th century.

Before the Renaissance, there were various regional miles in Scandinavia. In Sweden, the regional miles were eventually divided after province, so called Script error: No such module "Lang". (roughly "county miles").^[23]^[24]^[25] Some noteworthy Swedish county miles are:

Dala mile – Template:Convert
Finnish mile (Script error: No such module "Lang".) – around Template:Convert
Småland mile – around Template:Convert
Uppland mile – Template:Convert = 3,600 Swedish rods = 6,000 Swedish fathoms = 18,000 Swedish ells = 36,000 Swedish feet
Västgöta mile – around Template:Convert
Ångermanland mile – Template:Convert = 6,666 Swedish fathoms

While Denmark eventually adopted the Prussian mile (see Template:Section link), the Swedish kept their indigenous miles. In 1649 the Swedish government made the Uppland mile the de facto Swedish mile, or "unit mile" (Script error: No such module "Lang".), for all of Sweden, also called the "land mile" or "long mile". In Finland, then part of Sweden, their measurement Script error: No such module "Lang". (which is translated as "mile") then became equivalent to the Swedish "unit mile", which later carried over when Finland seceded to the Russian Empire in 1809. When Norway became part of Sweden in 1814, forming the Union between Sweden and Norway, the Swedish standard for defining a "unit mile", 36,000 feet, was introduced to Norway, which, due to the Norwegian foot being slightly longer than the Swedish foot, then became slightly longer than in Sweden, making the "unit mile" Template:Convert in Norway.

Upon metrification, Finland, Norway, and Sweden, decided to redefine their miles as Template:Convert, since they were all based on the old Swedish "unit mile", already close to the measurent. The modern Scandinavian (metric) mile is still a unit of length common in Norway and Sweden, to a lesser extent in Finland, but not Denmark.

The Scandinavians also had their own "nautical mile", called "sea mile" (Template:Langx, Template:Langx, Template:Langx), or the equivalent "sea-peninkulma" in Finnish (Template:Langx), equivalent to the German geographical mile (<templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄15 degrees of latitude), around Template:Convert; later, during metrification, standardized as Template:Convert.

Scots

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File:Edinburgh High Street.JPG

Edinburgh's "Royal Mile"—running from the castle to Holyrood Abbey—is roughly a Scots mile long.^[26]

The Scots mile was longer than the English mile,^[27] as mentioned by Robert Burns in the first verse of his poem "Tam o' Shanter". It comprised 8 (Scots) furlongs divided into 320 falls or faws (Scots rods).^[28] It varied from place to place but the most accepted equivalencies are 1,976 Imperial yards (1.123 statute miles or 1.81 km). It was legally abolished three times: first by a 1685 act of the Scottish Parliament,^[29] again by the 1707 Treaty of Union with England,^[30] and finally by the Weights and Measures Act 1824.^[27] It had continued in use as a customary unit through the 18th century but had become obsolete by its final abolition.

Welsh

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The Welsh mile (Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang".) was 3 statute miles and 1,470 yards long (6.17 km). It comprised 9,000 paces (Script error: No such module "Lang".), each of 3 Welsh feet (Script error: No such module "Lang".) of 9 inches (Script error: No such module "Lang".).Template:Sfnp (The Welsh inch is usually reckoned as equivalent to the English inch.) Along with other Welsh units, it was said to have been codified under Dyfnwal the Bald and Silent and retained unchanged by Hywel the Good.Template:Sfnp Along with other Welsh units, it was discontinued following the conquest of Wales by Edward I of England in the 13th century.

International

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The international mile is precisely equal to Template:Val (or Template:Sfrac km as a fraction).Template:Refn It was established as part of the 1959 international yard and pound agreement reached by the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the Union of South Africa,Template:Sfnp which resolved small but measurable differences that had arisen from separate physical standards each country had maintained for the yard.Template:Sfnp As with the earlier statute mile, it continues to comprise 1,760 yards or 5,280 feet.

The difference from the previous standards was 2 ppm, or about 3.2 millimetres (<templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄8 inch) per mile. The US standard was slightly longer and the old Imperial standards had been slightly shorter than the international mile. When the international mile was introduced in English-speaking countries, the basic geodetic datum in America was the North American Datum of 1927 (NAD27). This had been constructed by triangulation based on the definition of the foot in the Mendenhall Order of 1893, with 1 foot = Template:Sfrac (≈0.304800609601) metres and the definition was retained for data derived from NAD27, but renamed the US survey foot to distinguish it from the international foot.Template:Sfnp^{[n 1]} Thus a survey mile = Template:Sfrac × 5280 (≈1609.347218694) metres. An international mile = 1609.344 / (Template:Sfrac × 5280) (=0.999998) survey miles.

The exact length of the land mile varied slightly among English-speaking countries until the international yard and pound agreement in 1959 established the yard as exactly 0.9144 metres, giving a mile of exactly 1,609.344 metres. The US adopted this international mile for most purposes, but retained the pre-1959 mile for some land-survey data, terming it the U. S. survey mile. In the United States, statute mile normally refers to the survey mile,^[31] about 3.219 mm (<templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄8 inch) longer than the international mile (the international mile is exactly 0.0002% less than the US survey mile).

While many countries abandoned the mile when switching to the metric system, the international mile continues to be used in some countries, such as Liberia, Myanmar,^[32] the United Kingdom^[33] and the United States.^[34] It is also used in a number of territories with less than a million inhabitants, most of which are UK or US territories, or have close historical ties with the UK or US: American Samoa,^[35] Bahamas,^[36] Belize,^[37] British Virgin Islands,^[38] Cayman Islands,^[39] Dominica,^[39] Falkland Islands,^[40] Grenada,^[41] Guam,^[42] The N. Mariana Islands,^[43] Samoa,^[44] St. Lucia,^[45] St. Vincent & The Grenadines,^[46] St. Helena,^[47] St. Kitts & Nevis,^[48] the Turks & Caicos Islands,^[49] and the US Virgin Islands.^[50] The mile is even encountered in Canada, though this is predominantly in rail transport and horse racing, as the roadways have been metricated since 1977.^[51]^[52]^[53]^[54] Ireland gradually replaced miles with kilometres, including in speed measurements; the process was completed in 2005.

US survey

Script error: No such module "For". The US survey mile is 5,280 US survey feet, or 1,609.347 metres and 0.30480061 metres respectively.^[55] Both are very slightly longer than the international mile and international foot. In the United States, the term statute mile formally refers to the survey mile,Template:Sfnp but for most purposes, the difference of less than Template:Convert between the survey mile and the international mile (1609.344 metres exactly) is insignificant—one international mile is Template:Val US survey miles—so statute mile can be used for either. But in some cases, such as in the US State Plane Coordinate Systems (SPCSs), which can stretch over hundreds of miles,^[56] the accumulated difference can be significant, so it is important to note that the reference is to the US survey mile.

The United States redefined its yard in 1893, and this resulted in US and Imperial measures of distance having very slightly different lengths.

The North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83), which replaced the NAD27, is defined in metres. State Plane Coordinate Systems were then updated, but the National Geodetic Survey left individual states to decide which (if any) definition of the foot they would use. All State Plane Coordinate Systems are defined in metres, and 42 of the 50 states only use the metre-based State Plane Coordinate Systems. However, eight states also have State Plane Coordinate Systems defined in feet, seven of them in US survey feet and one in international feet.^[56]

State legislation in the US is important for determining which conversion factor from the metric datum is to be used for land surveying and real estate transactions, even though the difference (2 ppm) is hardly significant, given the precision of normal surveying measurements over short distances (usually much less than a mile). Twenty-four states have legislated that surveying measures be based on the US survey foot, eight have legislated that they be based on the international foot, and eighteen have not specified which conversion factor to use.^[56]

SPCS 83 legislation refers to state legislation that has been passed or updated using the newer 1983 NAD data. Most states have done so. Two states, Alaska and Missouri, and two jurisdictions, Guam and Puerto Rico, do not specify which foot to use.^[56] Two states, Alabama and Hawaii, and four jurisdictions, Washington, DC, US Virgin Islands, American Samoa and Northern Mariana Islands, do not have SPCS 83 legislation.^[56]

In October 2019, US National Geodetic Survey and National Institute of Standards and Technology announced their joint intent to retire the US survey foot and US survey mile, as permitted by their 1959 decision, with effect on January 1, 2023.^[57]^[58]^[59]

Nautical

International nautical

File:RechtwKugeldreieck.svg

On the utility of the nautical mile.
Each circle shown is a great circle—the analogue of a line in spherical trigonometry—and hence the shortest path connecting two points on the globular surface. Meridians are great circles that pass through the poles.

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The nautical mile (historically also (sea mile) was originally defined as one minute of arc along a meridian of the Earth.Template:Sfnp Navigators use dividers to step off the distance between two points on the navigational chart, then place the open dividers against the minutes-of-latitude scale at the edge of the chart, and read off the distance in nautical miles.Template:Sfnp The Earth is not perfectly spherical but an oblate spheroid, so the length of a minute of latitude increases by 1% from the equator to the poles, as seen for example in the WGS84 ellipsoid, with Template:Convert at the equator, Template:Convert at the poles and average Template:Convert.

Since 1929 the international nautical mile is defined by the First International Extraordinary Hydrographic Conference in Monaco as exactly 1,852 metres (which is Template:Convert or Template:Convert).^[60] In the United States, the nautical mile was defined in the 19th century as Template:Convert, whereas in the United Kingdom, the Admiralty nautical mile was defined as Template:Convert and was about one minute of latitude in the latitudes of the south of the UK. Other nations had different definitions of the nautical mile.

Related units

The nautical mile per hour is known as the knot. Nautical miles and knots are almost universally used for aeronautical and maritime navigation, because of their relationship with degrees and minutes of latitude and the convenience of using the latitude scale on a map for distance measuring.

The data mile is used in radar-related subjects and is equal to 6,000 feet (1.8288 kilometres).Template:Sfnp The radar mile is a unit of time (in the same way that the light year is a unit of distance), equal to the time required for a radar pulse to travel a distance of two miles (one mile each way). Thus, the radar statute mile is 10.8 μs and the radar nautical mile is 12.4 μs.Template:Sfnp

Scandinavian nautical

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Scandinavians used their own version of the "nautical mile" up to the beginning of the 20th century (with continued regional use), indigenously known as a sea mile (Template:Langx, Template:Langx, Template:Langx), or the equivalent "sea-peninkulma" in Finnish (Template:Langx). It was equal to a "geographical mile", defined as <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄15 of an equatorial degree (<templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄360° of longitude),^[61] equivalent to approximately four modern nautical miles or "medium meridian minutes" (4 × 1,852 m) – a nautical mile is approximately one sixtieth of a degree along a meridian (1/60 meridian degree).

During metrification in 1875, this brought it down to about Template:Convert from its former equivalence of 3950 fathoms (Template:Langx, Template:Langx) or about Template:Convert.

Geographical

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The geographical mile is based upon the length of a meridian of latitude. The German geographical mile (Script error: No such module "Lang".) was previously <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄15° of latitude (7.4127 km),Template:Sfnp and was used as the basis for the Scandinavian nautical mile.

Metric

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The informal term "metric mile" is used in some countries, in sports such as track and field athletics and speed skating, to denote a distance of Template:Convert. The 1500 meters is the premier middle distance running event in Olympic sports. In United States high-school competition, the term is sometimes used for a race of Template:Convert.Template:Sfnp

Metric mile has also been used to denote other metric measurements under the name mile, such as the Scandinavian mile (Template:Langx),^[62] and previously also the kilometre, in Dutch.

Scandinavian metricScript error: No such module "anchor".

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The Scandinavian metric mile (Norwegian and Template:Langx, Script error: No such module "IPA".) refers to the modern Scandinavian mile, used in Norway and Sweden, to a lesser extent in Finland (Template:Langx), but not in Denmark, which since metrication in the late 19th century is standardized as 10 km.Template:Sfnp It is used in informal situations and in measurements of fuel consumption, which are often given as litres per Script error: No such module "Lang".. In formal situations (such as official road signs) only kilometres are given.

The Scandinavian metric mile is based of the old Swedish "unit mile" (Template:Langx), which was standardised as 36,000 Swedish feet or Template:Convert in 1649; before that, the mile varied by province from about Template:Convert, also known as "county miles" (Template:Langx).Template:Sfnp In Finland, then part of Sweden, the traditional Finnish measurement Script error: No such module "Lang"., or "Finnish mile" (Template:Langx), became redefined as equivalent to the Swedish "unit mile" Template:Langx, which was then kept when Finland seceded to Russia in 1809. When Norway became part of Sweden in 1814, forming the Union between Sweden and Norway, the Swedish standard for defining a mile was introduced, which then became slightly longer in Norway than in Sweden, due to the Norwegian foot being slightly longer than the Swedish foot, making the "unit mile" Template:Convert in Norway. Upon metrification, each country decided to redefine their mile to 10 kilometres.

Comparison table

A comparison of the different lengths for a "mile", in different countries and at different times in history, is given in the table below. Leagues are also included in this list because, in terms of length, they fall in between the short West European miles and the long North, Central and Eastern European miles.

Length (m)	Name	Country used	From	To	Definition	Remarks
500	lǐ	mainland China	1984	today	1,500 chi	In Chinese, this unit and the imperial mile are written using the same word (里), with a qualifier to distinguish between systems if needed
960–1,152	Talmudic mil	Land of Israel/Canaan		today	2,000 amot (cubits)	Biblical and Talmudic units of measurement
1,480	mille passus, milliarium	Roman Empire				Ancient Roman units of measurement
1,486.6	miglio^[63]	Sicily
1,524	London mile	England
1,609.3426	(statute) mile	England/UK	1592	1959	1,760 yards	Over the course of time, the length of a yard changed several times and consequently so did the English, and from 1824, the imperial mile. The statute mile was introduced in 1592 during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I
1,609.344	mile	some English speaking countriesScript error: No such module "Unsubst".	1959	today	1,760 yards	On 1 July 1959, the imperial mile was standardized to an exact length in metres. This figure corresponds to 5280 feet at 25.4 millimeters per inch.
1,609.3472	(statute) mile	United States	1893	2022	1,760 yards	From 1959 also called the US Survey Mile. From then, its only utility has been land survey, before it was the standard mile. From 1893, its exact length in metres was: Template:Sfrac × 1760
1,807	Scots mile	Scotland		1685	5,920 feet
1,820		Italy
1,852	nautical mile	international		today	approx. 1 minute of arc	Measured at a circumference of 40,000 km. Abbreviation: NM, nm
1,852.3	(for comparison)				1 meridian minute
1,853.181	nautical mile	Turkey
1,855.4	(for comparison)				1 equatorial minute	Although the NM was defined on the basis of the minute, it varies from the equatorial minute, because at that time the circumference of the equator could only be estimated at 40,000 km.
2,065		Portugal
2,220	Gallo-Roman league	Gallo-Roman culture			1.5 miles	Under the reign of Emperor Septimius Severus, this replaced the Roman mile as the official unit of distance in the Gallic and Germanic provinces, although there were regional and temporal variations.^[64]
2,470		Sardinia, Piemont
2,622		Scotland
2,880		Ireland
3,780		Flanders
3,898	French lieue (post league)	France			2,000 "body lengths"
3,927	Ri	Japan			12,960 shaku
4,000	general or metric league
4,000	legue	Guatemala
4,190	legue	Mexico^[65]			= 2,500 tresas = 5,000 varas
4,444.8	landleuge				<templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄25° of a circle of longitude
4,452.2	lieue commune	France				Units of measurement in France before the French Revolution
4,513	legue	Paraguay
4,513	legua	Chile,^[65] (Guatemala, Haiti)			= 36 cuadros = 5,400 varas
4,808		Switzerland
4,828	English land league	England			3 miles
4,800 4,900	Germanic rasta, also doppelleuge (double league)
5,000	légua nova	Portugal^[65]
5,196	legua	Bolivia^[65]			= 40 ladres
5,152	legua Argentina	Argentina, Buenos Aires^[65]			= 6,000 varas
5,154	legue	Uruguay
5,200	Bolivian legua	Bolivia
5,370	legue	Venezuela
5,500	Portuguese legua	Portugal
5,510	legue	Ecuador
5,510	Ecuadorian legua	Ecuador
5,532.5	Landleuge (state league)	Prussia				Obsolete German units of measurement
5,540	legue	Honduras
5,556	Seeleuge (nautical league)				<templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄20° of a circle of longitude 3 nautical miles
5,570	legua	Spain and Chile				Spanish customary units
5,572	legua	Colombia^[65]			= 3 Millas
5,572.7	legue	Peru^[65]			= 20,000 feet
5,572.7	legua Antigua old league	Spain^[65]			= 3 millas = 15,000 feet
5,590	légua	Brazil^[65]			= 5,000 varas = 2,500 bracas
5,600	Brazilian legua	Brazil
5,685	Fersah (Turkish league)	Ottoman Empire		1933	4 Turkish miles	Derived from Persian Script error: No such module "Lang".
5,840^[66]	Dutch mile	Holland
6,170	milltir	Wales		13thC	9,000 camau ( = 27,000 troedfeddi = 243,000 inches)	Eclipsed by the conquest of Wales by Edward I
6,197	légua antiga	Portugal^[65]			= 3 milhas = 24 estadios
6,240	Persian legue	Persia
6,277		Luxembourg
6,280		Belgium
6,687.24	legua nueva new league, since 1766	Spain^[65]			= 8,000 varas
6,700	Breslau mile	Silesia	1630	1872		Also known as Script error: No such module "Lang". in Polish
6,797	Script error: No such module "Lang". (state survey mile)	Saxony				Obsolete German units of measurement
7,400		Netherlands
7,409	(for comparison)				4 meridian minutes
7,419.2		Kingdom of Hanover				Obsolete German units of measurement
7,419.4		Duchy of Brunswick				Obsolete German units of measurement
7,420.4 7,414.9		Bavaria				Obsolete German units of measurement
7,420.439	geographic mile				<templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄15 equatorial grads Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
7,421.6	(for comparison)				4 equatorial minutes
7,448.7		Württemberg				Obsolete German units of measurement
7,450		Hohenzollern				Obsolete German units of measurement
7,467.6		Russia			7 verst	Obsolete Russian units of measurement
7,480		Bohemia
7,500	kleine / neue Postmeile (small/new postal mile)	Saxony		1840		German Empire, North German Confederation, Grand Duchy of Hesse, Russia. Obsolete German units of measurement
7,532.5	Land(es)meile (German state mile)	Denmark, Hamburg, Prussia				Primarily for Denmark defined by Ole Rømer. Obsolete German units of measurement
7,585.9	Postmeile (post mile)	Austro-Hungary				Austrian units of measurement
7,850	Milă	Romania
8,534.31	Mila	Poland	1819			7146 meters before 1819, also equaled 7 verst^[67]
8,800		Schleswig-Holstein				Obsolete German units of measurement
8,888.89		Baden				Obsolete German units of measurement
9,062	mittlere Post- / Polizeimeile (middle post mile or police mile)	Saxony		1722		Obsolete German units of measurement
9,206.3		Electorate of Hesse				Obsolete German units of measurement
9,261.4	(for comparison)				5 meridian minutes
9,277	(for comparison)				5 equatorial minutes
9,323	alte Landmeile (old state mile)	Hanover		1836		Obsolete German units of measurement
9,347	alte Landmeile (old state mile)	Hanover		1836		Obsolete German units of measurement
9,869.6		Oldenburg
10,000	metric mile, Scandinavian mile	Norway, Sweden		today		Still commonly used today, e.g. for road distances; equates to the myriametre
10,044	große Meile (great mile)	Westphalia				Obsolete German units of measurement
10,670		Finland
10,688.54	mil	Sweden		1889		In normal speech, "mil" means a Scandinavian mile of 10 km.
11,113.7	(for comparison)				6 meridian minutes
11,132.4	(for comparison)				6 equatorial minutes
11,299	mil	Norway				was equivalent to 3,000 Rhenish rods.

Similar units:

1,066.8 m – verst, see also obsolete Russian units of measurement

Idioms

The mile is still used in a variety of idioms, even in English-speaking countries that have moved from the Imperial to the metric system (for example, Australia, Canada, or New Zealand). These idioms include:

A country mile is used colloquially to denote a very long distance
"A miss is as good as a mile" (failure by a narrow margin is no better than any other failure)
"Give him an inch and he'll take a mile" – a corruption of "Give him an inch and he'll take an ell"^[68]^[69] (the person in question will become greedy if shown generosity)
"Missed by a mile" (missed by a wide margin)
"Go a mile a minute" (move very quickly)
"Talk a mile a minute" (speak at a rapid rate)
"To go the extra mile" (to put in extra effort)
"Miles away" (lost in thought, or daydreaming)
"Milestone" (an event indicating significant progress)
Glasgow's miles better, a touristic campaign.

Notes

Template:Reflist

References

Citations

Template:Reflist

Sources

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|Unit of length}}
+{{short description|Unit of length}}
-{{Redirect-several|dab=off|Scandinavian mile|nautical mile|Mile (disambiguation)|Miles (disambiguation)}}
+{{redirect-several|dab=off|Scandinavian mile|Nautical mile|Mile (disambiguation)|Miles (disambiguation)}}
+{{Use British English|date=January 2020}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
-{{Use British English|date=January 2020}}
 {{Infobox unit
-| bgcolor       =
+| bgcolor    =
-| name          = Mile
+| name       = Mile
-| image         = Milestone, Knightsbridge, London - geograph.org.uk - 1590514.jpg
+| image      = Milestone, Knightsbridge, London - geograph.org.uk - 1590514.jpg
-| caption       = A [[milestone]] in the [[City of Westminster]]<!-- not 'London'; see talk page --> showing the distance from Kensington Road to [[Hounslow]] and [[Hyde Park Corner]] in miles
+| caption    = A [[milestone]] in the [[City of Westminster]]<!-- not 'London'; see talk page --> showing the distance from Kensington Road to [[Hounslow]] and [[Hyde Park Corner]] in miles
-| standard      = [[Imperial units|British imperial]]/[[US customary units|US customary]]
+| standard   = [[Imperial units|British imperial]]/[[US customary units|US customary]]
-| quantity      = length
+| quantity   = length
-| symbol        = mi. or mi
+| symbol     = mi. or mi
-| symbol2       = ''(rarely)'' m
+| symbol2    = ''(rarely)'' m
-| namedafter    =
+| namedafter =
-| extralabel    =
+| extralabel =
-| extradata     =
+| extradata  =
-| units1        = [[SI units]]
+| units1     = [[SI units]]
-| inunits1      = {{val|1609.344|ul=m}}
+| inunits1   = {{val|1609.344|ul=m}}
-| units2        = [[imperial units|imperial]]/[[US customary units|US]]&nbsp;units
+| units2     = [[imperial units|imperial]]/[[US customary units|US]]&nbsp;units
-| inunits2      = {{ubl|{{val|63360|ul=inches}}|{{val|5280|ul=feet}}|{{val|1760|ul=yards}}|80 [[chain (unit)|ch]]|8 [[furlong|fur]]}}
+| inunits2   = {{ubl|{{val|63360|ul=inches}}|{{val|5280|ul=feet}}|{{val|1760|ul=yards}}|80 [[chain (unit)|ch]]|8 [[furlong|fur]]}}
-| units3        = US survey mile
+| units3     = US survey mile
-| inunits3      = {{val|0.999998}}&nbsp;[[#US survey|survey mile]]
+| inunits3   = {{val|0.999998}}&nbsp;[[#US survey|survey mile]]
-| units4        = nautical&nbsp;units
+| units4     = nautical&nbsp;units
-| inunits4      = ≈ {{convert|1|mi|nmi|disp=out|lk=on|sigfig=5|comma=gaps}}{{refn|group=n|Exactly {{sfrac|50292|57875}} nmi}}
+| inunits4   = ≈ {{convert|1|mi|nmi|disp=out|lk=on|sigfig=5|comma=gaps}}{{refn|group=n|Exactly {{sfrac|50292|57875}} nmi}}
-| units5        =
+| units5     =
-| inunits5      =
+| inunits5   =
-| units6        =
+| units6     =
-| inunits6      =
+| inunits6   =
 }}
-The '''mile''', sometimes the '''international mile''' or '''statute mile''' to distinguish it from other miles, is a [[imperial unit|British imperial unit]] and [[United States customary unit]] of length; both are based on the older [[English unit]] of [[Unit of length|length]] equal to 5,280 [[Foot (unit)|English feet]], or 1,760 [[yards]]. The statute mile was standardised between the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] and the United States by an [[international yard and pound|international agreement in 1959]], when it was formally redefined with respect to [[SI units]] as exactly {{nowrap|1,609.344 [[metre]]s}}.<!-- 0.9144 × 1760 -->
+The '''mile''', sometimes the '''international mile''' or '''statute mile''' to distinguish it from other miles, is a [[Imperial unit|British imperial unit]] and [[United States customary unit]] of [[length]]; both are based on the older [[English unit]] of length equal to 5,280 [[Foot (unit)|English feet]], or 1,760 [[yards]]. The statute mile was standardised as a [[unit of length]] between the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] and the United States by an [[international yard and pound|international agreement in 1959]], when the yard was formally redefined with respect to [[SI units]] as 0.9144{{nbsp}}[[metre]]s, making the mile exactly {{nowrap|{{#expr:0.9144*1760}} metres}} ({{nowrap|{{#expr:0.9144*1760/1000}} [[kilometre]]s}}). For everyday use, five miles equates roughly to eight kilometres.
 With qualifiers, ''mile'' is also used to describe or translate a wide range of units derived from or roughly equivalent to the [[#Roman|Roman mile]] (roughly {{nowrap|1.48 km}}), such as the [[#Nautical|nautical mile]] (now {{nowrap|1.852 km}} exactly), the [[#Italian|Italian mile]] (roughly {{nowrap|1.852 km}}), and the [[li (unit)|Chinese mile]] (now {{nowrap|500 m}} exactly). The Romans divided their mile into 5,000 {{lang|la|[[Ancient Roman units of measurement#Length|pedes]]}} ({{lit.|feet}}), but the greater importance of furlongs in the [[Kingdom of England#Tudor period|Elizabethan-era England]] meant that the [[#Statute|statute mile]] was made equivalent to {{nowrap|8 [[furlong]]s}} or {{nowrap|5,280 [[Foot (unit)|feet]]}} in 1593. This form of the mile then spread across the [[British Empire]], some successor states of which continue to employ the mile. The [[United States Geological Survey|US Geological Survey]] now employs the metre for official purposes, but legacy data from its [[North American Datum#North American Datum of 1927|1927 geodetic datum]] has meant that a separate [[#US survey|US survey mile]] {{nowrap|({{sfrac|6336|3937}} km)}} continues to see some use, although it was officially phased out in 2022. While most countries replaced the mile with the kilometre when switching to the [[International System of Units]] (SI), the international mile continues to be used in some countries, such as the United Kingdom, the United States, and a number of countries with fewer than one million inhabitants, most of which are UK or US territories or have close historical ties with the UK or US.
-==Name {{anchor|Etymology}}==
+== Name{{anchor|Etymology}} ==
-The [[modern English]] word ''mile'' derives from [[Middle English]] ''{{lang|enm|myle}}'' and [[Old English]] ''{{lang|ang|mīl}}'', which was [[cognate]] with all other [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] terms for ''miles''. These derived from the [[Ellipsis (linguistics)#Nominal ellipsis|nominal ellipsis]] form of ''{{lang|la|mīlle passus}}'' 'mile' or ''{{lang|la|mīlia passuum}}'' 'miles', the Roman mile of one thousand [[pace (unit)|pace]]s.{{sfnp|OED|2002|loc="mile, ''n.<sup>1</sup>''"}}
+The [[modern English]] word ''mile'' derives from [[Middle English]] {{lang|enm|myle}} and [[Old English]] {{lang|ang|mīl}}, which was [[cognate]] with all other [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] terms for ''miles''. These derived from the [[Ellipsis (linguistics)#Nominal ellipsis|nominal ellipsis]] form of {{lang|la|mīlle passus}} 'mile' or {{lang|la|mīlia passuum}}'' 'miles', the Roman mile of one thousand [[pace (unit)|pace]]s.{{sfnp|OED|2002|loc="mile, ''n.<sup>1</sup>''"}}
 The present [[#International|international mile]] is usually what is understood by the unqualified term ''mile''. When this distance needs to be distinguished from the nautical mile, the international mile may also be described as a land mile or statute mile.{{sfnp|AHD|2006|loc="mile, 1"}} In [[British English]], ''statute mile'' may refer to the present international mile or to any other form of [[#English|English mile]] since the [[Weights and Measures Acts (UK)#16th century|1593 Act of Parliament]], which set it as a distance of {{nowrap|1,760 yards}}. Under [[American law]], however, ''statute mile'' refers to the US [[#US survey|survey mile]].{{sfnp|Thompson|2008|loc=B.6.}} Foreign and historical units translated into English as ''miles'' usually employ a qualifier to describe the kind of mile being used but this may be omitted if it is obvious from the context, such as a discussion of the 2nd-century [[Antonine Itinerary]] describing its distances in terms of ''miles'' rather than ''Roman miles''.
-===Abbreviation===
+=== Abbreviation ===
-The mile has been variously abbreviated in English—with and without a trailing period—as "mi", "M", "ml", and "m".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.czasopismologistyka.pl/artykuly-naukowe/send/338-artykuly-na-plycie-cd-2/8932-weintrit-history-of-the-nautical-mile |title=History of the Nautical Mile |last=Weintrit |first=Adam |date=24 October 2019 |website=Logistyka |access-date=24 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301104131/https://www.czasopismologistyka.pl/artykuly-naukowe/send/338-artykuly-na-plycie-cd-2/8932-weintrit-history-of-the-nautical-mile |archive-date=1 March 2018 }}</ref> The American [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] now uses and recommends "mi" to avoid confusion with the SI metre (m) and millilitre (ml).{{sfnp|Butcher|2014|p=C-16}} However, derived units such as [[miles per hour]] or [[miles per gallon]] continue to be abbreviated as "mph" and "mpg" rather than "mi/h" and "mi/gal". In the United Kingdom, [[Road signs in the United Kingdom|road signs]] use "m" as the abbreviation for mile though height and width restrictions also use "m" as the symbol for the metre, which may be displayed alongside feet and inches.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/307152/draft-tsrgd-schedules.pdf |title=Road traffic: The traffic signs regulations and general directions 2015 |publisher=[[Government of the United Kingdom]] |access-date=20 September 2018 |archive-date=21 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921040502/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/307152/draft-tsrgd-schedules.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[BBC]] style holds that "there is no acceptable abbreviation for 'miles{{'"}} and so it should be spelled out when used in describing areas.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/journalism/article/art20130702112133541 "Numbers"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727165446/http://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/journalism/article/art20130702112133541 |date=27 July 2018}} BBC</ref>
+The mile has been variously abbreviated in English—with and without a trailing period—as "mi", "M", "ml", and "m".<ref>{{cite web |last=Weintrit |first=Adam |title=History of the Nautical Mile |url=https://www.czasopismologistyka.pl/artykuly-naukowe/send/338-artykuly-na-plycie-cd-2/8932-weintrit-history-of-the-nautical-mile |website=Logistyka |date=24 October 2019 |access-date=24 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301104131/https://www.czasopismologistyka.pl/artykuly-naukowe/send/338-artykuly-na-plycie-cd-2/8932-weintrit-history-of-the-nautical-mile |archive-date=1 March 2018}}</ref> The American [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] now uses and recommends "mi" to avoid confusion with the SI metre (m) and millilitre (ml).{{sfnp|Butcher|2014|p=C-16}} However, derived units such as [[miles per hour]] or [[miles per gallon]] continue to be abbreviated as an [[initialism]] as in "mph" and "mpg", rather than "mi/h" and "mi/gal". In the United Kingdom, [[Road signs in the United Kingdom|road signs]] use "m" as the abbreviation for mile though height and width restrictions also use "m" as the symbol for the metre, which may be displayed alongside feet and inches.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/307152/draft-tsrgd-schedules.pdf |title=Road traffic: The traffic signs regulations and general directions 2015 |publisher=[[Government of the United Kingdom]] |access-date=20 September 2018 |archive-date=21 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921040502/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/307152/draft-tsrgd-schedules.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[BBC]] style holds that "there is no acceptable abbreviation for 'miles{{'"}} and so it should be spelled out when used in describing areas.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/journalism/article/art20130702112133541 "Numbers"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727165446/http://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/journalism/article/art20130702112133541 |date=27 July 2018}} BBC</ref>
-==Historical==
+== Historical ==
 [[File:RomaForoRomanoMiliariumAureum.JPG|thumb|The supposed remains of the [[Milliarium Aureum|Golden Milestone]], the [[Kilometre zero|zero-mile marker]] of the [[Roman road network]], in the [[Roman Forum]]]]
-{{anchor|Greek mile|Byzantine mile}}
-===Roman===
+=== Roman{{anchor|Roman mile|Greek mile|Byzantine mile}} ===
-The '''[[Roman units|Roman]] mile''' (''{{lang|la|{{linktext|mille passus}}}}'',<!--see talk page--> <small>{{abbr|lit.|literally}}</small>&nbsp;"thousand paces"; <small>{{abbr|abbr.|abbreviated}}</small>&nbsp;'''m.p.'''; also ''{{lang|la|milia passuum}}''{{refn|group=n|A [[partitive genitive]] construction literally meaning "one thousand of paces".{{sfnp|Lease|1905|p=211}} }} and ''{{lang|la|mille}}'') consisted of a thousand [[pace (unit)|pace]]s as measured by every other step—as in the total distance of the left foot hitting the ground 1,000 times.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bassett |first1=David R. |last2=Mahar |first2=Matthew T. |last3=Rowe |first3=David A. |last4=Morrow |first4=James R. |date=2008 |title=Walking and Measurement |journal=Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise |language=en |volume=40 |issue=7 |pages=S529–S536 |doi=10.1249/MSS.0b013e31817c699c |issn=0195-9131|doi-access=free |pmid=18562970 }}</ref> When [[Roman legion]]aries were well-fed and harshly driven in good weather, they thus created longer miles. The distance was indirectly standardised by [[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa|Agrippa]]'s establishment of a standard [[Roman foot]] (Agrippa's own) in 29&nbsp;[[Before Christ|BC]],{{sfnp|Soren|1999|p=184}} and the definition of a pace as 5&nbsp;feet. An Imperial Roman mile thus denoted 5,000&nbsp;[[Roman feet]]. [[Agrimensor|Surveyors]] and specialised equipment such as the [[decempeda]] and [[dioptra]] then spread its use.{{sfn|Shuttleworth}}
+{{main|Ancient Roman units of measurement|Byzantine units of measurement}}
+The '''Roman mile''' ({{lang|la|{{linktext|mille passus}}}},<!--see talk page--> <small>{{abbr|lit.|literally}}</small>&nbsp;"thousand paces"; <small>{{abbr|abbr.|abbreviated}}</small>&nbsp;'''m.p.'''; also {{lang|la|milia passuum}}{{refn|group=n|A [[partitive genitive]] construction literally meaning "one thousand of paces".{{sfnp|Lease|1905|p=211}}}} and {{lang|la|mille}}) consisted of a thousand [[pace (unit)|pace]]s as measured by every other step—as in the total distance of the left foot hitting the ground 1,000 times.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bassett |first1=David R. |last2=Mahar |first2=Matthew T. |last3=Rowe |first3=David A. |last4=Morrow |first4=James R. |title=Walking and Measurement |journal=Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise |volume=40 |issue=7 |pages=S529–S536 |date=2008 |issn=0195-9131 |pmid=18562970 |doi=10.1249/MSS.0b013e31817c699c |doi-access=free}}</ref> The distance was indirectly standardised by [[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa|Agrippa]]'s establishment of a standard [[Roman foot]] (Agrippa's own) in 29&nbsp;[[Before Christ|BC]],{{sfnp|Soren|1999|p=184}} and the definition of a pace as 5&nbsp;(Roman) feet.{{cn|date=September 2025}} An Imperial Roman mile thus denoted 5,000&nbsp;[[Roman feet]]. [[Agrimensor|Surveyors]] and specialised equipment such as the [[decempeda]] and [[dioptra]] then spread its use.{{sfn|Shuttleworth}}
 In modern times, Agrippa's Imperial Roman mile was empirically estimated to have been about {{convert|1618|yard|m ft mi}} in length, slightly less than the {{convert|1760.|yard|m ft}} of the modern international mile.{{sfnp|Smith|1875|p=762}}
-In [[Hellenistic period|Hellenic areas]] of the Empire, the Roman mile ({{langx|grc|μίλιον}}, {{lang|grc-Latn|mílion}}) was used beside the native [[Greek units]] as equivalent to 8 [[stadia (unit)|stadia]] of 600 [[Greek feet]]. The {{lang|grc-Latn|mílion}} continued to be used as a [[Byzantine units|Byzantine unit]] and was also used as the name of the [[zero mile marker]] for the [[Byzantine Empire]], the [[Milion]], located at the head of the [[Mese (Constantinople)|Mese]] near [[Hagia Sophia]].
+In [[Greek East and Latin West|Hellenic areas]] of the Empire, the Roman mile ({{langx|grc|μίλιον}}, {{lang|grc-Latn|mílion}}) was used beside the native [[Ancient Greek units of measurement|Greek units]] as equivalent to 8 [[stadia (unit)|stadia]] of 600 [[Greek feet]]. The {{lang|grc-Latn|mílion}} continued to be used as a Byzantine unit and was also used as the name of the [[zero mile marker]] for the [[Byzantine Empire]], the [[Milion]], located at the head of the [[Mese (Constantinople)|Mese]] near [[Hagia Sophia]].
-The Roman mile spread throughout Europe, with its local variations giving rise to the different units.{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}} Also arising from the Roman mile is the [[milestone]]. All roads radiated out from the [[Roman Forum]] throughout the Empire – 50,000 (Roman) miles of stone-paved roads. At every mile was placed a shaped stone. Originally, these were [[Obelisk#Ancient Roman|obelisks]] made from granite, marble, or whatever local stone was available. On these was carved a [[Roman numeral]], indicating the number of miles from the centre of Rome – the Forum. Hence, one can know how far one is from Rome.<ref name="AdkinsAdkins2014">{{cite book|author1=Lesley Adkins|author2=Roy A. Adkins|author3=Both Professional Archaeologists Roy A Adkins|title=Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGY1Sqjwf8kC&pg=PA199|date=14 May 2014|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-7482-2|pages=199–}}</ref>
+The Roman mile spread throughout Europe, with its local variations giving rise to the different units.<ref>{{cite web |title=Measurement |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Measurement/ |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=Maths History}}</ref> Also arising from the Roman mile is the [[milestone]]. All roads radiated out from the [[Roman Forum]] throughout the Empire – 50,000 (Roman) miles of stone-paved roads. At every mile was placed a shaped stone. Originally, these were [[Obelisk#Ancient Roman|obelisks]] made from granite, marble, or whatever local stone was available. On these was carved a [[Roman numeral]], indicating the number of miles from the centre of Rome – the Forum. Hence, one can know how far one is from Rome.<ref name="AdkinsAdkins2014">{{cite book|author1=Lesley Adkins|author2=Roy A. Adkins|author3=Both Professional Archaeologists Roy A Adkins|title=Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGY1Sqjwf8kC&pg=PA199|date=14 May 2014|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-7482-2|pages=199–}}</ref>
-===Ptolemaic mile===
+==== Ptolemaic mile ====
-{{confusing|section|date=June 2025}}
+In the 2nd-century, Greco-Roman polymath, [[Ptolemy|Claudius Ptolemy]], of [[Alexandria|Alexandria (Egypt)]], in his [[Almagest]] and [[Geography (Ptolemy)|Geography]], defined a mile as a geographic [[Minute and second of arc|arcminute]] of longitude, of the earth's circumference, equivalent to 1:60 of a degree of longitude, or 1:21,600 of the circumference.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Shcheglov |first=Dmitry A. |date=2017 |title=Eratosthenes' Contribution to Ptolemy's Map of the World |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48547828 |journal=Imago Mundi |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=159–175 |doi=10.1080/03085694.2017.1312112 |jstor=48547828 |issn=0308-5694}}</ref> While his estimate of the circumference of the earth, and therefore the derived length of a ''stade'', and a mile, from third party observations, principally offered in non-normalised [[Stadion (unit)|stadion]] (600 Greek feet), Egyptian ''schoinos'', and Persian ''parasang'' were erroneous.{{clarify|reason=incoherent|date=June 2025}} Ptolomy's assumptions of a customary ''stade'' to be {{sfrac|1|8}} of a ''Roman mile'', {{sfrac|1|30}} of a ''schoinos'' or ''parasang'', {{sfrac|1|500}} of an arc-minute, or ~185 metres,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Russo |first=Lucio |date=2013-02-06 |title=Ptolemy's longitudes and Eratosthenes' measurement of the earth's circumference |url=http://msp.org/memocs/2013/1-1/p04.xhtml |journal=Mathematics and Mechanics of Complex Systems |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=67–79 |doi=10.2140/memocs.2013.1.67 |issn=2325-3444}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ptolemy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A6NtMTVeb2kC&q=circum |title=Ptolemy's Geography: An Annotated Translation of the Theoretical Chapters |last2=Berggren |first2=J. Lennart |last3=Jones |first3=Alexander |date=2002-01-15 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-09259-1}}</ref> his [[Geographical mile]], is the basis of the current nautical mile, and was adopted by medieval Arab and European cartographers.<ref>{{cite web |last=Serim |date=2018-07-31 |title=The Arabic Translations of Ptolemy's Almagest |url=https://www.qdl.qa/en/arabic-translations-ptolemys-almagest |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=www.qdl.qa}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Maps and Map-making in India {{!}} Al-Idrisi to Ptolemy: Early Maps of India · Online Exhibits |url=https://apps.lib.umich.edu/online-exhibits/exhibits/show/india-maps/early-maps |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=apps.lib.umich.edu}}</ref>
-In the 2nd-century, Greco-Roman polymath, [[Ptolemy|Claudius Ptolemy]], of [[Alexandria|Alexandria (Egypt)]], in his [[Almagest]] and [[Geography (Ptolemy)|Geography]], defined a mile as a geographic [[Minute and second of arc|arcminute]] of longitude, of the earth's circumference, equivalent to 1:60 of a degree of longitude, or 1:21,600 of the circumference.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shcheglov |first=Dmitry A. |date=2017 |title=Eratosthenes' Contribution to Ptolemy's Map of the World |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48547828 |journal=Imago Mundi |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=159–175 |doi=10.1080/03085694.2017.1312112 |jstor=48547828 |issn=0308-5694}}</ref> While his estimate of the circumference of the earth, and therefore the derived length of a ''stade'', and a mile, from third party observations, principally offered in non-normalised [[Stadion (unit)|stadion]] (600 Greek feet), Egyptian ''schoinos'', and Persian ''parasang'' were erroneous.{{clarify|reason=incoherent|date=June 2025}} Ptolomy's assumptions of a customary ''stade'' to be {{sfrac|1|8}} of a ''Roman mile'', {{sfrac|1|30}} of a ''schoinos'' or ''parasang'', {{sfrac|1|500}} of an arc-minute, or ~185 metres,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Russo |first=Lucio |date=2013-02-06 |title=Ptolemy's longitudes and Eratosthenes' measurement of the earth's circumference |url=http://msp.org/memocs/2013/1-1/p04.xhtml |journal=Mathematics and Mechanics of Complex Systems |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=67–79 |doi=10.2140/memocs.2013.1.67 |issn=2325-3444}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ptolemy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A6NtMTVeb2kC&q=circum |title=Ptolemy's Geography: An Annotated Translation of the Theoretical Chapters |last2=Berggren |first2=J. Lennart |last3=Jones |first3=Alexander |date=2002-01-15 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-09259-1 |language=en}}</ref> his [[Geographical mile]], is the basis of the current nautical mile, and was adopted by medieval Arab and European cartographers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Serim |date=2018-07-31 |title=The Arabic Translations of Ptolemy's Almagest |url=https://www.qdl.qa/en/arabic-translations-ptolemys-almagest |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=www.qdl.qa |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maps and Map-making in India {{!}} Al-Idrisi to Ptolemy: Early Maps of India · Online Exhibits |url=https://apps.lib.umich.edu/online-exhibits/exhibits/show/india-maps/early-maps |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=apps.lib.umich.edu}}</ref>
-===Italian===
+=== Arabic ===
-The '''[[Italian units|Italian]] mile''' (''{{lang|it|miglio}}'', <small>{{abbr|pl.|plural}}</small>&nbsp;''{{lang|it|miglia}}'') was traditionally considered a direct continuation of the Roman mile, equal to 1000 paces,<ref name=demorgan/> although [[Italian units of measurement#Length|its actual value over time or between regions]] could vary greatly.{{sfnp|Zupko|1981|loc="Miglio"}} It was often used in international contexts from the Middle Ages into the 17th century<ref name=demorgan>{{Cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TFAwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA231|title={{sc|xxxiv}} On Fernel's Measure of a Degree, in reply to Mr. Galloway's Remarks|last=De Morgan <!-- no forename attributed -->|pages=230–233|journal=The London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science|date=12 February 1842|publisher=Taylor & Francis|language=en|access-date=10 March 2023|archive-date=20 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120041931/https://books.google.com/books?id=TFAwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA231|url-status=live}}</ref> and is thus also known as the "geographical mile",<ref>{{Cite book|editor-last=Young|editor-first=Norwood|series=Murray's Handbooks|page=29|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SGwPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA29|title=Handbook for Rome and the Campagna|date=1908|publisher=E. Stanford|language=en|access-date=10 March 2023|archive-date=20 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120041931/https://books.google.com/books?id=SGwPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA29|url-status=live}}</ref> although the [[geographical mile]] is now a separate standard unit.
+{{main|Arabic mile}}
+The '''Arabic mile'''<!-- See talk page. --> ({{lang|ar|الميل}}, {{lang|ar-Latn|al-mīl}}), of 4,000 [[cubit]]s, was not the common [[Arabic unit]] of [[Units of length|length]]; instead, [[Arabs]] and [[Persian people|Persians]] traditionally used the longer [[parasang]] or "Arabic [[League (unit)|league]]". Although the precise length of the Arabic mile remains disputed, due to the variability in cubit length, it was somewhere between 1.8 and 2.0&nbsp;km; it is approximate to a 1.852&nbsp;km [[Nautical mile|nautical]] or [[geographical mile]], and an approximation of 1 [[arcminute]] of [[latitude]] measured directly north-and-south along a [[Meridian (geography)|meridian]]. The mile was used by [[medieval Arab geographers]] and scientists.
-===Arabic===
+=== Breslau{{anchor|Breslau mile}} ===
-{{Main|Arabic mile}}
+The '''Breslau mile''', used in [[Wrocław|Breslau]], and from 1630 officially in all of [[Silesia]], is equal to 11,250 [[ell]]s, or about 6,700 meters. The mile equaled the distance from the Piaskowa Gate all the way to Psie Pole ([[Psie Pole|Hundsfeld]]). By rolling a circle with a radius of 5 ells through [[Wyspa Piasek|Piaskowa Island]], [[Ostrów Tumski, Wrocław|Ostrów Tumski]] and suburban tracts, passing eight bridges on the way, the standard Breslau mile was determined.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyklopedia Wrocławia|date=2000|publisher=Wydawn. Dolnośląskie|editor1=Jan Harasimowicz |editor2=Włodzimierz Suleja|isbn=83-7023-749-5|edition=Wyd. 1|location=Wrocław|oclc=46420892}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Davies|first=Norman|title=Mikrokosmos : portret miasta środkowoeuropejskiego: Vratislava, Breslau, Wrocław|date=2002|publisher=Wydawn. Znak|others=Roger Moorhouse, Andrzej Pawelec|isbn=83-240-0172-7|edition=Wyd. 1|location=Kraków|oclc=50928641}}</ref>
-The '''[[Arabic mile]]'''<!-- See talk page. --> ({{lang|ar|الميل}}, {{lang|ar-Latn|al-mīl}}), of 4,000 [[cubit]]s, was not the common [[Arabic unit]] of [[units of length|length]]; instead, [[Arabs]] and [[Persian people|Persians]] traditionally used the longer [[parasang]] or "Arabic [[league (unit)|league]]". Although the precise length of the Arabic mile remains disputed, due to the variability in cubit length, it was somewhere between 1.8 and 2.0&nbsp;km. The Arabic mile being approximate to a 1.852&nbsp;km [[Nautical mile|nautical]] or [[geographical mile]], and an approximation of 1 [[arcminute]] of [[latitude]] measured directly north-and-south along a [[meridian (geography)|meridian]]. The mile was used by [[medieval Arab geographers]] and scientists.
+=== Croatian{{anchor|Croatian mile}} ===
+The '''Croatian mile''' ({{lang|hr|hrvatska milja}}), first devised by the [[Jesuit]] [[Stjepan Glavač]] on a 1673 map, is the length of an arc of the equator subtended by {{sfrac|10}}° or 11.13&nbsp;km exactly.<ref>{{in lang|hr}} [http://public.carnet.hr/zuh/do1874/nv17/nv17_11.htm "Centuries of Natural Science in Croatia: Theory and Application"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090102203839/http://public.carnet.hr/zuh/do1874/nv17/nv17_11.htm |date=2 January 2009}}. Kartografija i putopisi.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/170966|title=Hrvatska milja na starim kartama|trans-title=The Croatian Mile on Old Maps|journal=Kartografija I Geoinformacije|location=Zagreb|publisher=Croatian Cartographic Society|volume=15|issue=25|year=2016|last1=Viličić|first1=Marina|last2=Lapaine|first2=Miljenko|pages=4–22|language=hr,en|format=PDF|access-date=8 July 2019|archive-date=8 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708152342/https://hrcak.srce.hr/170966|url-status=live}}</ref> The previous Croatian mile, now known as the "[[ban (title)|ban]] mile" ({{lang|hr|banska milja}}), had been the Austrian mile given above.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.matica.hr/vijenac/232/Mrvice%20s%20banskoga%20stola/|title=Mrvice s banskoga stola|last=Opačić|first=Nives|magazine=[[Vijenac]]|issue=232|date=23 February 2003|location=Zagreb|publisher=[[Matica hrvatska]]|language=hr|access-date=8 July 2019|archive-date=14 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214030504/http://www.matica.hr/vijenac/232/Mrvice%20s%20banskoga%20stola/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-===English===
+=== Danish{{anchor|Danish mile}} ===
-{{See also|yard}}
+{{main|Danish units of measurement}}
-The "'''old [[English units|English]] mile'''" of the [[medieval England|medieval]] and [[Early Modern England|early modern period]]s varied but seems to have measured about 1.3&nbsp;[[#International|international&nbsp;miles]] (2.1&nbsp;km).{{sfnp|Andrews|2003|p=70}}{{sfnp|Evans|1975|p=259}} The old English mile varied over time and location within England.{{sfnp|Evans|1975|p=259}} The old English mile has also been defined as 79,200 or 79,320 inches (1.25 or 1.2519 statute miles).{{sfnp|Chaney|1911|p=484}} The English long continued the Roman computations of the mile as 5,000 feet, 1,000 [[pace (unit)|paces]], or 8 longer divisions, which they equated with their "[[furrow]]'s length" or [[furlong]].{{sfnp|Klein|1988|p=69}}
+Following its standardisation by [[Ole Rømer]] in the late 17th century, the '''Danish mile''' ({{lang|da|mil}}) was precisely equal to the [[#German mile|Prussian mile]] and likewise divided into 24,000 feet.{{sfnp|Rowlett|2018|loc="mil 4"}} These were sometimes treated as equivalent to 7.5&nbsp;km. Earlier values had varied: the {{lang|da|Sjællandske miil}}, for instance, had been 11.13&nbsp;km.
-The origins of English units are "extremely vague and uncertain",{{sfnp|Chisholm|1864|p=8}} but seem to have been a combination of the [[Roman units|Roman system]] with native [[Welsh units|British]] and Germanic systems both derived from multiples of the [[barleycorn (unit)|barleycorn]].{{refn|group=n|The {{c.|lk=no|1300}} [[Composition of Yards and Perches]], a [[statutes of uncertain date|statute of uncertain date]] usually reckoned as an enactment of [[Edward I of England|Edward&nbsp;I]]{{sfn|NPL}} or [[Edward II of England|II]],{{sfnp|Chisholm|1864|p=8}} notionally continued to derive English units from three barleycorns "dry and round" to the inch{{sfn|NPL}} and this statute remained in force until the 1824 [[Weights and Measures Acts of the United Kingdom|Weights and Measures Act]] establishing the [[Imperial units|Imperial system]]. In practice, official measures were verified using the standards at the Exchequer or simply ignored.{{sfnp|Chisholm|1864|p=37}}}} Probably by the reign of [[Edgar, King of England|Edgar]] in the 10th century, the nominal [[prototype]] [[standard (metrology)|physical standard]] of English length was an arm-length iron bar (a yardstick) held by the [[kings of England|king]] at [[Winchester]];{{sfn|NPL}}{{sfnp|Chisholm|1864|p=8}} the foot was then one-third of its length. [[Henry I of England|Henry&nbsp;I]] was said to have made a new standard in 1101 based on his own arm.<!--Sic. No nose involved.-->{{sfnp|Chisholm|1864|p=8}} Following the issuance of [[Magna Carta]] in 1215, the [[baron (UK)|baron]]s of [[English Parliament|Parliament]] directed [[John Lackland|John]] and his son to keep the [[list of English kings|king]]'s standard measure (''{{lang|la|Mensura Domini Regis}}'') and [[Troy pound|weight]] at the [[Exchequer]],{{sfnp|Chisholm|1864|p=8}} which thereafter verified local standards until its abolition in the 19th century. New [[brass]] standards are known to have been constructed under [[Henry VII of England|Henry&nbsp;VII]] and [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth&nbsp;I]].{{sfnp|Chisholm|1864|p=4}}
+=== Dutch ===
+[[File:Mercator scale.png|thumb|alt=Scalebar on a Mercator map|Scalebar on a 16th-century map made by [[Gerardus Mercator|Mercator]]. The scalebar is expressed in "Hours walking or common Flemish miles", and includes three actual scales: small, medium and big Flemish miles.]]
+The '''Dutch mile''' ({{lang|nl|mijl}}) has had different definitions throughout history. One of the older definitions was 5,600 [[ell]]s. But the length of an ell was not standardised, so that the length of a mile could range between 3,280&nbsp;m and 4,280&nbsp;m. In the sixteenth century, the Dutch had three different miles: small ({{lang|nl|kleine}}), medium ({{lang|nl|middelbaar/gemeen}}), and large ({{lang|nl|groote}}). The Dutch {{lang|nl|kleine}} mile had the historical definition of one hour's walking ({{lang|nl|uur gaans}}), which was defined as 24 stadia, 3000 paces, or 15,000 Amsterdam or Rhineland feet (respectively 4,250&nbsp;m or 4,710&nbsp;m). The common Dutch mile was 32 stadia, 4,000 paces, or 20,000 feet (5,660 m or 6,280 m). The large mile was defined as 5000 paces.<ref name="Apian Cosmographie">{{cite book |last1=Apian |first1=Petrus |title=Cosmographie, oft Beschryvinghe der geheelder werelt |date=1545 |publisher=de Bonte |page=xvii |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NDNhAAAAcAAJ |access-date=18 November 2023}}</ref> The common Dutch mile was preferred by mariners, equating with 15 to one degree of [[latitude]] or one degree of [[longitude]] on the [[equator]]. This was originally based upon [[Ptolemy]]'s underestimate of the Earth's circumference. The ratio of 15 Dutch miles to a degree remained fixed while the length of the mile was changed as with improved calculations of the circumference of the Earth. In 1617, [[Willebrord Snellius]] calculated a degree of the circumference of the Earth at 28,500 {{lang|nl|Rijnlantsche Roeden}} (within 3.5% of the actual value), which resulted in a Dutch mile of 1900 rods.<ref name="Metius">{{cite book |last1=Metius |first1=Adriaan Adriaansz |title=Fundamentale onderwijsinghe, aengaende de fabrica en het veelvoudigh gebruyck van het Astrolabium, soo catholicum als particulier |date=1627 |publisher=gedr. bij U. Balck |location=Netherlands |page=163 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O1Wb9345orwC |access-date=18 November 2023}}</ref> By the mid-seventeenth century, map scales assigned 2000 rods to the common Dutch mile, which equalled around 7,535&nbsp;m (reducing the discrepancy with latitude measurement to less than 2%). The metric system was introduced in the Netherlands in 1816, and the metric mile became a synonym for the kilometre, being exactly 1,000&nbsp;m. Since 1870, the term {{lang|nl|mijl}} was replaced by the equivalent {{lang|nl|kilometer}}. Today, the word {{lang|nl|mijl}} is no longer used, except as part of certain proverbs and [[Compound (linguistics)|compound]] terms like {{lang|nl|mijlenver}} ({{gloss |miles away}}).
+=== English ===
+{{main|English units of measurement}}
+The "'''old English mile'''" of the [[medieval England|medieval]] and [[Early Modern England|early modern period]]s varied but seems to have measured about 1.3&nbsp;[[#International|international&nbsp;miles]] (2.1&nbsp;km).{{sfnp|Andrews|2003|p=70}}{{sfnp|Evans|1975|p=259}} The old English mile varied over time and location within England.{{sfnp|Evans|1975|p=259}} The old English mile has also been defined as 79,200 or 79,320 inches (1.25 or 1.2519 statute miles).{{sfnp|Chaney|1911|p=484}} The English long continued the Roman computations of the mile as 5,000 feet, 1,000 [[pace (unit)|paces]], or 8 longer divisions, which they equated with their "[[furrow]]'s length" or [[furlong]].{{sfnp|Klein|1988|p=69}}
+The origins of English units are "extremely vague and uncertain",{{sfnp|Chisholm|1864|p=8}} but seem to have been a combination of the [[Ancient Roman units of measurement|Roman system]] with native and Germanic systems both derived from multiples of the [[barleycorn (unit)|barleycorn]].{{refn|group=n|The {{c.|lk=no|1300}} [[Composition of Yards and Perches]], a [[statutes of uncertain date|statute of uncertain date]] usually reckoned as an enactment of [[Edward I of England|Edward&nbsp;I]]{{sfn|NPL}} or [[Edward II of England|II]],{{sfnp|Chisholm|1864|p=8}} notionally continued to derive English units from three barleycorns "dry and round" to the inch{{sfn|NPL}} and this statute remained in force until the 1824 [[Weights and Measures Acts of the United Kingdom|Weights and Measures Act]] establishing the [[Imperial units|Imperial system]]. In practice, official measures were verified using the standards at the Exchequer or simply ignored.{{sfnp|Chisholm|1864|p=37}}}} Probably by the reign of [[Edgar, King of England|Edgar]] in the 10th century, the nominal [[prototype]] [[standard (metrology)|physical standard]] of English length was an arm-length iron bar (a yardstick) held by the [[kings of England|king]] at [[Winchester]];{{sfn|NPL}}{{sfnp|Chisholm|1864|p=8}} the foot was then one-third of its length. [[Henry I of England|Henry&nbsp;I]] was said to have made a new standard in 1101 based on his own arm.<!--Sic. No nose involved.-->{{sfnp|Chisholm|1864|p=8}} Following the issuance of [[Magna Carta]] in 1215, the [[baron (UK)|baron]]s of [[English Parliament|Parliament]] directed [[John Lackland|John]] and his son to keep the [[list of English kings|king]]'s standard measure ({{lang|la|Mensura Domini Regis}}) and [[Troy pound|weight]] at the [[Exchequer]],{{sfnp|Chisholm|1864|p=8}} which thereafter verified local standards until its abolition in the 19th century. New [[brass]] standards are known to have been constructed under [[Henry VII of England|Henry&nbsp;VII]] and [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth&nbsp;I]].{{sfnp|Chisholm|1864|p=4}}
 Arnold's {{c.|lk=no|1500}} ''Customs of London'' recorded a mile shorter than previous ones, coming to 0.947&nbsp;international&nbsp;miles (5,000 feet) or 1.524&nbsp;km.{{sfnp|Klein|1988|p=69}}
-====Statute====
+==== English statute{{anchor|Statute mile}}<!--linked from statute mile, land miles, etc. so kindly maintain anchor link.--> ====
 {{Redirect|Statute mile|the current statute mile in the United Kingdom|#International|the statute mile in the United States|#US survey}}
-{{anchor|Statute mile}} <!--linked from statute mile, land miles, etc. so kindly maintain anchor link.-->
 The English '''statute mile''' was established by a [[Weights and Measures Acts of the United Kingdom|Weights and Measures]] [[Act of Parliament]] in 1593 during the reign of [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth&nbsp;I]]. The act on the [[Composition of Yards and Perches]] had shortened the length of the foot and its associated measures, causing the two methods of determining the mile to diverge.{{sfnp|Zupko|1977|pp=10–11, 20–21}} Owing to the importance of the surveyor's [[rod (unit)|rod]] in deeds and [[surveying]] undertaken under [[Henry VIII of England|Henry&nbsp;VIII]],{{sfnp|Burke|1978|loc=Ch.&nbsp;9}} decreasing the length of the rod by {{frac|1|11}} would have amounted to a significant [[land tax|tax]] increase. Parliament instead opted to maintain the mile of 8 [[furlongs]] (which were derived from the rod) and to increase the number of feet per mile from the old Roman value.{{sfnp|Adams|1990}} The applicable passage of the statute reads: "A Mile shall contain eight Furlongs, every Furlong forty Poles,{{refn|group=n|"Pole" being another name for the [[rod (unit)|rod]].}} and every Pole shall contain sixteen Foot and {{not a typo|an}} half."{{refn|Act 35 {{abbr|Eliz.&nbsp;I|Elizabeth I}} {{abbr|cap.|Chapter}} 6, {{abbr|s.|section}} 8.<ref name="statutes at large">{{cite book|title=Statutes at large from the first year of King Edward the fourth to the end of the reign of Queen Elizabeth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2KZFAAAAcAAJ |access-date=29 November 2011|volume=II |year=1763|page=676}}</ref>}} The statute mile therefore contained 5,280&nbsp;feet or 1,760&nbsp;yards.{{sfnp|Klein|1988|p=69}} The distance was not uniformly adopted. [[Robert Morden]] had multiple scales on his 17th-century maps which included continuing local values: his map of [[Hampshire]], for example, bore two different "miles" with a ratio of {{nowrap|1&thinsp;:&thinsp;1.23}}{{sfnp|Norgate|1998}} and his map of [[Dorset]] had three scales with a ratio of {{nowrap|1&thinsp;:&thinsp;1.23&thinsp;:&thinsp;1.41}}.{{sfnp|Morden|1695}} In both cases, the traditional local units remained longer than the statute mile. The English statute mile was superseded in 1959 by the [[#International|international mile]] by international agreement.
-===Welsh===
+=== German{{anchor|German mile|Austrian mile|Prussian mile}} ===
-The '''[[Welsh units|Welsh]]&nbsp;mile''' (''{{lang|cy|milltir}}'' or ''{{lang|cy|milldir}}'') was 3&nbsp;statute miles and 1,470&nbsp;yards long (6.17&nbsp;km). It comprised 9,000&nbsp;[[pace (unit)|pace]]s (''{{lang|cy|cam}}''), each of 3&nbsp;[[Welsh feet]] (''{{lang|cy|troedfedd}}'') of 9&nbsp;inches (''{{lang|cy|modfeddi}}'').{{sfnp|Owen|1841|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zYZCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA90 Book&nbsp;II, Ch.&nbsp;XVII, §5]}} (The Welsh inch is usually reckoned as equivalent to the English inch.) Along with other [[Welsh units]], it was said to have been [[Molmutine Laws|codified]] under [[Dyfnwal Moelmud|Dyfnwal the Bald and Silent]] and [[Laws of Hywel Dda|retained unchanged]] by [[Hywel Dda|Hywel the Good]].{{sfnp|Owen|1841|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zYZCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA89 Book&nbsp;II, Ch.&nbsp;XVII, §2]}} Along with other Welsh units, it was discontinued following the [[Edwardian Conquest of Wales|conquest]] of [[Principality of Wales|Wales]] by [[Edward I of England]] in the 13th century.
+[[File:Wegmasse1.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Various historic miles and leagues from an 1848 German textbook, given in feet, metres, and fractions of a "[[circle of longitude|degree of meridian]]"]]
+The '''German mile''' ({{lang|de|Meile}}) was 24,000 German feet. The standardised '''Austrian mile''' used in southern Germany and the [[Austrian Empire]] was 7.586&nbsp;km; the '''Prussian mile''' used in northern Germany was 7.5325&nbsp;km. The Germans also used a longer version of the [[#Geographical|geographical mile]].
-===Scots===
+=== Hungarian{{anchor|Hungarian mile}} ===
-[[File:Edinburgh High Street.JPG|thumb|[[Edinburgh]]'s "[[Royal Mile]]"—running from [[Edinburgh Castle|the castle]] to [[Holyrood Abbey]]—is roughly a Scots mile&nbsp;long.<ref>{{cite book|title=Edinburgh 2000 visitors' guide|publisher=Collins|year=1999|page=31|isbn=978-0-004-49017-5}}</ref>]]
+The '''Hungarian mile''' ({{lang|hu|mérföld}} or {{lang|hu|magyar mérföld}}) varied from 8.3790&nbsp;km to 8.9374&nbsp;km before being standardised as 8.3536&nbsp;km.
-The '''[[Scots units|Scots]] mile''' was longer than the English mile,<ref name="SNL">{{cite book |chapter=mile |title=Dictionary of the Scottish Language – Scottish National Dictionary |chapter-url=https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/mile_n1 |access-date=14 April 2020 |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804010338/https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/mile_n1 |url-status=live }}</ref> as mentioned by [[Robert Burns]] in the first verse of his poem "[[Tam o' Shanter (Burns poem)|Tam o' Shanter]]". It comprised 8&nbsp;(Scots)&nbsp;furlongs divided into 320&nbsp;[[fall (Scots)|fall]]s or faws (Scots [[rod (unit)|rod]]s).<ref name="DOST">{{cite book |chapter=fall, faw |title=Dictionary of the Scottish Language – Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue |chapter-url=https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/dost/fall_n_1 |access-date=14 April 2020 |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804012402/https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/dost/fall_n_1 |url-status=live }}</ref> It varied from place to place but the most accepted equivalencies are 1,976&nbsp;[[Imperial system|Imperial]]&nbsp;yards (1.123 [[statute mile]]s or 1.81&nbsp;km).
+=== Irish ===
-It was legally abolished three times: first by a 1685 act of the [[Parliament of Scotland|Scottish Parliament]],<ref name="1685-4-83">{{Cite web|place=Edinburgh|date=23 April 1685|id=APS viii: 494 c.59|title=Act for a standard of miles|website=Records of the Parliaments of Scotland|url=https://www.rps.ac.uk/trans/1685/4/83|access-date=2023-03-10|archive-date=10 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310044550/https://www.rps.ac.uk/trans/1685/4/83|url-status=live}}</ref> again by the 1707 [[Act of Union (1707)|Treaty of Union]] with England,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Act ratifying and approving the treaty of union of the two kingdoms of Scotland and England|date=3 October 1706|place=Edinburgh|website=Records of the Parliaments of Scotland|url=https://www.rps.ac.uk/trans/1706/10/257|access-date=2023-03-10|archive-date=10 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310044539/https://www.rps.ac.uk/trans/1706/10/257|url-status=live}}</ref> and finally by the [[Weights and Measures Act 1824]].<ref name="SNL" /> It had continued in use as a customary unit through the 18th century but had become obsolete by its final abolition.
-===Irish===
 {{Main|Irish mile}}
 [[File:Milestone, Mountbellow (geograph 5365674).jpg|thumb|Milestone on [[Mountbellew]] Bridge, erected {{Circa|1760}}. Distances are given in Irish miles.]]
-The '''Irish mile''' (''{{lang|ga|míle}}'' or ''{{lang|ga|míle Gaelach}}'') measured 2,240 yards: approximately 1.27 statute miles or 2.048 kilometres.{{sfnp|Rowlett|2018|loc=[http://www.ibiblio.org/units/ "Irish mile"]}}<ref name=OSIfaq>{{cite web|author=Ordnance Survey Ireland |title=Frequently Asked Questions |url=http://www.osi.ie/en/faq/faq3.aspx#faq7 |access-date=17 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120228155031/http://www.osi.ie/en/faq/faq3.aspx |archive-date=28 February 2012 |author-link=Ordnance Survey Ireland }}</ref> It was used in Ireland from the [[Plantations of Ireland|16th century plantations]] until the 19th century, with residual use into the 20th century. The units were based on "[[Imperial measure|English measure]]" but used a [[linear perch]] measuring {{convert|7|yard|metre}} as opposed to the English [[Rod (unit)|rod]] of {{convert|5.5|yard|metre}}.<ref name=OSIfaq />
+The '''Irish mile''' ({{lang|ga|míle}} or {{lang|ga|míle Gaelach}}) measured 2,240 yards: approximately 1.27 statute miles or 2.048 kilometres.{{sfnp|Rowlett|2018|loc=[http://www.ibiblio.org/units/ "Irish mile"]}}<ref name=OSIfaq>{{cite web|author=Ordnance Survey Ireland |title=Frequently Asked Questions |url=http://www.osi.ie/en/faq/faq3.aspx#faq7 |access-date=17 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120228155031/http://www.osi.ie/en/faq/faq3.aspx |archive-date=28 February 2012 |author-link=Ordnance Survey Ireland }}</ref> It was used in Ireland from the [[Plantations of Ireland|16th century plantations]] until the 19th century, with residual use into the 20th century. The units were based on "[[Imperial measure|English measure]]" but used a [[linear perch]] measuring {{convert|7|yard|metre}} as opposed to the English [[Rod (unit)|rod]] of {{convert|5.5|yard|metre}}.<ref name=OSIfaq />
+=== Italian ===
+{{main|Italian units of measurement}}
+The '''Italian mile''' ({{lang|it|miglio}}, <small>{{abbr|pl.|plural}}</small>&nbsp;{{lang|it|miglia}}) was traditionally considered a direct continuation of the Roman mile, equal to 1000 paces,<ref name=demorgan/> although [[Italian units of measurement#Length|its actual value over time or between regions]] could vary greatly.{{sfnp|Zupko|1981|loc="Miglio"}} It was often used in international contexts from the Middle Ages into the 17th century<ref name=demorgan>{{Cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TFAwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA231|title={{sc|xxxiv}} On Fernel's Measure of a Degree, in reply to Mr. Galloway's Remarks|last=De Morgan <!-- no forename attributed -->|pages=230–233|journal=The London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science|date=12 February 1842|publisher=Taylor & Francis|language=en|access-date=10 March 2023|archive-date=20 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120041931/https://books.google.com/books?id=TFAwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA231|url-status=live}}</ref> and is thus also known as the "geographical mile",<ref>{{Cite book|editor-last=Young|editor-first=Norwood|series=Murray's Handbooks|page=29|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SGwPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA29|title=Handbook for Rome and the Campagna|date=1908|publisher=E. Stanford|language=en|access-date=10 March 2023|archive-date=20 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120041931/https://books.google.com/books?id=SGwPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA29|url-status=live}}</ref> although the [[geographical mile]] is now a separate standard unit.
+=== Japanese ===
+The [[CJK Compatibility]] [[Unicode block]] contains square-format versions of Japanese names for measurement units as written in [[katakana]] script.
+Among them, there is {{unichar|3344}}, after {{lang|ja|マイル}} {{Transliteration|ja|mairu}}.
+=== Ottoman{{anchor|Portuguese mile|Brazilian mile}} ===
+{{main|Ottoman units of measurement}}
+The '''Ottoman mile''' was 1,894.35 m, which was equal to 5,000 Ottoman foot. After 1933, the Ottoman mile was replaced with the modern Turkish mile (1,853.181&nbsp;m).
-===Danish===
+=== Portuguese{{anchor|Portuguese mile|Brazilian mile}} ===
-Following its standardisation by [[Ole Rømer]] in the late 17th century, the '''Danish mile''' (''{{lang|da|mil}}'') was precisely equal to the [[Mile#German|Prussian mile]] and likewise divided into 24,000 feet.{{sfnp|Rowlett|2018|loc="mil 4"}} These were sometimes treated as equivalent to 7.5&nbsp;km. Earlier values had varied: the {{lang|da|Sjællandske miil}}, for instance, had been 11.13&nbsp;km.
+The '''Portuguese&nbsp;mile''' ({{lang|pt|milha}}) used in Portugal and Brazil was 2.0873&nbsp;km prior to metrication.{{sfnp|Rowlett|2018|loc="milha"}}
-===Dutch===
+=== Russian{{anchor|Russian mile}} ===
-[[File:Mercator scale.png|thumb|left|upright=1.3|alt=Scalebar on a Mercator map|Scalebar on a 16th-century map made by [[Gerardus Mercator|Mercator]]. The scalebar is expressed in "Hours walking or common Flemish miles", and includes three actual scales: small, medium and big Flemish miles.]]
+The '''[[Obsolete Russian weights and measures|Russian]] mile''' ({{lang|ru|миля}} or {{lang|ru|русская миля}}, {{lang|ru-Latn|russkaya milya}}) was 7.468&nbsp;km, divided into 7 [[verst]]s.
-The '''Dutch mile''' ({{lang|nl|mijl}}) has had different definitions throughout history. One of the older definitions was 5,600 [[ell]]s. But the length of an ell was not standardised, so that the length of a mile could range between 3,280&nbsp;m and 4,280&nbsp;m. In the sixteenth century, the Dutch had three different miles: small ({{lang|nl|kleine}}), medium ({{lang|nl|middelbaar/gemeen}}), and large ({{lang|nl|groote}}). The Dutch {{lang|nl|kleine}} mile had the historical definition of one hour's walking ({{lang|nl|uur gaans}}), which was defined as 24 stadia, 3000 paces, or 15,000 Amsterdam or Rhineland feet (respectively 4,250&nbsp;m or 4,710&nbsp;m). The common Dutch mile was 32 stadia, 4,000 paces, or 20,000 feet (5,660 m or 6,280 m). The large mile was defined as 5000 paces.<ref name="Apian Cosmographie">{{cite book |last1=Apian |first1=Petrus |title=Cosmographie, oft Beschryvinghe der geheelder werelt |date=1545 |publisher=de Bonte |page=xvii |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NDNhAAAAcAAJ |access-date=18 November 2023}}</ref> The common Dutch mile was preferred by mariners, equating with 15 to one degree of [[latitude]] or one degree of [[longitude]] on the [[equator]]. This was originally based upon [[Ptolemy]]'s underestimate of the Earth's circumference. The ratio of 15 Dutch miles to a degree remained fixed while the length of the mile was changed as with improved calculations of the circumference of the Earth. In 1617, [[Willebrord Snellius]] calculated a degree of the circumference of the Earth at 28,500 {{lang|nl|Rijnlantsche Roeden}} (within 3.5% of the actual value), which resulted in a Dutch mile of 1900 rods.<ref name="Metius">{{cite book |last1=Metius |first1=Adriaan Adriaansz |title=Fundamentale onderwijsinghe, aengaende de fabrica en het veelvoudigh gebruyck van het Astrolabium, soo catholicum als particulier |date=1627 |publisher=gedr. bij U. Balck |location=Netherlands |page=163 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O1Wb9345orwC |access-date=18 November 2023}}</ref> By the mid-seventeenth century, map scales assigned 2000 rods to the common Dutch mile, which equalled around 7,535&nbsp;m (reducing the discrepancy with latitude measurement to less than 2%). The metric system was introduced in the Netherlands in 1816, and the metric mile became a synonym for the kilometre, being exactly 1,000&nbsp;m. Since 1870, the term {{lang|nl|mijl}} was replaced by the equivalent {{lang|nl|kilometer}}. Today, the word {{lang|nl|mijl}} is no longer used, except as part of certain proverbs and [[Compound (linguistics)|compound]] terms like {{lang|nl|mijlenver}} ("miles away").
+=== Saxon ===
+The '''Saxon post mile''' ({{lang|de|kursächsische Postmeile}} or {{lang|de|Polizeimeile}}, introduced on occasion of a survey of the Saxon roads in the 1700s, corresponded to 2,000 Dresden [[rod (unit)|rods]], equivalent to 9.062 kilometres.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.poststrassen-erleben.de/geschichten/historie-der-postsaeulen.html | title = Historie der Postsäulen | publisher = Forschungsgruppe Kursächsische Postmeilensäulen e.V. und 1. Sächsischer Postkutschenverein e.V. | language = de | access-date = 5 February 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170205182410/http://www.poststrassen-erleben.de/geschichten/historie-der-postsaeulen.html | archive-date = 5 February 2017 }}</ref>
-===German===
+=== Old Scandinavian{{anchor|Old Scandinavian mile}} ===
-{{anchor|German mile|Austrian mile|Danish mile}}
+{{Main|Scandinavian mile|Scandinavian nautical mile}}
-[[File:Wegmasse1.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Various historic miles and leagues from an 1848 German textbook, given in feet, metres, and fractions of a "[[circle of longitude|degree of meridian]]"]]
+{{See also|Danish units of measurement|Norwegian units of measurement|Swedish units of measurement}}
-The '''German mile''' ({{lang|de|Meile}}) was 24,000 German feet. The standardised '''Austrian mile''' used in southern Germany and the [[Austrian Empire]] was 7.586&nbsp;km; the '''Prussian mile''' used in northern Germany was 7.5325&nbsp;km. The Germans also used a longer version of the [[#Geographical|geographical mile]].
+The '''old Scandinavian miles''' ([[Nordic language|Norse]]: ''mil'', {{IPA|[miːl]}}, {{langx|fi|peninkulma}}) were a number of measurements of length used in Scandinavia prior to the adoption of the modern "[[#Scandinavian metric mile|Scandinavian metric mile]]" (10 km) in the late 19th century.
+Before the [[Renaissance]], there were various regional miles in Scandinavia. In Sweden, the regional miles were eventually divided after province, so called {{lang|sv|landskapsmil}} (roughly "county miles").<ref name=snl>[https://snl.no/mil snl.no]</ref><ref>[http://www.hhogman.se/old-units-of-measurement-sweden.htm#xl_Linear_Measure Old Swedish Units of Measurement - Linear Measure]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120831234747/http://www.sfs.fi/files/70/si-opas.pdf Suureet ja yksiköt. SI-mittayksikköjärjestelmä]Quantities and units. The International System of Units (SI)</ref> Some noteworthy Swedish county miles are:
+* [[Dalarna|Dala]] mile – {{convert|14485|m|mi|2|abbr=on}}
+* [[Finland|Finnish]] mile ({{lang|fi|peninkulma}}) – around {{convert|6|km|mi|2|abbr=on}}
+* [[Småland]] mile – around {{convert|7|km|mi|2|abbr=on}}
+* [[Uppland]] mile – {{convert|10688.54|m|mi|2|abbr=on}} = 3,600 [[Rod (unit)|Swedish rods]] = 6,000 [[Fathom|Swedish fathoms]] = 18,000 [[Ell|Swedish ells]] = 36,000 [[Foot (unit)|Swedish feet]]
+* [[Västra Götaland County|Västgöta]] mile – around {{convert|13|km|mi|2|abbr=on}}
+* [[Ångermanland]] mile – {{convert|11875|m|mi|2|abbr=on}} = 6,666 [[Fathom|Swedish fathoms]]
-===Breslau===
+While [[Denmark]] eventually adopted the [[#Prussian mile|Prussian mile]] (see {{section link||Danish mile}}), the Swedish kept their indigenous miles. In 1649 the Swedish government made the Uppland mile the de facto Swedish mile, or "unit mile" ({{lang|sv|enhetsmil}}), for all of Sweden, also called the "land mile" or "long mile". In [[Finland]], then part of [[Sweden]], their measurement {{lang|fi|peninkulma}} (which is translated as "mile") then became equivalent to the Swedish "unit mile", which later carried over when Finland seceded to the [[Russian Empire]] in 1809. When Norway became part of Sweden in 1814, forming the [[Union between Sweden and Norway]], the Swedish standard for defining a "unit mile", 36,000 feet, was introduced to Norway, which, due to the Norwegian foot being slightly longer than the Swedish foot, then became slightly longer than in Sweden, making the "unit mile" {{convert|11.298|km|mi|abbr=off}} in Norway.
-{{anchor|Breslau mile}}
-The '''Breslau mile''', used in [[Wrocław|Breslau]], and from 1630 officially in all of [[Silesia]], equal to 11,250 [[ell]]s, or about 6,700 meters. The mile equaled the distance from the Piaskowa Gate all the way to Psie Pole ([[Psie Pole|Hundsfeld]]). By rolling a circle with a radius of 5 ells through [[Wyspa Piasek|Piaskowa Island]], [[Ostrów Tumski, Wrocław|Ostrów Tumski]] and suburban tracts, passing eight bridges on the way, the standard Breslau mile was determined.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyklopedia Wrocławia|date=2000|publisher=Wydawn. Dolnośląskie|editor1=Jan Harasimowicz |editor2=Włodzimierz Suleja|isbn=83-7023-749-5|edition=Wyd. 1|location=Wrocław|oclc=46420892}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Davies|first=Norman|title=Mikrokosmos : portret miasta środkowoeuropejskiego: Vratislava, Breslau, Wrocław|date=2002|publisher=Wydawn. Znak|others=Roger Moorhouse, Andrzej Pawelec|isbn=83-240-0172-7|edition=Wyd. 1|location=Kraków|oclc=50928641}}</ref>
-===Saxon===
+Upon metrification, Finland, Norway, and Sweden, decided to redefine their miles as {{convert|10|km|mi}}, since they were all based on the old Swedish "unit mile", already close to the measurent. The modern [[#Scandinavian metric mile|Scandinavian (metric) mile]] is still a unit of length common in [[Norway]] and [[Sweden]], to a lesser extent in [[Finland]], but not [[Denmark]].
-The '''Saxon post mile''' (''{{lang|de|kursächsische Postmeile}}'' or ''{{lang|de|Polizeimeile}}'', introduced on occasion of a survey of the Saxon roads in the 1700s, corresponded to 2,000 Dresden [[rod (unit)|rods]], equivalent to 9.062 kilometres.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.poststrassen-erleben.de/geschichten/historie-der-postsaeulen.html | title = Historie der Postsäulen | publisher = Forschungsgruppe Kursächsische Postmeilensäulen e.V. und 1. Sächsischer Postkutschenverein e.V. | language = de | access-date = 5 February 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170205182410/http://www.poststrassen-erleben.de/geschichten/historie-der-postsaeulen.html | archive-date = 5 February 2017 }}</ref>
-===Hungarian===
+The Scandinavians also had their own "[[nautical mile]]", called "sea mile" ({{langx|da|sømil}}, {{langx|no|sjømil}}, {{langx|sv|sjömil}}), or the equivalent "sea-peninkulma" in Finnish ({{langx|fi|meripeninkulma}}), equivalent to the German [[geographical mile]] ({{frac|15}} degrees of [[latitude]]), around {{convert|7413|m|abbr=on}}; later, during metrification, standardized as {{convert|7420|m|abbr=on}}.
-{{anchor|Hungarian mile}}
-The '''Hungarian mile''' (''{{lang|hu|mérföld}}'' or ''{{lang|hu|magyar mérföld}}'') varied from 8.3790&nbsp;km to 8.9374&nbsp;km before being standardised as 8.3536&nbsp;km.
-===Portuguese===
+=== Scots ===
-{{anchor|Portuguese mile|Brazilian mile}}
+{{main|Scottish units of measurement}}
-The '''Portuguese&nbsp;mile''' (''{{lang|pt|milha}}'') used in Portugal and Brazil was 2.0873&nbsp;km prior to metrication.{{sfnp|Rowlett|2018|loc="milha"}}
+[[File:Edinburgh High Street.JPG|thumb|[[Edinburgh]]'s "[[Royal Mile]]"—running from [[Edinburgh Castle|the castle]] to [[Holyrood Abbey]]—is roughly a Scots mile&nbsp;long.<ref>{{cite book|title=Edinburgh 2000 visitors' guide|publisher=Collins|year=1999|page=31|isbn=978-0-004-49017-5}}</ref>]]
-===Russian===
+The '''Scots mile''' was longer than the English mile,<ref name="SNL">{{cite book |chapter=mile |title=Dictionary of the Scottish Language – Scottish National Dictionary |chapter-url=https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/mile_n1 |access-date=14 April 2020 |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804010338/https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/mile_n1 |url-status=live }}</ref> as mentioned by [[Robert Burns]] in the first verse of his poem "[[Tam o' Shanter (Burns poem)|Tam o' Shanter]]". It comprised 8&nbsp;(Scots)&nbsp;furlongs divided into 320&nbsp;[[fall (Scots)|fall]]s or faws (Scots [[rod (unit)|rod]]s).<ref name="DOST">{{cite book |chapter=fall, faw |title=Dictionary of the Scottish Language – Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue |chapter-url=https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/dost/fall_n_1 |access-date=14 April 2020 |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804012402/https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/dost/fall_n_1 |url-status=live }}</ref> It varied from place to place but the most accepted equivalencies are 1,976&nbsp;[[Imperial system|Imperial]]&nbsp;yards (1.123 [[statute mile]]s or 1.81&nbsp;km).
-{{anchor|Russian mile}}
+It was legally abolished three times: first by a 1685 act of the [[Parliament of Scotland|Scottish Parliament]],<ref name="1685-4-83">{{Cite web|place=Edinburgh|date=23 April 1685|id=APS viii: 494 c.59|title=Act for a standard of miles|website=Records of the Parliaments of Scotland|url=https://www.rps.ac.uk/trans/1685/4/83|access-date=2023-03-10|archive-date=10 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310044550/https://www.rps.ac.uk/trans/1685/4/83|url-status=live}}</ref> again by the 1707 [[Act of Union (1707)|Treaty of Union]] with England,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Act ratifying and approving the treaty of union of the two kingdoms of Scotland and England|date=3 October 1706|place=Edinburgh|website=Records of the Parliaments of Scotland|url=https://www.rps.ac.uk/trans/1706/10/257|access-date=2023-03-10|archive-date=10 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310044539/https://www.rps.ac.uk/trans/1706/10/257|url-status=live}}</ref> and finally by the [[Weights and Measures Act 1824]].<ref name="SNL" /> It had continued in use as a customary unit through the 18th century but had become obsolete by its final abolition.
-The '''[[Obsolete Russian weights and measures|Russian]] mile''' ({{lang|ru|миля}} or {{lang|ru|русская миля}}, {{lang|ru-Latn|russkaya milya}}) was 7.468&nbsp;km, divided into 7 [[verst]]s.
-===Croatian===
+=== Welsh ===
-{{Anchor|Mile}}<!-- [[Croatian mile]] redirects here-->
+{{main|Welsh units of measurement}}
-{{anchor|Croatian mile}} The '''[[Croatian mile]]''' (''{{lang|hr|hrvatska milja}}''), first devised by the [[Jesuit]] [[Stjepan Glavač]] on a 1673 map, is the length of an arc of the equator subtended by {{sfrac|10}}° or 11.13&nbsp;km exactly.<ref>{{in lang|hr}} [http://public.carnet.hr/zuh/do1874/nv17/nv17_11.htm "Centuries of Natural Science in Croatia : Theory and Application"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090102203839/http://public.carnet.hr/zuh/do1874/nv17/nv17_11.htm |date=2 January 2009 }}. Kartografija i putopisi.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/170966|title=Hrvatska milja na starim kartama|trans-title=The Croatian Mile on Old Maps|journal=Kartografija I Geoinformacije|location=Zagreb|publisher=Croatian Cartographic Society|volume=15|issue=25|year=2016|last1=Viličić|first1=Marina|last2=Lapaine|first2=Miljenko|pages=4–22|language=hr,en|format=PDF|access-date=8 July 2019|archive-date=8 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708152342/https://hrcak.srce.hr/170966|url-status=live}}</ref> The previous Croatian mile, now known as the "[[ban (title)|ban]] mile" (''{{lang|hr|banska milja}}''), had been the Austrian mile given above.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.matica.hr/vijenac/232/Mrvice%20s%20banskoga%20stola/|title=Mrvice s banskoga stola|last=Opačić|first=Nives|magazine=[[Vijenac]]|issue=232|date=23 February 2003|location=Zagreb|publisher=[[Matica hrvatska]]|language=hr|access-date=8 July 2019|archive-date=14 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214030504/http://www.matica.hr/vijenac/232/Mrvice%20s%20banskoga%20stola/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-===Ottoman===
+The '''Welsh mile''' ({{lang|cy|milltir}} or {{lang|cy|milldir}}) was 3&nbsp;statute miles and 1,470&nbsp;yards long (6.17&nbsp;km). It comprised 9,000&nbsp;[[pace (unit)|pace]]s ({{lang|cy|cam}}), each of 3&nbsp;[[Welsh feet]] ({{lang|cy|troedfedd}}) of 9&nbsp;inches ({{lang|cy|modfeddi}}).{{sfnp|Owen|1841|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zYZCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA90 Book&nbsp;II, Ch.&nbsp;XVII, §5]}} (The Welsh inch is usually reckoned as equivalent to the English inch.) Along with other Welsh units, it was said to have been [[Molmutine Laws|codified]] under [[Dyfnwal Moelmud|Dyfnwal the Bald and Silent]] and [[Laws of Hywel Dda|retained unchanged]] by [[Hywel Dda|Hywel the Good]].{{sfnp|Owen|1841|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zYZCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA89 Book&nbsp;II, Ch.&nbsp;XVII, §2]}} Along with other Welsh units, it was discontinued following the [[Edwardian Conquest of Wales|conquest]] of [[Principality of Wales|Wales]] by [[Edward I of England]] in the 13th century.
-The '''[[Ottoman units of measurement|Ottoman mile]]''' was 1,894.35 m, which was equal to 5,000 Ottoman foot. After 1933, the Ottoman mile was replaced with the modern Turkish mile (1,853.181&nbsp;m).
-===Japanese===
+== International ==
-The [[CJK Compatibility]] [[Unicode block]] contains square-format versions of Japanese names for measurement units as written in [[katakana]] script.
+{{main|International System of Units}}
-Among them, there is {{unichar|3344}}, after {{lang|ja|マイル}} {{Transliteration|ja|mairu}}.
-==International==
 The '''international mile''' is precisely equal to '''{{val|1.609344|u=km}}''' (or {{sfrac|25146|15625}}&nbsp;km as a fraction).{{refn|1,760&nbsp;yards&nbsp;× 0.9144 m/yard.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1985/72/schedules |title=Weights & Measures Act of 1985 |contribution=Schedule&nbsp;I, Part&nbsp;VI |access-date=7 July 2011 |archive-date=27 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127060936/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1985/72/schedules |url-status=live }}.</ref>}} It was established as part of the 1959 [[international yard and pound]] agreement reached by the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the [[Union of South Africa]],{{sfnp|Barbrow|1976|pp=16–17, 20}} which resolved small but measurable differences that had arisen from separate physical standards each country had maintained for the yard.{{sfnp|Bigg|1964}} As with the earlier [[#Statute|statute mile]], it continues to comprise 1,760 yards or 5,280 feet.
@@ Line 144: / Line 168: @@
 The exact length of the land mile varied slightly among English-speaking countries until the [[international yard and pound]] agreement in 1959 established the yard as exactly 0.9144&nbsp;metres, giving a mile of exactly 1,609.344&nbsp;metres. The US adopted this international mile for most purposes, but retained the pre-1959 mile for some land-survey data, terming it the ''U. S. survey mile''. In the United States, ''statute mile'' normally refers to the survey mile,<ref>[http://www.convertunits.com/from/mile+%5Bstatute%5D/to/mile+%5Bstatute,+US%5D Convert mile &#91;statute&#93; to mile &#91;statute, US&#93;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220024313/http://www.convertunits.com/from/mile+&#91;statute&#93;/to/mile+&#91;statute,+US&#93; |date=20 February 2015 }} "1 metre is equal to {{val|0.000621371192237}} mile [statute], or {{val|0.000621369949495}} mile [statute, US]. ... The U.S. statute mile (or survey mile) is defined by the survey foot. This is different from the international statute mile, which is defined as exactly 1609.344 metres. The U.S. statute mile is defined as 5,280 U.S. survey feet, which is around {{val|1609.347219}} metres."</ref> about 3.219&nbsp;mm ({{frac|1|8}}&nbsp;inch) longer than the international mile (the international mile is exactly 0.0002% less than the US survey mile).
-While many countries abandoned the mile when switching to the [[International System of Units|metric system]], the international mile continues to be used in some countries, such as [[Liberia]], [[Myanmar]],<ref>[[:File:Naypyitaw Tollbooth.jpg]]</ref> the United Kingdom<ref>{{cite legislation UK | type = si | year = 1995 | number = 1804 | si = The Units of Measurement Regulations 1995 |url = http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1995/1804/made?view=plain}}</ref> and the United States.<ref>[http://www.iihs.org/laws/speedlimits.aspx Maximum posted speed limits] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923192742/http://www.iihs.org/laws/speedlimits.aspx |date=23 September 2011 }} (US) IIHS. Retrieved 14 September 2011</ref> It is also used in a number of territories with less than a million inhabitants, most of which are UK or US territories, or have close historical ties with the UK or US: American Samoa,<ref>{{cite news |last=Hayner |first=Jeff |url=http://www.samoanews.com/?q=node/69174 |title=ASAA planning 1.2-mile swim in Pago Pago harbor |publisher=Samoa News |date=29 November 2012 |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202845/http://www.samoanews.com/?q=node/69174 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bahamas,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thenassauguardian.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=33732:new-providence-cycling-association-calendar-of-events-for-september&catid=41:sports&Itemid=50 |title=The Nassau Guardian |date=29 August 2012 |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201629/http://www.thenassauguardian.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=33732:new-providence-cycling-association-calendar-of-events-for-september&catid=41:sports&Itemid=50 }}</ref> Belize,<ref>{{cite web |author=Jerome Williams |url=http://amandala.com.bz/news/pawpa-brown-race-results/ |title=Pawpa Brown Race results |publisher=Amandala.com.bz |date=30 August 2013 |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201039/http://amandala.com.bz/news/pawpa-brown-race-results/ |url-status=live }}</ref> British Virgin Islands,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bvibeacon.com/2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3442%3Amt-bikers-compete-in-anegada&Itemid=60 |title=Mt. bikers compete in Anegada |publisher=Bvibeacon.com |date=8 May 2013 |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200833/http://bvibeacon.com/2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3442%3Amt-bikers-compete-in-anegada&Itemid=60 |url-status=live }}</ref> Cayman Islands,<ref name="compasscayman.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.compasscayman.com/story.aspx?id=125193 |title=Paddling 300 miles for NCVO |work=Cayman Compass |date=4 June 2013 |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201142/http://www.compasscayman.com/story.aspx?id=125193 |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref> Dominica,<ref name="compasscayman.com"/> Falkland Islands,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.penguin-news.com/index.php/news/sport/item/593-bronze-medal-for-falklands-football-at-island-games-in-bermuda |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924070910/http://www.penguin-news.com/index.php/news/sport/item/593-bronze-medal-for-falklands-football-at-island-games-in-bermuda |archive-date=24 September 2015 |title=Bronze medal for Falklands football at Island Games in Bermuda |publisher=Penguin-news.com |date=24 July 2013 |access-date=18 January 2014 }}</ref> Grenada,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spicegrenada.com/index.php/14-new-today-roundup/26-find-the-culprit-editorial |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130916033845/http://www.spicegrenada.com/index.php/14-new-today-roundup/26-find-the-culprit-editorial |archive-date=16 September 2013 |title=Find the culprit!!! |publisher=Spicegrenada.com |access-date=18 January 2014 }}</ref> Guam,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guampdn.com/article/20120306/NEWS01/120306010/UPDATE-Navy-evacuates-patient-from-cruise-ship-50-miles-off-Guaml |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130916033924/http://www.guampdn.com/article/20120306/NEWS01/120306010/UPDATE-Navy-evacuates-patient-from-cruise-ship-50-miles-off-Guaml |archive-date=16 September 2013 |title=Navy evacuates patient from cruise ship 50 miles off Guam |work=Pacific Daily News |date=9 March 2013 |access-date=18 January 2014 }}</ref> The N. Mariana Islands,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-09-23|title=Saipan Tribune.|url=http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?newsID=138785|access-date=2023-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923035828/http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?newsID=138785 |archive-date=23 September 2013 }}</ref> Samoa,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-09-23|title=When you need to go|url=http://www.samoaobserver.ws/opinion/letters-to-the-editor/4459-when-you-need-to-go|access-date=2023-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923054442/http://www.samoaobserver.ws/opinion/letters-to-the-editor/4459-when-you-need-to-go |archive-date=23 September 2013 }}</ref> St. Lucia,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thevoiceslu.com/let_and_op/2008/feburary/09_02_08/What_we_can_do_about_oil.htm |title=The Voice – The national newspaper of St. Lucia since 1885 |publisher=Thevoiceslu.com |date=8 February 2008 |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204340/http://www.thevoiceslu.com/let_and_op/2008/feburary/09_02_08/What_we_can_do_about_oil.htm |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref> St. Vincent & The Grenadines,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://searchlight.vc/peace-corps-volunteer-runs-miles-from-petit-bordel-to-georgetown-p36364-82.htm |title=Peace Corps Volunteer runs 49 miles from Petit Bordel to Georgetown |publisher=Searchlight.vc |date=16 December 2011 |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202523/http://searchlight.vc/peace-corps-volunteer-runs-miles-from-petit-bordel-to-georgetown-p36364-82.htm |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref> St. Helena,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sthelenaonline.org/2012/10/08/my-big-walk/ |title=And I would walk 50 miles... |publisher=Sthelenaonline.org |date=7 October 2012 |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322095732/http://sthelenaonline.org/2012/10/08/my-big-walk/ |archive-date=22 March 2014 }}</ref> St. Kitts & Nevis,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestkittsnevisobserver.com/2012/09/28/commentary.html |title=104 Square Miles, but is it ours? |publisher=The St. Kitts-Nevis Observer |date=28 September 2012 |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201163818/http://www.thestkittsnevisobserver.com/2012/09/28/commentary.html |archive-date=1 February 2013 }}</ref> the Turks & Caicos Islands,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://suntci.com/provo-has-a-new-club-p142-106.htm |title=Provo has a new club |publisher=Suntci.com |date=15 July 2009 |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029205243/http://suntci.com/provo-has-a-new-club-p142-106.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and the US Virgin Islands.<ref>{{cite news|author=AARON GRAY (Daily News Staff) |url=http://virginislandsdailynews.com/sports/butler-outduels-archrival-to-win-8-tuff-miles-1.1277646 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130916040357/http://virginislandsdailynews.com/sports/butler-outduels-archrival-to-win-8-tuff-miles-1.1277646 |archive-date=16 September 2013 |title=Butler outduels archrival to win 8 Tuff Miles |newspaper=Virgin Islands Daily News |date=27 February 2012 |access-date=18 January 2014 }}</ref>
+While many countries abandoned the mile when switching to the [[metric system]], the international mile continues to be used in some countries, such as [[Liberia]], [[Myanmar]],<ref>[[:File:Naypyitaw Tollbooth.jpg]]</ref> the United Kingdom<ref>{{cite legislation UK |type=si |year=1995 |number=1804 |si=The Units of Measurement Regulations 1995 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1995/1804/made?view=plain}}</ref> and the United States.<ref>[http://www.iihs.org/laws/speedlimits.aspx Maximum posted speed limits] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923192742/http://www.iihs.org/laws/speedlimits.aspx |date=23 September 2011 }} (US) IIHS. Retrieved 14 September 2011</ref> It is also used in a number of territories with less than a million inhabitants, most of which are UK or US territories, or have close historical ties with the UK or US: American Samoa,<ref>{{cite news |last=Hayner |first=Jeff |url=http://www.samoanews.com/?q=node/69174 |title=ASAA planning 1.2-mile swim in Pago Pago harbor |publisher=Samoa News |date=29 November 2012 |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202845/http://www.samoanews.com/?q=node/69174 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bahamas,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thenassauguardian.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=33732:new-providence-cycling-association-calendar-of-events-for-september&catid=41:sports&Itemid=50 |title=The Nassau Guardian |date=29 August 2012 |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201629/http://www.thenassauguardian.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=33732:new-providence-cycling-association-calendar-of-events-for-september&catid=41:sports&Itemid=50 }}</ref> Belize,<ref>{{cite web |author=Jerome Williams |url=http://amandala.com.bz/news/pawpa-brown-race-results/ |title=Pawpa Brown Race results |publisher=Amandala.com.bz |date=30 August 2013 |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201039/http://amandala.com.bz/news/pawpa-brown-race-results/ |url-status=live }}</ref> British Virgin Islands,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bvibeacon.com/2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3442%3Amt-bikers-compete-in-anegada&Itemid=60 |title=Mt. bikers compete in Anegada |publisher=Bvibeacon.com |date=8 May 2013 |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200833/http://bvibeacon.com/2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3442%3Amt-bikers-compete-in-anegada&Itemid=60 |url-status=live }}</ref> Cayman Islands,<ref name="compasscayman.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.compasscayman.com/story.aspx?id=125193 |title=Paddling 300 miles for NCVO |work=Cayman Compass |date=4 June 2013 |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201142/http://www.compasscayman.com/story.aspx?id=125193 |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref> Dominica,<ref name="compasscayman.com"/> Falkland Islands,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.penguin-news.com/index.php/news/sport/item/593-bronze-medal-for-falklands-football-at-island-games-in-bermuda |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924070910/http://www.penguin-news.com/index.php/news/sport/item/593-bronze-medal-for-falklands-football-at-island-games-in-bermuda |archive-date=24 September 2015 |title=Bronze medal for Falklands football at Island Games in Bermuda |publisher=Penguin-news.com |date=24 July 2013 |access-date=18 January 2014 }}</ref> Grenada,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spicegrenada.com/index.php/14-new-today-roundup/26-find-the-culprit-editorial |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130916033845/http://www.spicegrenada.com/index.php/14-new-today-roundup/26-find-the-culprit-editorial |archive-date=16 September 2013 |title=Find the culprit!!! |publisher=Spicegrenada.com |access-date=18 January 2014 }}</ref> Guam,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guampdn.com/article/20120306/NEWS01/120306010/UPDATE-Navy-evacuates-patient-from-cruise-ship-50-miles-off-Guaml |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130916033924/http://www.guampdn.com/article/20120306/NEWS01/120306010/UPDATE-Navy-evacuates-patient-from-cruise-ship-50-miles-off-Guaml |archive-date=16 September 2013 |title=Navy evacuates patient from cruise ship 50 miles off Guam |work=Pacific Daily News |date=9 March 2013 |access-date=18 January 2014 }}</ref> The N. Mariana Islands,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-09-23|title=Saipan Tribune.|url=http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?newsID=138785|access-date=2023-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923035828/http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?newsID=138785 |archive-date=23 September 2013 }}</ref> Samoa,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-09-23|title=When you need to go|url=http://www.samoaobserver.ws/opinion/letters-to-the-editor/4459-when-you-need-to-go|access-date=2023-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923054442/http://www.samoaobserver.ws/opinion/letters-to-the-editor/4459-when-you-need-to-go |archive-date=23 September 2013 }}</ref> St. Lucia,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thevoiceslu.com/let_and_op/2008/feburary/09_02_08/What_we_can_do_about_oil.htm |title=The Voice – The national newspaper of St. Lucia since 1885 |publisher=Thevoiceslu.com |date=8 February 2008 |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204340/http://www.thevoiceslu.com/let_and_op/2008/feburary/09_02_08/What_we_can_do_about_oil.htm |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref> St. Vincent & The Grenadines,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://searchlight.vc/peace-corps-volunteer-runs-miles-from-petit-bordel-to-georgetown-p36364-82.htm |title=Peace Corps Volunteer runs 49 miles from Petit Bordel to Georgetown |publisher=Searchlight.vc |date=16 December 2011 |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202523/http://searchlight.vc/peace-corps-volunteer-runs-miles-from-petit-bordel-to-georgetown-p36364-82.htm |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref> St. Helena,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sthelenaonline.org/2012/10/08/my-big-walk/ |title=And I would walk 50 miles... |publisher=Sthelenaonline.org |date=7 October 2012 |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322095732/http://sthelenaonline.org/2012/10/08/my-big-walk/ |archive-date=22 March 2014 }}</ref> St. Kitts & Nevis,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestkittsnevisobserver.com/2012/09/28/commentary.html |title=104 Square Miles, but is it ours? |publisher=The St. Kitts-Nevis Observer |date=28 September 2012 |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201163818/http://www.thestkittsnevisobserver.com/2012/09/28/commentary.html |archive-date=1 February 2013 }}</ref> the Turks & Caicos Islands,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://suntci.com/provo-has-a-new-club-p142-106.htm |title=Provo has a new club |publisher=Suntci.com |date=15 July 2009 |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029205243/http://suntci.com/provo-has-a-new-club-p142-106.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and the US Virgin Islands.<ref>{{cite news|author=AARON GRAY (Daily News Staff) |url=http://virginislandsdailynews.com/sports/butler-outduels-archrival-to-win-8-tuff-miles-1.1277646 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130916040357/http://virginislandsdailynews.com/sports/butler-outduels-archrival-to-win-8-tuff-miles-1.1277646 |archive-date=16 September 2013 |title=Butler outduels archrival to win 8 Tuff Miles |newspaper=Virgin Islands Daily News |date=27 February 2012 |access-date=18 January 2014 }}</ref>
 The mile is even encountered in Canada, though this is predominantly in rail transport and horse racing, as the roadways have been metricated since 1977.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Branch|first=Legislative Services|date=2021-04-19|title=Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Weights and Measures Act|url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/W-6/page-2.html|access-date=2023-03-10|website=laws-lois.justice.gc.ca|archive-date=10 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310044527/https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/W-6/page-2.html|url-status=live}}{{pb}}Act current to 18 January 2012. Canadian units (5) The Canadian units of measurement are as set out and defined in Schedule II, and the symbols and abbreviations therefor are as added pursuant to subparagraph 6(1)(b)(ii).</ref><ref>''[http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/W-6/page-15.html/ Weights and Measures Act] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016084035/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/W-6/page-15.html/ |date=16 October 2012 }}''</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Government of Canada|first=Transportation Safety Board of Canada|date=2011-10-26|title=Railway Investigation Report R10E0096 - Transportation Safety Board of Canada|url=http://www.tsb.gc.ca/eng/rapports-reports/rail/2010/r10e0096/r10e0096.html|access-date=2023-03-10|website=www.tsb.gc.ca|archive-date=14 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914190153/https://www.tsb.gc.ca/eng/rapports-reports/rail/2010/r10e0096/r10e0096.html|url-status=live}}{{pb}}February 2012, Rail Report&nbsp;– 2010&nbsp;– Report Number R10E0096. Other Factual Information (See Figure 1). 2. Assignment 602 travelled approximately 12 car lengths into track VC-64 and at a speed of 9 mph struck a stationary cut of 46 empty cars (with the air brakes applied) that had been placed in the track about {{frac|2|1|2}} hours earlier. Canadian railways have not been metricated and therefore continue to measure trackage in miles and speed in miles per hour.</ref><ref>''[http://www.hastingspark.com/racing/factbook.aspx Hastings Racecourse Fact Book]'' {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418172501/http://www.hastingspark.com/racing/factbook.aspx |date=18 April 2012 }} Like Canadian railways, Canadian race tracks have not been metricated and continue to measure distance in miles, furlongs, and yards (see page 18 of the fact book).</ref> Ireland gradually replaced miles with kilometres, including in speed measurements; the process was completed in 2005.
-==US survey <span class="anchor" id="U.S. survey mile"></span>==
+== US survey <span class="anchor" id="U.S. survey mile"></span> ==
 {{For|the detailed calculations of international miles to survey miles and feet (above)|#International}}
 The '''US survey mile''' is 5,280 [[U.S. survey foot|US survey feet]], or 1,609.347 metres and 0.30480061 metres respectively.<ref>{{cite web |title=Appendix E. General Tables of Units of Measurement |url=https://www.nist.gov/document-2382 |access-date=14 January 2020}} (links to a Microsoft Word document)</ref> Both are very slightly longer than the [[international mile]] and [[international foot]]. In the United States, the term ''statute mile'' formally refers to the survey mile,{{sfnp|Thompson|2008|loc=B.6.}} but for most purposes, the difference of less than {{convert|1/8|in|mm}} between the survey mile and the international mile (1609.344&nbsp;metres exactly) is insignificant—one international mile is {{val|0.999998}} US survey miles—so ''statute mile'' can be used for either. But in some cases, such as in the US [[State Plane Coordinate System]]s (SPCSs), which can stretch over hundreds of miles,<ref name="NGS-FAQ">{{cite web | title = What are the 'official' conversions that are used by NGS to convert 1) metres to inches, and 2) metres to feet? | url = http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/faq.shtml#Feet | id = Frequently Asked Questions about the National Geodetic Survey | author = US National Geodetic Survey | access-date = 16 May 2009 | archive-date = 5 September 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150905054504/http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/faq.shtml#Feet | url-status = live }}</ref> the accumulated difference can be significant, so it is important to note that the reference is to the US survey mile.
@@ Line 161: / Line 185: @@
 In October 2019, [[US National Geodetic Survey]] and [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] announced their joint intent to retire the US survey foot and US survey mile, as permitted by their 1959 decision, with effect on January 1, 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=NGS and NIST to Retire U.S. Survey Foot after 2022 |url=https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/web/news/us-survey-foot.shtml |publisher=National Geodetic Survey |access-date=4 March 2020 |date=31 October 2019 |archive-date=27 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527213329/https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/web/news/us-survey-foot.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=U.S. Survey Foot: Revised Unit Conversion Factors |url=https://www.nist.gov/pml/us-surveyfoot/revised-unit-conversion-factors |journal=NIST |access-date=4 March 2020 |date=16 October 2019 |archive-date=2 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302225408/https://www.nist.gov/pml/us-surveyfoot/revised-unit-conversion-factors |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/10/05/2020-21902/deprecation-of-the-united-states-us-survey-foot | title=Federal Register :: Request Access | date=5 October 2020 | access-date=5 July 2022 | archive-date=21 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221184624/http://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/10/05/2020-21902/deprecation-of-the-united-states-us-survey-foot | url-status=live }}</ref>
-==Nautical==
+== Nautical ==
+=== International nautical ===
 [[File:RechtwKugeldreieck.svg|thumb|upright=0.5|'''On the utility of the nautical mile.'''<br />Each circle shown is a [[great circle]]—the analogue of a line in spherical trigonometry—and hence the shortest path connecting two points on the globular surface. [[Meridian (geography)|Meridians]] are great circles that pass through the poles.]]
 {{Main|Nautical mile}}
-The ''nautical mile'' was originally defined as one [[minute of arc]] along a [[Meridian arc|meridian]] of the Earth.{{sfnp|Maloney|1978|p=34}} Navigators use dividers to step off the distance between two points on the navigational chart, then place the open dividers against the minutes-of-latitude scale at the edge of the chart, and read off the distance in nautical miles.{{sfnp|Maloney|1978|pp=34–35}} The Earth is not perfectly spherical but an [[oblate spheroid]], so the length of a minute of latitude increases by 1% from the equator to the poles, as seen for example in the [[World Geodetic System|WGS84 ellipsoid]], with {{convert|6046|ft|m|order=flip}} at the equator, {{convert|6108|ft|m|order=flip}} at the poles and average {{convert|1852|m|ft}}.
+The ''nautical mile'' (historically also (''sea mile'') was originally defined as one [[minute of arc]] along a [[Meridian arc|meridian]] of the Earth.{{sfnp|Maloney|1978|p=34}} Navigators use dividers to step off the distance between two points on the navigational chart, then place the open dividers against the minutes-of-latitude scale at the edge of the chart, and read off the distance in nautical miles.{{sfnp|Maloney|1978|pp=34–35}} The Earth is not perfectly spherical but an [[oblate spheroid]], so the length of a minute of latitude increases by 1% from the equator to the poles, as seen for example in the [[World Geodetic System|WGS84 ellipsoid]], with {{convert|6046|ft|m|order=flip}} at the equator, {{convert|6108|ft|m|order=flip}} at the poles and average {{convert|1852|m|ft}}.
 Since 1929 the international nautical mile is defined by the First International Extraordinary Hydrographic Conference in [[Monaco]] as exactly 1,852 metres (which is {{convert|1852|m|mi|sigfig=4|disp=out|abbr=off}} or {{convert|1852|m|ft|sigfig=6|disp=out|abbr=off}}).<ref>{{SIBrochure8th|page=127}}.</ref> In the United States, the nautical mile was defined in the 19th century as {{convert|6,080.2|ft|m|2}}, whereas in the United Kingdom, the ''Admiralty nautical mile'' was defined as {{convert|6,080|ft|m|2}} and was about one minute of latitude in the latitudes of the south of the UK. Other nations had different definitions of the nautical mile.
-===Related units===
+==== Related units ====
 The nautical mile per hour is known as the [[Knot (unit)|knot]]. Nautical miles and knots are almost universally used for aeronautical and maritime navigation, because of their relationship with degrees and minutes of latitude and the convenience of using the latitude scale on a map for distance measuring.
 The [[data mile]] is used in [[radar]]-related subjects and is equal to 6,000 feet (1.8288 kilometres).{{sfnp|Rowlett|2018|loc="data mile"}} The [[radar mile]] is a unit of time (in the same way that the [[light year]] is a unit of distance), equal to the time required for a radar pulse to travel a distance of two miles (one mile each way). Thus, the radar statute mile is 10.8&nbsp;μs and the radar nautical mile is 12.4&nbsp;μs.{{sfnp|Rowlett|2018|loc="radar mile"}}
-==Geographical==
+=== Scandinavian nautical ===
+{{main|Scandinavian nautical mile}}
+Scandinavians used their own version of the "[[nautical mile]]" up to the beginning of the 20th century (with continued regional use), indigenously known as a '''sea mile''' ({{langx|da|sømil}}, {{langx|no|sjømil}}, {{langx|sv|sjömil}}), or the equivalent "sea-peninkulma" in Finnish ({{langx|fi|meripeninkulma}}). It was equal to a "[[geographical mile]]", defined as {{fraction|1|15}} of an equatorial degree ({{fraction|1|360}}° of [[longitude]]),<ref>[https://snl.no/sj%C3%B8mil Store norske leksikon] (in Norwegian)</ref> equivalent to approximately four modern nautical miles or "medium meridian minutes" (4 × 1,852 m) – a nautical mile is approximately one sixtieth of a degree along a meridian (1/60 meridian degree).
+During metrification in 1875, this brought it down to about {{convert|7420|m|abbr=on}} from its former equivalence of 3950 fathoms ({{langx|nb|favn}}, {{langx|sv|famn}}) or about {{convert|7435|m|abbr=on}}.
+== Geographical ==
 {{Main|Geographical mile}}
-The [[geographical mile]] is based upon the length of a [[meridian (geography)|meridian]] of [[latitude]]. The German geographical mile ({{lang|de|geographische Meile}}) was previously {{frac|15}}° of latitude (7.4127&nbsp;km).{{sfnp|Rowlett|2018|loc="meile"}}
+The [[geographical mile]] is based upon the length of a [[meridian (geography)|meridian]] of [[latitude]]. The German geographical mile ({{lang|de|geographische Meile}}) was previously {{frac|15}}° of latitude (7.4127&nbsp;km),{{sfnp|Rowlett|2018|loc="meile"}} and was used as the basis for the [[Scandinavian nautical mile]].
-==Metric==
+== Metric ==
 {{Main|Metric mile}}
 The informal term "metric mile" is used in some countries, in sports such as [[track and field athletics]] and [[speed skating]], to denote a distance of {{convert|1500|m|mile|sigfig=3|abbr=off}}. The [[1500 meters]] is the premier [[middle distance running]] event in [[Olympic sports]]. In United States high-school competition, the term is sometimes used for a race of {{convert|1600|m|mile|sigfig=3|abbr=off}}.{{sfnp|Rowlett|2018|loc="mile"}}
-==Scandinavian==
+Metric mile has also been used to denote other metric measurements under the name mile, such as the [[Scandinavian mile]] ({{langx|sv|metrisk mil}}),<ref>{{Runeberg |filename=sthbfi90 |htmlno=0174 |name=Statistisk handbok för Finland. Andra upplagan }}</ref> and previously also the [[kilometre]], in [[Dutch language|Dutch]].
+=== Scandinavian metric{{anchor|Scandinavian metric mile}} ===
 {{Main|Scandinavian mile}}
-The Scandinavian mile (''{{lang|no|mil}}'') remains in common use in Norway and Sweden, where it has meant precisely 10&nbsp;km since metrication in 1889.{{sfnp|Rowlett|2018|loc="mil 4"}} It is used in informal situations and in measurements of fuel consumption, which are often given as litres per ''{{lang|no|mil}}''. In formal situations (such as official road signs) only kilometres are given.
+The '''Scandinavian metric mile''' ([[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] and {{langx|sv|mil}}, {{IPA|[miːl]}}) refers to the modern '''Scandinavian mile''', used in [[Norway]] and [[Sweden]], to a lesser extent in [[Finland]] ({{langx|fi|peninkulma}}), but not in [[Denmark]], which since metrication in the late 19th century is standardized as 10&nbsp;km.{{sfnp|Rowlett|2018|loc="mil 4"}} It is used in informal situations and in measurements of fuel consumption, which are often given as litres per {{lang|no|mil}}. In formal situations (such as official road signs) only kilometres are given.
-The Swedish mile was standardised as 36,000 Swedish feet or {{convert|10.6884|km|mi|abbr=off}} in 1649; before that it varied by [[provinces of Sweden|province]] from about 6 to 14.485&nbsp;km.{{sfnp|Rowlett|2018|loc="mil 4"}}
-Before metrication, the Norwegian mile was {{convert|11.298|km|mi|abbr=off}}.
-The traditional Finnish ''{{lang|fi|peninkulma}}'' was translated as ''{{langx|sv|mil}}'' and also set equal to 10&nbsp;km during metrication in 1887, but is much less commonly used.
+The Scandinavian metric mile is based of the old Swedish "[[#Old Scandinavian mile|unit mile]]" ({{langx|sv|enhetsmil}}), which was standardised as 36,000 Swedish feet or {{convert|10.6884|km|mi|abbr=off}} in 1649; before that, the mile varied by [[provinces of Sweden|province]] from about {{convert|6-14.485|km|abbr=on}}, also known as "county miles" ({{langx|sv|landskapsmil}}).{{sfnp|Rowlett|2018|loc="mil 4"}} In Finland, then part of Sweden, the traditional Finnish measurement {{lang|fi|peninkulma}}, or "Finnish mile" ({{langx|sv|finsk mil}}), became redefined as equivalent to the Swedish "unit mile" {{langx|sv|mil}}, which was then kept when Finland seceded to Russia in 1809. When Norway became part of Sweden in 1814, forming the [[Union between Sweden and Norway]], the Swedish standard for defining a mile was introduced, which then became slightly longer in Norway than in Sweden, due to the Norwegian foot being slightly longer than the Swedish foot, making the "unit mile" {{convert|11.298|km|mi|abbr=off}} in Norway. Upon metrification, each country decided to redefine their mile to 10 kilometres.
-==Comparison table==
+== Comparison table ==
 A comparison of the different lengths for a "mile", in different countries and at different times in history, is given in the table below. [[League (unit)|League]]s are also included in this list because, in terms of length, they fall in between the short West European miles and the long North, Central and Eastern European miles.
 <!-- Please incorporate all figures into the following table. --->
@@ Line 205: / Line 235: @@
 | {{0}}500 || ''[[li (unit)|lǐ]]'' || mainland [[China]] || 1984 || today || 1,500 ''[[chi (unit)|chi]]'' || In Chinese, this unit and the imperial mile are written using the same word (里), with a qualifier to distinguish between systems if needed
 |-
-| {{0}}960–1,152 || [[Biblical mile|Talmudic mil]] ||[[Land of Israel|Land of Israel/Canaan]]||  || today || 2,000 amot ([[cubits]]) || [[Biblical and Talmudic units of measurement]]
+| {{0}}960–1,152 || [[Biblical mile|Talmudic mil]] ||[[Land of Israel|Land of Israel/Canaan]]|| || today || 2,000 amot ([[cubits]]) || [[Biblical and Talmudic units of measurement]]
 |-
 | {{0}}1,480 || mille passus, milliarium || Roman Empire || || || || [[Ancient Roman units of measurement]]
@@ Line 233: / Line 263: @@
 | {{0}}2,065 || || Portugal || || || ||
 |-
-| {{0}}2,220 || Gallo-Roman league || [[Gallo-Roman culture]] || || || 1.5 miles || Under the reign of Emperor [[Septimius Severus]], this replaced the Roman mile as the official unit of distance in the [[Gauls|Gallic]] and [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] provinces, although there were regional and temporal variations.<ref>{{Cite web
+| {{0}}2,220 || Gallo-Roman league || [[Gallo-Roman culture]] || || || 1.5 miles || Under the reign of Emperor [[Septimius Severus]], this replaced the Roman mile as the official unit of distance in the [[Gauls|Gallic]] and [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] provinces, although there were regional and temporal variations.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rottländer |first=R.C.A. |title=Hierarchische Gliederung der vormetrischen Längeneinheiten |url=http://vormetrische-laengeneinheiten.de/html/gliederung.html |url-status=live |website=vormetrische-laengeneinheiten.de |date=January 2006 |access-date=2023-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060222062621/http://vormetrische-laengeneinheiten.de/html/gliederung.html |archive-date=22 February 2006}}</ref>
- |title        = Hierarchische Gliederung der vormetrischen Längeneinheiten
- |url          = http://vormetrische-laengeneinheiten.de/html/gliederung.html
- |access-date  = 2023-03-10
- |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20060222062621/http://vormetrische-laengeneinheiten.de/html/gliederung.html
- |archive-date = 22 February 2006
- |website      = vormetrische-laengeneinheiten.de
- |author       = R. C. A. Rottländer
- |date         = January 2006
- |url-status   = live
-}}</ref>
 |-
 | {{0}}2,470 || || Sardinia, Piemont || || || ||
@@ Line 386: / Line 406: @@
 |
 |
-|7146 meters before 1819, also equaled 7 [[verst]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gloger|first=Zygmunt|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23442814M/Ksiega_rzeczy_polskich|title=Ksiega rzeczy polskich|date=1898|publisher=Druk W.L. Anczyca i Sp|ol=23442814M|access-date=21 April 2021|archive-date=21 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421104944/https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23442814M/Ksiega_rzeczy_polskich|url-status=live}}</ref>
+|7146 meters before 1819, also equaled 7 [[verst]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gloger|first=Zygmunt|title=Ksiega rzeczy polskich|date=1898|publisher=Druk W.L. Anczyca i Sp|ol=23442814M}}</ref>
 |-
 | {{0}}8,800 || || Schleswig-Holstein || || || ||[[Obsolete German units of measurement]]
@@ Line 424: / Line 444: @@
 * 1,066.8&nbsp;m&nbsp;– [[verst]], see also [[obsolete Russian units of measurement]]
-==Idioms==
+== Idioms ==
 The mile is still used in a variety of [[idioms]], even in English-speaking countries that have moved from the Imperial to the metric system (for example, Australia, Canada, or New Zealand). These idioms include:
 * A ''[[wikt:country mile|country mile]]'' is used [[colloquialism|colloquially]] to denote a very long distance
@@ Line 437: / Line 457: @@
 * ''[[Glasgow's miles better]]'', a touristic campaign.
-==See also==
+== See also ==
 {{Portal|Science}}
 {{Columns-list|colwidth=20em|
@@ Line 453: / Line 473: @@
 {{clear}}
-==Notes==
+== Notes ==
 {{Reflist|group=n}}
-==References==
+== References ==
-===Citations===
+=== Citations ===
 {{Reflist}}
-===Sources===
+=== Sources ===
 * {{Citation |last=Adams |first=Cecil |url=http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/637/whats-the-origin-of-miles-and-yards |website=The Straight Dope |title=What's the origin of miles and yards? |year=1990 |access-date=6 April 2015 |archive-date=27 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227000326/http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/637/whats-the-origin-of-miles-and-yards |url-status=live }}.
 * {{Citation |title=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |edition=4 |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|Houghton Mifflin Co.]] |year=2006 |orig-date=Originally published 2001 |isbn=978-0-618-70172-8 |location=Boston |ref={{harvid|AHD|2006}} |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/americanheritage00edit_9 }}.
@@ Line 499: / Line 519: @@
 {{Authority control}}
-[[Category:Ancient Roman geography]]
+[[Category:Geography of ancient Rome]]
 [[Category:Customary units of measurement in the United States]]
 [[Category:Imperial units]]

Mile: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 10:24, 10 November 2025

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Abbreviation

Historical

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Ptolemaic mile

Arabic

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Scots

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Nautical

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Scandinavian nautical

Geographical

Metric

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Comparison table

Idioms

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References

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