Short-toed snake eagle: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
| image = Short-toed snake eagle.jpg
| image = Short-toed Snake-Eagle in Bhigwan August 2025 by Tisha Mukherjee 01.jpg
| image_caption =  
| image_caption =Short-toed snake eagle ([[species:Circaetus gallicus|''Circaetus gallicus'']]) in [[Bhigwan]], Maharashtra, India.
| status = LC
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Circaetus gallicus'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22734216A95078150 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22734216A95078150.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Circaetus gallicus'' |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T22734216A95078150 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22734216A95078150.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Circaetus
| genus = Circaetus
| species = gallicus
| species = gallicus
Line 17: Line 17:
}}
}}


The '''short-toed snake eagle''' ('''''Circaetus gallicus'''''), also known as the '''short-toed eagle''', is a medium-sized [[bird of prey]] in the family [[Accipitridae]], which also includes many other diurnal [[Bird of prey|raptor]]s such as [[kite (bird)|kites]], [[buzzard]]s and [[harrier (bird)|harrier]]s. The genus name ''Circaetus'' is from the [[Ancient Greek]] ''kirkos'', a type of hawk, and ''aetos'', "eagle". The specific ''gallicus'' means "of [[Gallia]]".<ref name="Jobling">{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n108 108], 170}}</ref>
The '''short-toed snake eagle''' ('''''Circaetus gallicus'''''), also known as the '''short-toed eagle''', is a medium-sized [[bird of prey]] in the family [[Accipitridae]], which also includes many other diurnal [[Bird of prey|raptor]]s such as [[kite (bird)|kites]], [[buzzard]]s and [[harrier (bird)|harrier]]s. The genus name ''[[Circaetus]]'' is from the [[Ancient Greek]] ''kirkos'', a type of hawk, and ''aetos'', "eagle". The specific ''gallicus'' means "of [[Gallia]]".<ref name="Jobling">{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n108 108], 170}}</ref>


==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
The short-toed snake eagle was [[Species description|formally described]] in 1788 by the German naturalist [[Johann Friedrich Gmelin]] in his revised and expanded edition of [[Carl Linnaeus]]'s ''[[Systema Naturae]]''. He placed it with the falcons, eagles and their relatives in the [[genus]] ''[[Falco (bird)|Falco]]'' and coined the [[binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''Falco gallicus''.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Gmelin | first=Johann Friedrich | author-link=Johann Friedrich Gmelin| year=1788 | title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | edition=13th | volume=1, Part 1 | language=Latin | location=Lipsiae [Leipzig] | publisher=Georg. Emanuel. Beer | page=259 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2896859 }}</ref> Gmelin based his description on the "Jean le Blanc" that had been described by the English ornithologist [[John Latham (ornithologist)|John Latham]] and the French ornithologists [[Mathurin Jacques Brisson]] and the [[Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon|Comte de Buffon]].<ref>{{ cite book | last=Latham | first=John | author-link=John Latham (ornithologist) | year=1785 | title=A General Synopsis of Birds | volume=1, Part 1 | publisher=Printed for Leigh and Sotheby | location=London | page=39, No. 17 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33727547 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | last=Brisson | first=Mathurin Jacques | author-link=Mathurin Jacques Brisson | year=1760 | title=Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés | volume=1 | language=French, Latin | page=443 | location=Paris | publisher=Jean-Baptiste Bauche | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36010975 }} The two stars (**) at the start of the section indicates that Brisson based his description on the examination of a specimen.</ref><ref>{{ cite book | last=Buffon | first=Georges-Louis Leclerc de | author-link=Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon | year=1770 | title=Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux | volume=1 | location=Paris | publisher=De l'Imprimerie Royale | page=124; Plate 4 | chapter=Jean-Le-Blanc | language=French | chapter-url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1069704p/f170.item }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | last1=Buffon | first1=Georges-Louis Leclerc de | author1-link=Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon | last2=Martinet | first2=François-Nicolas | author2-link=François-Nicolas Martinet | last3=Daubenton | first3=Edme-Louis  | author3-link=Edme-Louis Daubenton | last4=Daubenton | first4=Louis-Jean-Marie | author4-link=Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton | year=1765–1783 | chapter=Le Jean-le-Blanc | title=Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle | volume=5 | location=Paris | publisher=De L'Imprimerie Royale | at=Plate 413 | chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35214447 }}</ref> The short-toed snake eagle is now placed in the genus ''[[Circaetus]]'' that was introduced in 1816 by the French ornithologist [[Louis Pierre Vieillot]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Vieillot  | first=Louis Pierre | author-link=Louis Pierre Vieillot | year=1816 | title=Analyse d'une Nouvelle Ornithologie Élémentaire | publisher=Deterville/self |  location=Paris | page = 23 | language=French| url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9745205x/f29.item }}<!--BHL has a scan of an 1883 reprint - same pagination http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12830237 --></ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=August 2022 | title=Hoatzin, New World vultures, Secretarybird, raptors | work=IOC World Bird List Version 12.2  | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/raptors/| publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=4 December 2022 }}</ref> The genus name is from the [[Ancient Greek]] ''kirkos'', a type of hawk, and ''aetos'', "eagle". The specific epithet ''gallicus'' is [[Latin]] for "Gaul" ie France.<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=[https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n108/mode/1up 108], [https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n170/mode/1up 170]  }}</ref>
The short-toed snake eagle was [[Species description|formally described]] in 1788 by the German naturalist [[Johann Friedrich Gmelin]] in his revised and expanded edition of [[Carl Linnaeus]]'s ''[[Systema Naturae]]''. He placed it with the falcons, eagles and their relatives in the [[genus]] ''[[Falco (bird)|Falco]]'' and coined the [[binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''Falco gallicus''.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Gmelin | first=Johann Friedrich | author-link=Johann Friedrich Gmelin| year=1788 | title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | edition=13th | volume=1, Part 1 | language=Latin | location=Lipsiae [Leipzig] | publisher=Georg. Emanuel. Beer | page=259 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2896859 }}</ref> Gmelin based his description on the "Jean le Blanc" that had been described by the English ornithologist [[John Latham (ornithologist)|John Latham]] and the French ornithologists [[Mathurin Jacques Brisson]] and the [[Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon|Comte de Buffon]].<ref>{{ cite book | last=Latham | first=John | author-link=John Latham (ornithologist) | year=1785 | title=A General Synopsis of Birds | volume=1, Part 1 | publisher=Printed for Leigh and Sotheby | location=London | page=39, No. 17 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33727547 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | last=Brisson | first=Mathurin Jacques | author-link=Mathurin Jacques Brisson | year=1760 | title=Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés | volume=1 | language=French, Latin | page=443 | location=Paris | publisher=Jean-Baptiste Bauche | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36010975 }} The two stars (**) at the start of the section indicates that Brisson based his description on the examination of a specimen.</ref><ref>{{ cite book | last=Buffon | first=Georges-Louis Leclerc de | author-link=Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon | year=1770 | title=Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux | volume=1 | location=Paris | publisher=De l'Imprimerie Royale | page=124; Plate 4 | chapter=Jean-Le-Blanc | language=French | chapter-url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1069704p/f170.item }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | last1=Buffon | first1=Georges-Louis Leclerc de | author1-link=Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon | last2=Martinet | first2=François-Nicolas | author2-link=François-Nicolas Martinet | last3=Daubenton | first3=Edme-Louis  | author3-link=Edme-Louis Daubenton | last4=Daubenton | first4=Louis-Jean-Marie | author4-link=Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton | year=1765–1783 | chapter=Le Jean-le-Blanc | title=Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle | volume=5 | location=Paris | publisher=De L'Imprimerie Royale | at=Plate 413 | chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35214447 }}</ref> The short-toed snake eagle is now placed in the genus ''[[Circaetus]]'' that was introduced in 1816 by the French ornithologist [[Louis Pierre Vieillot]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Vieillot  | first=Louis Pierre | author-link=Louis Pierre Vieillot | year=1816 | title=Analyse d'une Nouvelle Ornithologie Élémentaire | publisher=Deterville/self |  location=Paris | page = 23 | language=French| url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9745205x/f29.item }}<!--BHL has a scan of an 1883 reprint - same pagination http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12830237 --></ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=August 2022 | title=Hoatzin, New World vultures, Secretarybird, raptors | work=IOC World Bird List Version 12.2  | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/raptors/| publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=4 December 2022 }}</ref> The genus name is from the [[Ancient Greek]] ''kirkos'', a type of hawk, and ''aetos'', "eagle". The specific epithet ''gallicus'' is [[Latin]] for "Gaul" ie France.<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=[https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n108/mode/1up 108], [https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n170/mode/1up 170]  }}</ref>


Two [[subspecies]] are recognised:<ref name=ioc/>
Two [[subspecies]] are recognised:<ref name=ioc/>
Line 27: Line 27:


==Description==
==Description==
[[File:Biancone con preda.jpg|300px|thumb|right|The short-toed snake eagle gets its [[vernacular name]] from its snake-rich diet.]]
These are relatively large snake eagles. Adults are {{convert|59|to|70|cm|in|abbr=on}} long with a {{convert|162|to|195|cm|ftin|0|abbr=on}} wingspan and weigh {{convert|1.2|-|2.3|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, an average weight for the species is about {{convert|1.7|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name="HBW" /><ref>Borrow, N. (2020). ''Field Guide to Birds of Western Africa''. Bloomsbury Publishing.</ref><ref>Klem, D. (1997). ''A field guide to birds of Armenia''. American University of Armenia.</ref> They can be recognised in the field by their predominantly white underside, the upper parts being greyish brown. The chin, throat and upper breast are a pale, earthy brown. The tail has 3 or 4 bars. Additional indications are an [[owl]]-like rounded head, brightly yellow eyes and lightly barred under wing.
These are relatively large snake eagles. Adults are {{convert|59|to|70|cm|in|abbr=on}} long with a {{convert|162|to|195|cm|ftin|0|abbr=on}} wingspan and weigh {{convert|1.2|-|2.3|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, an average weight for the species is about {{convert|1.7|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name="HBW" /><ref>Borrow, N. (2020). ''Field Guide to Birds of Western Africa''. Bloomsbury Publishing.</ref><ref>Klem, D. (1997). ''A field guide to birds of Armenia''. American University of Armenia.</ref> They can be recognised in the field by their predominantly white underside, the upper parts being greyish brown. The chin, throat and upper breast are a pale, earthy brown. The tail has 3 or 4 bars. Additional indications are an [[owl]]-like rounded head, brightly yellow eyes and lightly barred under wing.


Line 32: Line 33:


==Distribution and habitat==
==Distribution and habitat==
This is an [[Old World]] species found throughout the [[Mediterranean]] basin, into [[Russia]] and the [[Middle East]], and parts of [[Western Asia]], and in the [[Indian Subcontinent]] and also further east in some [[Indonesia]]n islands.
This is an [[Old World]] species found throughout the [[Mediterranean]] basin, into [[Russia]] and the [[Middle East]], and parts of [[Western Asia]], and in the [[Indian subcontinent]] and also further east in some [[Indonesia]]n islands.


Those present on the northern edge of the Mediterranean and other parts of [[Europe]] [[bird migration|migrate]] mainly to [[sub-Saharan Africa]] north of the [[equator]], leaving in September/October and returning in April/May.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Nest spacing and breeding performance in Short-toed Eagle Circaetus gallicus in northeast Greece|author = Bakaloudis, D.E.|author2 = C. Vlachos|author3 = G. Holloway|date = 2005|journal = Bird Study |volume=52 |issue = 3|pages=330–338|doi = 10.1080/00063650509461407|doi-access = free| bibcode=2005BirdS..52..330B }}</ref> In the Middle and Far East the populations are resident. In Europe, it is most numerous in [[Spain]] where it is fairly common but elsewhere it is rare in many parts of its range. A bird on the [[Isles of Scilly]], [[United Kingdom|Britain]], in October 1999 was the first confirmed record for that country.
Those present on the northern edge of the Mediterranean and other parts of [[Europe]] [[bird migration|migrate]] mainly to [[sub-Saharan Africa]] north of the [[equator]], leaving in September/October and returning in April/May.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Nest spacing and breeding performance in Short-toed Eagle Circaetus gallicus in northeast Greece|author = Bakaloudis, D.E.|author2 = C. Vlachos|author3 = G. Holloway|date = 2005|journal = Bird Study |volume=52 |issue = 3|pages=330–338|doi = 10.1080/00063650509461407|doi-access = free| bibcode=2005BirdS..52..330B }}</ref> In the Middle and Far East the populations are resident. In Europe, it is most numerous in [[Spain]] where it is fairly common but elsewhere it is rare in many parts of its range. A bird on the [[Isles of Scilly]], [[United Kingdom|Britain]], in October 1999 was the first confirmed record for that country.
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File:Short-toed Eagle with rat.jpg|With a rat
File:Short-toed Eagle with rat.jpg|With a rat
File:Circaetus_gallicus.webm|Hovering  
File:Circaetus_gallicus.webm|Hovering  
File:Short-toed snake eagle in its nest.jpg|Short-toed snake eagle in its nest, Rollapadu wildlife sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh, India
File:Short-toed snake eagle in its nest.jpg|Short-toed snake eagle in its nest, Rollapadu wildlife sanctuary, [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
File:CircaetusFoot.png|The short toes that give the name
File:CircaetusFoot.png|The short toes that give the name
File:Short Toed Snake Eagle by Irvin Calicut IRV3859.jpg|In flight in Kuwait
File:Short-toed snake eagle.jpg|Near [[Kunszentmiklós]], [[Hungary]]
File:Circaetus gallicus MWNH 0845.JPG|Egg, Collection [[Museum Wiesbaden]]
File:Circaetus gallicus MWNH 0845.JPG|Egg, Collection [[Museum Wiesbaden]]
File:VIV6035-17-01-2022.jpg|Short-toed snake eagle. Saswad, Pune, India.
File:VIV6035-17-01-2022.jpg|Short-toed snake eagle. [[Saswad]], [[Pune]], India.
</gallery>
</gallery>


Latest revision as of 15:38, 14 November 2025

Template:Short description Template:Speciesbox

The short-toed snake eagle (Circaetus gallicus), also known as the short-toed eagle, is a medium-sized bird of prey in the family Accipitridae, which also includes many other diurnal raptors such as kites, buzzards and harriers. The genus name Circaetus is from the Ancient Greek kirkos, a type of hawk, and aetos, "eagle". The specific gallicus means "of Gallia".[1]

Taxonomy

The short-toed snake eagle was formally described in 1788 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with the falcons, eagles and their relatives in the genus Falco and coined the binomial name Falco gallicus.[2] Gmelin based his description on the "Jean le Blanc" that had been described by the English ornithologist John Latham and the French ornithologists Mathurin Jacques Brisson and the Comte de Buffon.[3][4][5][6] The short-toed snake eagle is now placed in the genus Circaetus that was introduced in 1816 by the French ornithologist Louis Pierre Vieillot.[7][8] The genus name is from the Ancient Greek kirkos, a type of hawk, and aetos, "eagle". The specific epithet gallicus is Latin for "Gaul" ie France.[9]

Two subspecies are recognised:[8]

  • C. g. gallicus (Gmelin, JF, 1788) – southwest Europe to central Asia, northwest China and India
  • C. g. sacerdotis Ng, NSR, Christidis, Olsen, Norman & Rheindt, 2017 – east Java, Bali, and Lombok to Timor (Lesser Sunda Islands)[10]

Description

File:Biancone con preda.jpg
The short-toed snake eagle gets its vernacular name from its snake-rich diet.

These are relatively large snake eagles. Adults are Template:Convert long with a Template:Convert wingspan and weigh Template:Convert, an average weight for the species is about Template:Convert.[11][12][13] They can be recognised in the field by their predominantly white underside, the upper parts being greyish brown. The chin, throat and upper breast are a pale, earthy brown. The tail has 3 or 4 bars. Additional indications are an owl-like rounded head, brightly yellow eyes and lightly barred under wing.

The short-toed snake eagle spends more time on the wing than do most members of its genus. It favours soaring over hill slopes and hilltops on updraughts, and it does much of its hunting from this position at heights of up to Template:Cvt. When quartering open country it frequently hovers like a kestrel.[14] When it soars it does so on flattish wings.

Distribution and habitat

This is an Old World species found throughout the Mediterranean basin, into Russia and the Middle East, and parts of Western Asia, and in the Indian subcontinent and also further east in some Indonesian islands.

Those present on the northern edge of the Mediterranean and other parts of Europe migrate mainly to sub-Saharan Africa north of the equator, leaving in September/October and returning in April/May.[15] In the Middle and Far East the populations are resident. In Europe, it is most numerous in Spain where it is fairly common but elsewhere it is rare in many parts of its range. A bird on the Isles of Scilly, Britain, in October 1999 was the first confirmed record for that country.

The short-toed snake eagle is found in open cultivated plains, arid stony deciduous scrub areas and foothills and semi-desert areas.[16] It requires trees for nesting and open habitats, such as cultivations and grasslands for foraging.[17]

Behaviour

Its prey is mostly reptiles, mainly snakes, but also some lizards.[18] Sometimes they become entangled with larger snakes and battle on the ground.[19] Occasionally, they prey on small mammals up to the size of a rabbit, and rarely birds and large insects.

This eagle is generally very silent. On occasions, it emits a variety of musical whistling notes. When breeding, it lays only one egg. It can live up to 17 years.

The short-toed snake eagle has suffered a steep decline in numbers and range in Europe and is now rare and still decreasing in several countries due to changes in agriculture and land use. It needs protection.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". In the middle and far eastern part of its range, this species is not yet threatened.

Historical material

In his description of the species, Buffon says that he kept one of these eagles in captivity and observed its behavior. The captive bird ate mice and frogs, and he states that the Jean-de-blanc was well known by French farmers for raiding poultry.[20]

Gallery

References

Template:Reflist

External links

Template:Circaetinae Template:Taxonbar

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  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". The two stars (**) at the start of the section indicates that Brisson based his description on the examination of a specimen.
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named HBW
  12. ↑ Borrow, N. (2020). Field Guide to Birds of Western Africa. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  13. ↑ Klem, D. (1997). A field guide to birds of Armenia. American University of Armenia.
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Jerdon1862
  20. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Buffon
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