Assisi: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
← Previous editNext edit →
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
imported>DragonFury
Line 3: Line 3:
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox Italian comune
{{Infobox Italian comune
| name                  = Assisi  
| name                  = Assisi
| native_name          = Ascesi
| native_name          = Ascesi
| image_skyline        = AssisiDec122023 03.jpg
| image_skyline        = AssisiDec122023 03.jpg
Line 55: Line 55:
   |Criteria = Cultural: i, ii, iii, iv, vi
   |Criteria = Cultural: i, ii, iii, iv, vi
   |Area = 14,563.25 ha
   |Area = 14,563.25 ha
   |Buffer_zone = 4,086.7 ha  
   |Buffer_zone = 4,086.7 ha
   |Includes = [[San Damiano, Assisi|San Damiano]], [[Eremo delle Carceri]], [[Rivotorto#Monuments and places of interest|Santuario di Rivotorto]], [[Papal Basilica of Saint Mary of the Angels in Assisi|Basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli]] and [[Palazzo del Capitano del Perdono]]
   |Includes =  
   }}
   }}
}}
}}
'''Assisi''' ({{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|s|iː|s|i}},<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Assisi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182243/https://www.lexico.com/definition/assisi |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-03-22 |title=Assisi |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> <small>also</small> {{IPAc-en|US|-|iː|z|i|,_|ə|ˈ|s|ɪ|s|i|,_|-|ɪ|z|i}};<ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Assisi|access-date=31 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/assisi|title=Assisi|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=31 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Assisi|access-date=31 May 2019}}</ref> {{IPA|it|asˈsiːzi|lang}}; from {{langx|la|Asisium}}; [[Central Italian]]: ''Ascesi'') is a town and [[communes of Italy|comune]] of Italy in the [[Province of Perugia]] in the [[Umbria region]], on the western flank of [[Monte Subasio]].
'''Assisi''' ({{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|s|iː|s|i}},<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Assisi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182243/https://www.lexico.com/definition/assisi |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-03-22 |title=Assisi |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> <small>also</small> {{IPAc-en|US|-|iː|z|i|,_|ə|ˈ|s|ɪ|s|i|,_|-|ɪ|z|i}};<ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Assisi|access-date=31 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/assisi|title=Assisi|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=31 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Assisi|access-date=31 May 2019}}</ref> {{IPA|it|asˈsiːzi|lang}}; from {{langx|la|Asisium}}; [[Central Italian]]: ''Ascesi'') is a town and [[communes of Italy|comune]] of Italy in the [[Province of Perugia]] in the [[Umbria region]], on the western flank of [[Monte Subasio]].


It is generally regarded as the birthplace of the Latin poet [[Propertius]], born around 50–45 BC. It is the birthplace of [[Francis of Assisi|St. Francis]], who founded the [[Order of Friars Minor]] in that town in 1208, and of St. [[Clare of Assisi]] (''Chiara d'Offreducci''), who, with St. Francis, founded the Order of Poor Ladies, which later became the [[Order of Poor Clares]] after her death. The 19th-century St. [[Gabriel of Our Lady of Sorrows]] was also born in Assisi.
It is generally regarded as the birthplace of the Latin poet [[Propertius]], born around 50–45 BC. It is the birthplace of [[Francis of Assisi|St. Francis]], who founded the [[Order of Friars Minor]] in that town in 1208, and of St. [[Clare of Assisi]] (''Chiara d'Offreducci''), who, with St. Francis, founded the Order of Poor Ladies, which later became the [[Order of Poor Clares]] after her death. The 19th-century St. [[Gabriel of Our Lady of Sorrows]] was also born in Assisi.


== History ==
== History ==
The earliest attested people of Assisi were the [[Umbri]]. In 77AD [[Pliny the Elder]] described [[Regio VI Umbria]] and said that the Umbri were thought to be the oldest inhabitants of Italy. The people of Assisi were mentioned by name.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bostock |first=John |author-link= |date=2018 |title=Pliny the Elder, The Natural History |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D3%3Achapter%3D19 |location= |publisher=Perseus Digital Library |page= |isbn=}}</ref> The [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] took control of [[central Italy]] after the [[Battle of Sentinum]] in 295 BC. They built the flourishing ''municipium'' Asisium on a series of terraces on [[Monte Subasio]]. Roman remains can still be found in Assisi: [[Defensive wall|city walls]], the forum (now Piazza del Comune), a [[Roman theatre (structure)|theatre]], an [[Roman amphitheatre|amphitheatre]] and the Temple of Minerva (now transformed into the Church of [[Santa Maria sopra Minerva (Assisi)|Santa Maria sopra Minerva]]). In 1997, the remains of a Roman villa were also discovered containing several well-preserved rooms with frescoes and mosaics in a condition rarely found outside sites such as [[Pompei]].
The earliest attested people of Assisi were the [[Umbri]]. In 77 AD [[Pliny the Elder]] described [[Regio VI Umbria]] and said that the Umbri were thought to be the oldest inhabitants of Italy. The people of Assisi were mentioned by name.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bostock |first=John |author-link= |date=2018 |title=Pliny the Elder, The Natural History |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D3%3Achapter%3D19 |location= |publisher=Perseus Digital Library |page= |isbn=}}</ref> The [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] took control of [[central Italy]] after the [[Battle of Sentinum]] in 295 BC. They built the flourishing ''municipium'' Asisium on a series of terraces on [[Monte Subasio]]. Roman remains can still be found in Assisi: [[Defensive wall|city walls]], the forum (now Piazza del Comune), a [[Roman theatre (structure)|theatre]], an [[Roman amphitheatre|amphitheatre]] and the Temple of Minerva (now transformed into the Church of [[Santa Maria sopra Minerva (Assisi)|Santa Maria sopra Minerva]]). In 1997, the remains of a Roman villa were also discovered containing several well-preserved rooms with frescoes and mosaics in a condition rarely found outside sites such as [[Pompei]].


The Augustan age poet [[Propertius]] is considered to have been born in what is now the city of Assisi.
The Augustan age poet [[Propertius]] is considered to have been born in what is now the city of Assisi.
Line 73: Line 73:


The thriving [[Medieval commune|commune]] became an independent [[Guelphs and Ghibellines|Ghibelline]] commune in the 11th century. Constantly struggling with the Guelph [[Perugia]], it was during one of those battles, the battle at Collestrada, that Giovanni di Bernardone (better known as St. [[Francis of Assisi]]) was taken prisoner, setting in motion the events that eventually led him to live as a beggar, renounce the world and establish the [[Franciscan|Order of Friars Minor]].
The thriving [[Medieval commune|commune]] became an independent [[Guelphs and Ghibellines|Ghibelline]] commune in the 11th century. Constantly struggling with the Guelph [[Perugia]], it was during one of those battles, the battle at Collestrada, that Giovanni di Bernardone (better known as St. [[Francis of Assisi]]) was taken prisoner, setting in motion the events that eventually led him to live as a beggar, renounce the world and establish the [[Franciscan|Order of Friars Minor]].
[[File:Assisi Piazza del Comune BW 1.JPG|thumb|left|Temple of Minerva in the Piazza del Comune.]]


The city, which had remained within the confines of the Roman walls, began to expand outside these walls in the 13th century. In this period the city was under papal jurisdiction. The [[Rocca Maggiore]], the imperial fortress on top of the hill above the city, which had been plundered by the people in 1189, was rebuilt in 1367 on orders of the [[papal legate]], cardinal [[Gil Álvarez Carrillo de Albornoz|Gil de Albornoz]].
The city, which had remained within the confines of the Roman walls, began to expand outside these walls in the 13th century. In this period the city was under papal jurisdiction. The [[Rocca Maggiore]], the imperial fortress on top of the hill above the city, which had been plundered by the people in 1189, was rebuilt in 1367 on orders of the [[papal legate]], cardinal [[Gil Álvarez Carrillo de Albornoz|Gil de Albornoz]].
Line 86: Line 84:
Now the site of many a pilgrimage, Assisi is linked in legend with its native son, St. Francis. The gentle saint founded the Franciscan order and shares honours with [[Catherine of Siena|St. Catherine of Siena]] as the [[patron saint]] of Italy. He is remembered by many, even non-Christians, as a lover of nature (his preaching to an audience of birds is one of the legends of his life).
Now the site of many a pilgrimage, Assisi is linked in legend with its native son, St. Francis. The gentle saint founded the Franciscan order and shares honours with [[Catherine of Siena|St. Catherine of Siena]] as the [[patron saint]] of Italy. He is remembered by many, even non-Christians, as a lover of nature (his preaching to an audience of birds is one of the legends of his life).


During [[World War II]] Assisi was occupied by [[Nazi Germany]] in September 1943. To save [[History of the Jews in Italy#Jews during the Fascist era|Jews in Italy]] the [[Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany|Catholic Church]] started the [[Assisi Network]] and hid [[Jews]] in the city. As the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] moved up Italy, Germany declared Assisi an [[open city]] and pulled out, turning the city over to [[Italian partisans]]. The [[12th Royal Lancers]] (Prince of Wales) entered the city on 17 June 1944. Colonel Valentin Müller, a German medical officer and a Catholic, was able to make Assisi a German hospital city for German troops in Italy in the summer of 1944, helping save Assisi from destruction, unlike [[Cassino#World War II and afterwards|Cassino]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.annesitaly.com/blog/assisi-in-world-war-ii-convent-welcomes-for-the-jewish-refugees/|title=Assisi in World War II: Convents Shelter the Jewish Refugees|date=3 February 2021|website=Annesitaly}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aleteia.org/2020/07/02/how-catholic-leaders-in-assisi-and-even-a-german-officer-saved-jews-in-wwii/|title=How Catholic leaders in Assisi, and even a German officer, saved Jews in WWII|date=2 July 2020|website=Aleteia – Catholic Spirituality, Lifestyle, World News, and Culture}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exaudi.org/historic-significance-of-assisi-in-protecting-jewish-refugees/|title=Historic Significance of Assisi in Protecting Jewish Refugees|first=Deborah Castellano Lubov·Trending News··4 min|last=read|date=27 January 2022|website=Exaudi}}</ref>
Assisi was hit by two devastating [[1997 Umbria and Marche earthquake|earthquakes]] that shook [[Umbria]] in September 1997. But the recovery and restoration have been remarkable, although much remains to be done. Massive damage was caused to many historical sites, but the major attraction, the [[Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi|Basilica di San Francesco]], reopened less than 2 years later.
== Main sights ==
=== UNESCO World Heritage Site ===
[[UNESCO]] collectively designated the Franciscan structures of Assisi as a [[World Heritage Site]] in 2000, under the name ''Assisi, the Basilica of San Francesco and Other Franciscan Sites''. The inscription comprises two main areas:<ref name="UNESCOMaps">{{cite web |title=Assisi, the Basilica of San Francesco and Other Franciscan Sites – Maps |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/990/maps/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref>
==== Historic centre of Assisi and surrounding sites ====
{{multiple image
{{multiple image
  | align = right
  | align = right
Line 99: Line 107:
  | caption2 =  
  | caption2 =  
}}
}}
*[[Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi]]: Constructed between 1228 and 1253 following the [[canonization]] of St. Francis, the complex includes the [[Sacro Convento]] and the lower (''Basilica inferiore'') and upper (''Basilica superiore'') churches. The lower church features [[fresco]]es by [[Cimabue]] and [[Giotto]], while the upper church contains scenes from the life of St. Francis, once attributed to Giotto but now believed to be the work of painters from the Roman school of [[Pietro Cavallini]]. The basilica suffered severe damage during a 5.5-magnitude earthquake on 26 September 1997, which caused part of the vault to collapse, killing four people and destroying a fresco by Cimabue. Restoration took two years.
*The Piazza Inferiore di San Francesco.
*[[San Damiano, Assisi|Church of San Damiano]]: One of the first churches restored by St. Francis, and the site of one of his most famous visions. It was later given to St. Clare as the first home of the [[Poor Clares]].
*[[Eremo delle Carceri]]: a small monastery with a church at a canyon above the town, where St. Francis retreated and preached to birds
*The Santuario di Rivotorto, a sanctuary marking the site of Francis's early communal life.
*[[Assisi Cathedral|Cathedral of San Rufino]] (St. Rufinus): church with a [[façade]] in [[Romanesque style]] with three [[rose window]]s and a 16th‑century interior; part of it is built on a [[cistern]] from the [[Roman era]]. Location of the baptism of both St. Francis and St. Clare and the surviving [[baptismal font|font]] carved out of a granite Roman column.
*[[Basilica di Santa Chiara|Basilica of Santa Chiara]] (St. Clare): Begun in 1257, this church is characterized by its massive lateral [[buttress]]es, a prominent [[rose window]], and a simple [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] interior. It contains 13th-century frescoes and paintings, as well as the [[tomb]] of its namesake saint, [[Saint Clare of Assisi]].
*The historic urban fabric of Assisi itself and its surrounding cultural landscape.


During [[World War II]] Assisi was occupied by [[Nazi Germany]] in September 1943. To save [[History of the Jews in Italy#Jews during the Fascist era|Jews in Italy]] the [[Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany|Catholic Church]] started the [[Assisi Network]] and hid [[Jews]] in the city. As the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] moved up Italy, Germany declared Assisi an [[open city]] and pulled out, turning the city over to [[Italian partisans]]. The [[12th Royal Lancers]] (Prince of Wales) entered the city on 17 June 1944. Colonel Valentin Müller, a German medical officer and a Catholic, was able to make Assisi a German hospital city for German troops in Italy in the summer of 1944, helping save Assisi from destruction, unlike [[Cassino#World War II and afterwards|Cassino]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.annesitaly.com/blog/assisi-in-world-war-ii-convent-welcomes-for-the-jewish-refugees/|title=Assisi in World War II: Convents Shelter the Jewish Refugees|date=3 February 2021|website=Annesitaly}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aleteia.org/2020/07/02/how-catholic-leaders-in-assisi-and-even-a-german-officer-saved-jews-in-wwii/|title=How Catholic leaders in Assisi, and even a German officer, saved Jews in WWII|date=2 July 2020|website=Aleteia – Catholic Spirituality, Lifestyle, World News, and Culture}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exaudi.org/historic-significance-of-assisi-in-protecting-jewish-refugees/|title=Historic Significance of Assisi in Protecting Jewish Refugees|first=Deborah Castellano Lubov·Trending News··4 min|last=read|date=27 January 2022|website=Exaudi}}</ref>
==== Santa Maria degli Angeli and Porziuncola ====
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 270
| header = [[Basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli]]
| image1 = Santa Maria degli Angeli (Assisi).jpg
| alt1 =
| class1 = bg-transparent
| caption1 =
| image2 = Santa Maria degli Angeli fd (1).JPG
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
}}
*[[Basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli]] (St. Mary of the Angels); a large baroque church built to contain:
**The [[Porziuncola]], a chapel restored by St. Francis next to which was constructed the first convent of the [[Order of Friars Minor]];
**The [[Basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli#The Transito|Transito]], chapel built in the cell where St. Francis died.
*The Palazzo del Capitano del Perdono, a historical structure associated with the tradition of the "Pardon of Assisi".


Assisi was hit by two devastating [[1997 Umbria and Marche earthquake|earthquakes]] that shook [[Umbria]] in September 1997. But the recovery and restoration have been remarkable, although much remains to be done. Massive damage was caused to many historical sites, but the major attraction, the [[Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi|Basilica di San Francesco]], reopened less than 2 years later.
Together, these sites reflect the religious, artistic, and architectural legacy of the Franciscan movement and its influence throughout medieval and modern Europe.


== Main sights ==
=== Other landmarks ===
[[UNESCO]] collectively designated the Franciscan structures of Assisi as a [[World Heritage Site]] in 2000.
The town is dominated by two medieval [[castle]]s. The larger, known as the ''[[Rocca Maggiore]]'', was extensively rebuilt by [[Gil Álvarez Carrillo de Albornoz|Cardinal Albornoz]] in 1366, and later expanded by Popes [[Pope Pius II|Pius II]]—who added the polygonal tower in 1458—and [[Pope Paul III|Paul III]], who built the cylindrical bastion near the entrance between 1535 and 1538.


=== Churches ===
The smaller castle, originally built during the [[Roman era]], is only partially preserved. A small section and three towers remain and are open to the public.
* [[Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi]] (St. Francis): The Franciscan monastery, il [[Sacro Convento]], and the lower and upper church (Italian: ''Basilica inferiore'' and ''Basilica superiore'') of St Francis were begun immediately after his [[canonization]] in 1228, and completed in 1253. The lower church has [[fresco]]es by the [[Late Middle Ages|late-medieval]] artists [[Cimabue]] and [[Giotto di Bondone|Giotto]]; the upper church houses frescoes of scenes in the life of St. Francis previously ascribed to Giotto, but now thought to be by artists of the circle of [[Pietro Cavallini]] from Rome. The Basilica was badly damaged by a 5.5 earthquake on 26 September 1997, during which part of the vault collapsed, killing four people inside the church and carrying with it a fresco by Cimabue. The edifice was closed for two years for restoration.
*[[Basilica di Santa Chiara|Basilica of Santa Chiara]] (St. Clare): church, begun in 1257, with its massive lateral [[buttress]]es, rose window, and simple [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] interior; and 13th‑century frescoes and paintings. It contains the [[tomb]] of the [[Saint Clare of Assisi|namesake saint]].
*[[Basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli]] (St. Mary of the Angels); a large baroque church built to contain:
** The [[Porziuncola]], a chapel restored by St. Francis next to which was constructed the first convent of the [[Order of Friars Minor]];
** The [[Basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli#The Transito|Transito]], chapel built in the cell where St. Francis died.
*[[San Damiano, Assisi|Church of San Damiano]] one of the churches restored by St. Francis and the location of one of his most famous visions, given to St. Clare as a home for the first [[Poor Clares]].
*[[Assisi Cathedral|Cathedral of San Rufino]] (St. Rufinus): church with a [[façade]] in [[Romanesque style]] with three [[rose window]]s and a 16th‑century interior; part of it is built on a [[cistern]] from the [[Roman era]]. Location of the baptism of both St. Francis and St. Clare and the surviving [[baptismal font|font]] carved out of a granite Roman column.
*[[Chiesa Nuova (Assisi)|Chiesa Nuova]]: church built over the presumed parental home of St. Francis.
* [[The Piccolino Chapel]], legendary birth place of St. Francis.
*[[Eremo delle Carceri]]: a small monastery with a church at a canyon above the town, where St. Francis retreated and preached to birds
*[[Abbey of Saint Peters (Assisi)|Church of ''San Pietro'' (St. Peter)]]: monastery built by the [[Benedictine order|Benedictine]]s in the 10th century and rebuilt in the 13th century. It has a rectangular façade with three [[rose windows]]; the Gothic chapel of the Holy Sacrament houses a triptych by Matteo di Gualdo.
*[[Santa Maria Maggiore, Assisi|Santa Maria Maggiore]] (St. Mary the Greater): earliest extant church in Assisi and former cathedral.
*[[Santo Stefano (Assisi)|Santo Stefano]]: one of the oldest churches of Assisi.
 
=== Other landmarks ===
The town is dominated by two medieval [[castle]]s. The larger, called ''[[Rocca Maggiore]]'', is a massive reconstruction by [[Gil Álvarez Carrillo de Albornoz|Cardinal Albornoz]] (1366) and expanded by popes [[Pope Pius II|Pius II]] (polygonal tower, 1458) and [[Pope Paul III|Paul III]] (the cylindrical bastion near the entrance, 1535–1538). The smaller of the two was built in [[Roman era]]: it has been only partially preserved, a small portion and three towers being open to the public.


Other sights include:
Other sights include:
*the Roman [[amphitheater]], built in the early 1st century AD. Its elliptical plan is identifiable from the medieval houses built around it, and from an arch of travertine cunei. The arena now houses a garden.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/413037 |title=Places: 413037 (Asisium) |author1=Harris, W. |author2=DARMC, R. Talbert |author3=S. Gillies, J. Åhlfeldt |author4=J. Becker, T. Elliott |date=22 September 2019 |access-date=8 November 2014 <!-- 12:04 pm -->  |publisher=Pleiades}}</ref>
[[File:Assisi Piazza del Comune BW 1.JPG|thumb|Temple of Minerva in the Piazza del Comune.]]
*the ''Piazza del Comune'' ("Communal Square"), with the ''Palazzo del Capitano del Popolo'' (mid-13th century, featuring a series of merlons added in 1927), the adjoining ''Torre del Popolo'' ("People's Tower", 1305) the ''Palazzo dei Priori'' ("Palace of the Priors", 1275–1493). The fountains with three lions on the southern side date from the 16th century.
* The Roman [[amphitheater]], built in the early 1st century AD. Its elliptical plan is still visible through the medieval houses constructed around it and through a surviving arch of travertine cunei. The former arena is now occupied by a garden.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/413037 |title=Places: 413037 (Asisium) |author1=Harris, W. |author2=DARMC, R. Talbert |author3=S. Gillies, J. Åhlfeldt |author4=J. Becker, T. Elliott |date=22 September 2019 |access-date=8 November 2014 |publisher=Pleiades}}</ref>
*The [[Temple of Minerva (Assisi)|Temple of Minerva]], facing the ''Piazza del Comune''
* The ''Piazza del Comune'' ("Communal Square"), home to several notable buildings: the ''Palazzo del Capitano del Popolo'' (mid-13th century, featuring merlons added in 1927), the adjoining ''Torre del Popolo'' ("People's Tower", 1305), and the ''Palazzo dei Priori'' ("Palace of the Priors", 1275–1493). The fountain on the southern side, decorated with three lions, dates from the 16th century.
*The crypt of the demolished church of ''San Nicolò di Piazza'' also located on the ''Piazza del Comune'', where St. Francis and [[Bernard of Quintavalle]] consulted the text of the Gospels when forming the earliest Franciscan Rule.
* The [[Temple of Minerva (Assisi)|Temple of Minerva]], a well-preserved Roman temple facing the ''Piazza del Comune''.
*The abbey of St. Benedict, founded in the 10th century on the Monte Subasio. Remains include the crypt (late 11th century), the apse and the external walls.
* The crypt of the demolished church of ''San Nicolò di Piazza'', also located on the ''Piazza del Comune'', where St. Francis and [[Bernard of Quintavalle]] are said to have consulted the Gospels when forming the earliest [[Rule of Saint Francis|Franciscan Rule]].
* The Abbey of St. Benedict, founded in the 10th century on Monte Subasio. Remains include a late 11th-century crypt, the apse, and sections of the external walls.
* [[Chiesa Nuova (Assisi)|Chiesa Nuova]]: A church built over what is traditionally believed to be the parental home of St. Francis.
* [[The Piccolino Chapel]]: A small chapel marking the legendary birthplace of St. Francis.
* [[Abbey of Saint Peters (Assisi)|Church of San Pietro]] (St. Peter): Originally built by the [[Benedictine order|Benedictines]] in the 10th century and rebuilt in the 13th century. The church features a rectangular façade with three [[rose windows]], and a Gothic chapel of the Holy Sacrament that houses a triptych by Matteo di Gualdo.
* [[Santa Maria Maggiore, Assisi|Santa Maria Maggiore]] (St. Mary the Greater): The earliest extant church in Assisi and formerly the cathedral of the city.
* [[Santo Stefano (Assisi)|Santo Stefano]]: One of the oldest churches in Assisi, notable for its simple and early Romanesque design.


=== Art ===
=== Art ===
:''See also [[Commons:Gallery of Art in Assisi|Art in Assisi]]''
:''See also [[Commons:Gallery of Art in Assisi|Art in Assisi]]''
Assisi has had a rich tradition of art through the centuries and is now home to a number of well-known artistic works.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wga.hu/tours/siena/index_d.html|title=Web Gallery of Art – Art of Simone|website=wga.hu}}</ref>
Assisi has had a rich tradition of art through the centuries and is now home to a number of well-known artistic works.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wga.hu/tours/siena/index_d.html|title=Web Gallery of Art – Art of Simone|website=wga.hu}}</ref>


Line 142: Line 164:
The Calendimaggio Festival takes place on the first four days of May ending on a Saturday. The festival is a re-enactment of medieval and Renaissance life in the form of a challenge between the upper faction (parte de sopra) with a blue flag and the lower faction of the town (parte de sotto) with a red flag. It includes processions, theatrical presentations, choirs, [[crossbow]], flag-waving and dancing contests.
The Calendimaggio Festival takes place on the first four days of May ending on a Saturday. The festival is a re-enactment of medieval and Renaissance life in the form of a challenge between the upper faction (parte de sopra) with a blue flag and the lower faction of the town (parte de sotto) with a red flag. It includes processions, theatrical presentations, choirs, [[crossbow]], flag-waving and dancing contests.


[[Assisi embroidery|Assisi Embroidery]] is a form of [[counted-thread embroidery]] which has been practised in Assisi since the 13th century.
[[Assisi embroidery]] is a form of [[counted-thread embroidery]] which has been practised in Assisi since the 13th century.


Today many groups gather in Assisi for a variety of cultural and religious activities. One such group{{Which?|date=July 2023}} restored {{When?|date=July 2023}} an 11th-century room and added altars to the world's religions. Other organizations, such as Assisi Performing Arts,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assisi Performing Arts - Summer Music Festival in Assisi, Italy |url=https://www.assisiperformingarts.org/ |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=assisiperformingarts |language=en}}</ref> host musical performances and other cultural events.
Today many groups gather in Assisi for a variety of cultural and religious activities. One such group{{Which?|date=July 2023}} restored {{When?|date=July 2023}} an 11th-century room and added altars to the world's religions. Other organizations, such as Assisi Performing Arts,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assisi Performing Arts - Summer Music Festival in Assisi, Italy |url=https://www.assisiperformingarts.org/ |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=assisiperformingarts |language=en}}</ref> host musical performances and other cultural events.
Line 159: Line 181:
It is also the final resting place of Blessed [[Carlo Acutis]].
It is also the final resting place of Blessed [[Carlo Acutis]].


==Municipal government==
== Municipal government ==
[[File:03 Palazzo del Comune (Assís).jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Town Hall]]
[[File:03 Palazzo del Comune (Assís).jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Town Hall]]
Assisi is headed by a [[mayor#Italy|mayor]] (''{{lang|it|sindaco}}'') assisted by a legislative body, the ''{{lang|it|consiglio comunale}}'', and an executive body, the ''{{lang|it|giunta comunale}}''. Since 1993 the mayor and members of the ''{{lang|it|consiglio comunale}}'' are directly elected together by resident citizens, while from 1946 to 1993 the mayor was chosen by the legislative body. The ''{{lang|it|giunta comunale}}'' is chaired by the mayor, who appoints others members, called ''{{lang|it|[[assessor (Italy)|assessori]]}}''. The offices of the ''{{lang|it|comune}}'' are housed in a building usually called the ''{{lang|it|municipio}}'' or ''{{lang|it|palazzo comunale}}''.
Assisi is headed by a [[mayor#Italy|mayor]] (''{{lang|it|sindaco}}'') assisted by a legislative body, the ''{{lang|it|consiglio comunale}}'', and an executive body, the ''{{lang|it|giunta comunale}}''. Since 1993 the mayor and members of the ''{{lang|it|consiglio comunale}}'' are directly elected together by resident citizens, while from 1946 to 1993 the mayor was chosen by the legislative body. The ''{{lang|it|giunta comunale}}'' is chaired by the mayor, who appoints others members, called ''{{lang|it|[[assessor (Italy)|assessori]]}}''. The offices of the ''{{lang|it|comune}}'' are housed in a building usually called the ''{{lang|it|municipio}}'' or ''{{lang|it|palazzo comunale}}''.
Line 225: Line 247:
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy}}
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy}}


===Twin towns – sister cities===
=== Twin towns – sister cities ===
Assisi is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Documento Unico di Programmazione 2016-2021 – DUP|url=http://www.comune.assisi.pg.it/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/DUP_versione_definitiva_DEFINITIVO.pdf|website=comune.assisi.pg.it|publisher=Assisi|page=63,78|language=it|date=October 2016|access-date=2019-12-13}}</ref>
Assisi is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Documento Unico di Programmazione 2016-2021 – DUP|url=http://www.comune.assisi.pg.it/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/DUP_versione_definitiva_DEFINITIVO.pdf|website=comune.assisi.pg.it|publisher=Assisi|page=63,78|language=it|date=October 2016|access-date=2019-12-13}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
Line 235: Line 257:


=== Others ===
=== Others ===
The two [[papal basilica]]s sited in Assisi (the only ones not in Rome) gave their name to the two major cities in [[California]]: ''[[San Francisco]]'' and ''St. Mary of [[Los Angeles|the Angels]] at the Porziuncula''.
The two [[papal basilica]]s sited in Assisi (the only ones not in Rome) gave their name to the two major cities in [[California]]: ''[[San Francisco]]'' and ''St. Mary of [[Los Angeles|the Angels]] at the Porziuncula''.


==Gallery==
== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:RoccaMaggioreAssisiDec122023 03.jpg|[[Rocca Maggiore]]
File:RoccaMaggioreAssisiDec122023 03.jpg|[[Rocca Maggiore]]

Revision as of 19:44, 26 June 2025

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "other uses". Template:Use dmy dates Template:Main otherScript error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Check for clobbered parameters".Template:Main otherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Assisi (Template:IPAc-en,[1] also Template:IPAc-en;[2][3][4] Script error: No such module "IPA".; from Template:Langx; Central Italian: Ascesi) is a town and comune of Italy in the Province of Perugia in the Umbria region, on the western flank of Monte Subasio.

It is generally regarded as the birthplace of the Latin poet Propertius, born around 50–45 BC. It is the birthplace of St. Francis, who founded the Order of Friars Minor in that town in 1208, and of St. Clare of Assisi (Chiara d'Offreducci), who, with St. Francis, founded the Order of Poor Ladies, which later became the Order of Poor Clares after her death. The 19th-century St. Gabriel of Our Lady of Sorrows was also born in Assisi.

History

The earliest attested people of Assisi were the Umbri. In 77 AD Pliny the Elder described Regio VI Umbria and said that the Umbri were thought to be the oldest inhabitants of Italy. The people of Assisi were mentioned by name.[5] The Romans took control of central Italy after the Battle of Sentinum in 295 BC. They built the flourishing municipium Asisium on a series of terraces on Monte Subasio. Roman remains can still be found in Assisi: city walls, the forum (now Piazza del Comune), a theatre, an amphitheatre and the Temple of Minerva (now transformed into the Church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva). In 1997, the remains of a Roman villa were also discovered containing several well-preserved rooms with frescoes and mosaics in a condition rarely found outside sites such as Pompei.

The Augustan age poet Propertius is considered to have been born in what is now the city of Assisi.

In 238 AD Assisi was converted to Christianity by bishop Rufino, who was martyred at Costano. According to tradition, his remains rest in the Cathedral Church of San Rufino in Assisi.

The Ostrogoths of king Totila destroyed most of the town in 545. Assisi then came under the rule of the Lombards as part of the Lombard and then Frankish Duchy of Spoleto.

The thriving commune became an independent Ghibelline commune in the 11th century. Constantly struggling with the Guelph Perugia, it was during one of those battles, the battle at Collestrada, that Giovanni di Bernardone (better known as St. Francis of Assisi) was taken prisoner, setting in motion the events that eventually led him to live as a beggar, renounce the world and establish the Order of Friars Minor.

The city, which had remained within the confines of the Roman walls, began to expand outside these walls in the 13th century. In this period the city was under papal jurisdiction. The Rocca Maggiore, the imperial fortress on top of the hill above the city, which had been plundered by the people in 1189, was rebuilt in 1367 on orders of the papal legate, cardinal Gil de Albornoz.

In the beginning, Assisi fell under the rule of Perugia and later under several despots, such as the soldier of fortune Biordo Michelotti, Gian Galeazzo Visconti and his successor Francesco I Sforza, dukes of Milan, Jacopo Piccinino and Federico II da Montefeltro, lord of Urbino. The city went into a deep decline through the plague of the Black Death in 1348.

The city came again under papal jurisdiction under the rule of Pope Pius II (1458–1464).

In 1569 construction was started of the Basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli. During the Renaissance and in later centuries, the city continued to develop peacefully, as the 17th-century palazzi of the Bernabei and Giacobetti attest.

Now the site of many a pilgrimage, Assisi is linked in legend with its native son, St. Francis. The gentle saint founded the Franciscan order and shares honours with St. Catherine of Siena as the patron saint of Italy. He is remembered by many, even non-Christians, as a lover of nature (his preaching to an audience of birds is one of the legends of his life).

During World War II Assisi was occupied by Nazi Germany in September 1943. To save Jews in Italy the Catholic Church started the Assisi Network and hid Jews in the city. As the Allies moved up Italy, Germany declared Assisi an open city and pulled out, turning the city over to Italian partisans. The 12th Royal Lancers (Prince of Wales) entered the city on 17 June 1944. Colonel Valentin Müller, a German medical officer and a Catholic, was able to make Assisi a German hospital city for German troops in Italy in the summer of 1944, helping save Assisi from destruction, unlike Cassino.[6][7][8]

Assisi was hit by two devastating earthquakes that shook Umbria in September 1997. But the recovery and restoration have been remarkable, although much remains to be done. Massive damage was caused to many historical sites, but the major attraction, the Basilica di San Francesco, reopened less than 2 years later.

Main sights

UNESCO World Heritage Site

UNESCO collectively designated the Franciscan structures of Assisi as a World Heritage Site in 2000, under the name Assisi, the Basilica of San Francesco and Other Franciscan Sites. The inscription comprises two main areas:[9]

Historic centre of Assisi and surrounding sites

Template:Multiple image

  • Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi: Constructed between 1228 and 1253 following the canonization of St. Francis, the complex includes the Sacro Convento and the lower (Basilica inferiore) and upper (Basilica superiore) churches. The lower church features frescoes by Cimabue and Giotto, while the upper church contains scenes from the life of St. Francis, once attributed to Giotto but now believed to be the work of painters from the Roman school of Pietro Cavallini. The basilica suffered severe damage during a 5.5-magnitude earthquake on 26 September 1997, which caused part of the vault to collapse, killing four people and destroying a fresco by Cimabue. Restoration took two years.
  • The Piazza Inferiore di San Francesco.
  • Church of San Damiano: One of the first churches restored by St. Francis, and the site of one of his most famous visions. It was later given to St. Clare as the first home of the Poor Clares.
  • Eremo delle Carceri: a small monastery with a church at a canyon above the town, where St. Francis retreated and preached to birds
  • The Santuario di Rivotorto, a sanctuary marking the site of Francis's early communal life.
  • Cathedral of San Rufino (St. Rufinus): church with a façade in Romanesque style with three rose windows and a 16th‑century interior; part of it is built on a cistern from the Roman era. Location of the baptism of both St. Francis and St. Clare and the surviving font carved out of a granite Roman column.
  • Basilica of Santa Chiara (St. Clare): Begun in 1257, this church is characterized by its massive lateral buttresses, a prominent rose window, and a simple Gothic interior. It contains 13th-century frescoes and paintings, as well as the tomb of its namesake saint, Saint Clare of Assisi.
  • The historic urban fabric of Assisi itself and its surrounding cultural landscape.

Santa Maria degli Angeli and Porziuncola

Template:Multiple image

  • Basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli (St. Mary of the Angels); a large baroque church built to contain:
  • The Palazzo del Capitano del Perdono, a historical structure associated with the tradition of the "Pardon of Assisi".

Together, these sites reflect the religious, artistic, and architectural legacy of the Franciscan movement and its influence throughout medieval and modern Europe.

Other landmarks

The town is dominated by two medieval castles. The larger, known as the Rocca Maggiore, was extensively rebuilt by Cardinal Albornoz in 1366, and later expanded by Popes Pius II—who added the polygonal tower in 1458—and Paul III, who built the cylindrical bastion near the entrance between 1535 and 1538.

The smaller castle, originally built during the Roman era, is only partially preserved. A small section and three towers remain and are open to the public.

Other sights include:

File:Assisi Piazza del Comune BW 1.JPG
Temple of Minerva in the Piazza del Comune.
  • The Roman amphitheater, built in the early 1st century AD. Its elliptical plan is still visible through the medieval houses constructed around it and through a surviving arch of travertine cunei. The former arena is now occupied by a garden.[10]
  • The Piazza del Comune ("Communal Square"), home to several notable buildings: the Palazzo del Capitano del Popolo (mid-13th century, featuring merlons added in 1927), the adjoining Torre del Popolo ("People's Tower", 1305), and the Palazzo dei Priori ("Palace of the Priors", 1275–1493). The fountain on the southern side, decorated with three lions, dates from the 16th century.
  • The Temple of Minerva, a well-preserved Roman temple facing the Piazza del Comune.
  • The crypt of the demolished church of San Nicolò di Piazza, also located on the Piazza del Comune, where St. Francis and Bernard of Quintavalle are said to have consulted the Gospels when forming the earliest Franciscan Rule.
  • The Abbey of St. Benedict, founded in the 10th century on Monte Subasio. Remains include a late 11th-century crypt, the apse, and sections of the external walls.
  • Chiesa Nuova: A church built over what is traditionally believed to be the parental home of St. Francis.
  • The Piccolino Chapel: A small chapel marking the legendary birthplace of St. Francis.
  • Church of San Pietro (St. Peter): Originally built by the Benedictines in the 10th century and rebuilt in the 13th century. The church features a rectangular façade with three rose windows, and a Gothic chapel of the Holy Sacrament that houses a triptych by Matteo di Gualdo.
  • Santa Maria Maggiore (St. Mary the Greater): The earliest extant church in Assisi and formerly the cathedral of the city.
  • Santo Stefano: One of the oldest churches in Assisi, notable for its simple and early Romanesque design.

Art

See also Art in Assisi

Assisi has had a rich tradition of art through the centuries and is now home to a number of well-known artistic works.[11]

Artists Pietro Lorenzetti and Simone Martini worked shoulder to shoulder at Assisi. The Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi includes a number of artistic works. Simone Martini's 1317 fresco there reflects the influence of Giotto in realism and the use of brilliant colours. Lorenzetti's fresco at the lower church of the Basilica includes a series of panels depicting the Crucifixion of Jesus, Deposition from the Cross, and Entombment of Christ. The figures Lorenzetti painted display emotions, yet the figures in these scenes are governed by geometric emotional interactions, unlike many prior depictions which appeared to be independent iconic aggregations. Lorenzetti's 1330 Madonna dei Tramonti also reflects the ongoing influence of Giotto on his Marian art, midway through his career.[12][13]

Culture

The Calendimaggio Festival takes place on the first four days of May ending on a Saturday. The festival is a re-enactment of medieval and Renaissance life in the form of a challenge between the upper faction (parte de sopra) with a blue flag and the lower faction of the town (parte de sotto) with a red flag. It includes processions, theatrical presentations, choirs, crossbow, flag-waving and dancing contests.

Assisi embroidery is a form of counted-thread embroidery which has been practised in Assisi since the 13th century.

Today many groups gather in Assisi for a variety of cultural and religious activities. One such groupTemplate:Which? restored Template:When? an 11th-century room and added altars to the world's religions. Other organizations, such as Assisi Performing Arts,[14] host musical performances and other cultural events.

Saints

File:000 Upper Basilica in Assisi.jpg
Upper Basilica decorated with Giotto's frescoes about the life of Saint Francis

Assisi was the home of several saints, including:

It is also the final resting place of Blessed Carlo Acutis.

Municipal government

File:03 Palazzo del Comune (Assís).jpg
The Town Hall

Assisi is headed by a mayor (Script error: No such module "Lang".) assisted by a legislative body, the Script error: No such module "Lang"., and an executive body, the Script error: No such module "Lang".. Since 1993 the mayor and members of the Script error: No such module "Lang". are directly elected together by resident citizens, while from 1946 to 1993 the mayor was chosen by the legislative body. The Script error: No such module "Lang". is chaired by the mayor, who appoints others members, called Script error: No such module "Lang".. The offices of the Script error: No such module "Lang". are housed in a building usually called the Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang"..

Since 1993 the mayor of Assisi is directly elected by citizens, originally every four, then every five years. The current mayor is Valter Stoppini (PD), elected on 25–26 May 2025 with the 51.6% of the votes.

Mayor Term start Term end   Party
Giuliano Vitali 29 June 1993 12 May 1997 bgcolor=Template:Party color| PDS
Giorgio Bartolini 12 May 1997 20 February 2006 bgcolor=Template:Party color| Ind
Special Prefectural Commissioner (20 February – 30 May 2006)
Claudio Ricci 30 May 2006 30 July 2015 bgcolor=Template:Party color| FI
Antonio Lunghi (acting) 30 July 2015 21 June 2016 bgcolor=Template:Party color| FI
Stefania Proietti 21 June 2016 30 December 2024 bgcolor=Template:Party color| Ind
Valter Stoppini (acting) 30 December 2024 26 May 2025 bgcolor=Template:Party color| PD
Valter Stoppini 26 May 2025 Incumbent bgcolor=Template:Party color| PD

Transport

Assisi railway station, opened in 1866, forms part of the Foligno–Terontola railway, which also links Florence with Rome. The station is located at Piazza Dante Alighieri, in the frazione of Santa Maria degli Angeli, about Template:Convert southwest of the city centre.

International relations

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

Twin towns – sister cities

Assisi is twinned with:[15] Template:Div col

Template:Div col end

Others

The two papal basilicas sited in Assisi (the only ones not in Rome) gave their name to the two major cities in California: San Francisco and St. Mary of the Angels at the Porziuncula.

Gallery

Sources

Template:Reflist

External links

Template:Franciscans Script error: No such module "Navbox". Script error: No such module "Navbox".Template:Main other Template:Authority control

  1. ↑ Template:Cite dictionary
  2. ↑ Template:Cite American Heritage Dictionary
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Template:Cite Merriam-Webster
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
Retrieved from "http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=Assisi&oldid=737241"