Ismail Khan: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 06:22, 14 November 2025

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Script error: No such module "about". Script error: No such module "infobox".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Check for conflicting parameters". Muhammad Ismail KhanTemplate:Efn (born 1946) is an Afghan former military officer, warlord and politician who served as Minister of Energy and Water from 2005 to 2013 and before that served as the governor of Herat Province. Originally a captain in the Afghan Army, he is widely known as a former warlord who controlled a large Afghan mujahideen force, mainly his fellow Tajiks from western Afghanistan, during the Soviet–Afghan War.^[1]

His reputation gained him the nickname Lion of Herat.^[2] Ismail Khan was a key member of the now exiled political party Jamiat-e Islami and of the now defunct United National Front party.^[3] In 2021, Ismail Khan returned to arms to help defend Herat from the Taliban's offensive, which he and the Afghan Army lost.^[4] He was captured by the Taliban forces^[5]^[6]^[7] and then reportedly fled to Iran on 16 August 2021.^[8]^[9]

Early life and rise to power

Khan was born in 1946 in the Shindand District of Herat Province in Afghanistan. An ethnic Tajik, his family is from the Chahar-Mahal neighborhood of Shindand.

In early 1979, Ismail Khan was a captain in the Afghan Army based in the western city of Herat. In early March of that year, there was a protest in front of the Communist governor's palace against the arrests and assassinations being carried out in the countryside by the Khalq government. The governor's troops opened fire on the demonstrators, who proceeded to storm the palace and hunt down Soviet advisers. The Herat garrison mutinied and joined the revolt in what is called the Herat uprising, with Ismail Khan and other officers distributing all available weapons to the insurgents. The government led by Nur Mohammed Taraki responded, pulverizing the city using Soviet supplied bombers and killing up to 24,000 citizens in less than a week.^[10] This event marked the opening salvo of the rebellion which led to the Soviet military intervention in Afghanistan in December 1979. Ismail Khan escaped to the countryside where he began to assemble a local rebel force.^[11]

During the ensuing war, he became the leader of the western command of Burhanuddin Rabbani's Jamiat-e-Islami, political party. With Ahmad Shah Massoud, he was one of the most respected mujahideen leaders.^[10] In 1992, three years after the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, the mujahideen captured Herat and Ismail Khan became governor.

In 1995, he successfully defended his province against the Taliban, in cooperation with defense minister Ahmad Shah Massoud. Khan even tried to attack the Taliban stronghold of Kandahar, but was repulsed. Later in September, an ally of the Jamiat, Uzbek General Abdul Rashid Dostum changed sides and attacked Herat. Ismail Khan was forced to flee to neighboring Iran with 8,000 men, and the Taliban took over Herat Province.

Two years later, while organizing opposition to the Taliban in Faryab area, he was betrayed and captured by Abdul Majid Rouzi who had defected to the Taliban along with Abdul Malik Pahlawan, then one of Dostum's deputies.^[10] Then in March 1999 he escaped from Kandahar prison. During the U.S. intervention in Afghanistan, he fought against the Taliban within the United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan (Northern Alliance) and thus regained his position as Governor of Herat after they were victorious in December 2001.

Karzai administration and return to Afghanistan

After returning to Herat, Ismail Khan quickly consolidated his control over the region. He took over control of the city from the local ulema and quickly established control over the trade route between Herat and Iran, a large source of revenue.^[12] As Emir of Herat, Ismail Khan exercised great autonomy, providing social welfare for Heratis, expanding his power into neighbouring provinces, and maintaining direct international contacts.^[13] Although hated by the educated in Herat and often accused of human rights abuses, Ismail Khan's regime provided security, paid government employees, and made investments in public services.^[14] However, during his tenure as governor, Ismail Khan was accused of ruling his province like a private fiefdom, leading to increasing tensions with the Afghan Transitional Administration. In particular, he refused to pass on to the government the revenues gained from custom taxes on goods from Iran and Turkmenistan.

On 13 August 2003, President Karzai removed Governor Ismail Khan from his command of the 4th Corps. This was announced as part of a programme removing the ability of officials to hold both civilian and military posts.

Ismail Khan was ultimately removed from power in March 2004 due to pressure by neighbouring warlords and the central Afghan government. Various sources have presented different versions of the story, and the exact dynamics cannot be known with certainty. What is known is that Ismail Khan found himself at odds with a few regional commanders who, although theoretically his subordinates, attempted to remove him from power. Ismail Khan claims that these efforts began with a botched assassination attempt. Afterwards, these commanders moved their forces near Herat. Ismail Khan, unpopular with the Herati military class, was slow to mobilise his forces, perhaps waiting for the threat to Herat to become existential as a means to motivate his forces. However, the conflict was stopped with the intervention of International Security Assistance Force forces and soldiers of the Afghan National Army, freezing the conflict in its tracks. Ismail Khan's forces even fought skirmishes with the Afghan National Army, in which his son, Mirwais Sadiq was killed. Because Ismail Khan was contained by the Afghan National Army, the warlords who opposed him were quickly able to occupy strategic locations unopposed. Ismail Khan was forced to give up his governorship and to go to Kabul, where he served in Hamid Karzai's cabinet as the Minister of Energy.^[15]

In 2005 Ismail Khan became the Minister of Water and Energy.

In late 2012, the Government of Afghanistan accused Ismail Khan of illegally distributing weapons to his supporters.^[16] About 40 members of the country's Parliament requested Ismail Khan to answer their queries. The government believes that Khan is attempting to create some kind of disruption in the country.^[1]^[17]

Assassination attempt

On September 27, 2009, Ismail Khan survived a suicide blast that killed 4 of his bodyguards in Herat, in western Afghanistan. He was driving to Herat Airport when a powerful explosion occurred close to his convoy of vehicles. Taliban spokesman Zabiullah Mujahid claimed responsibility and said Khan was the target.^[18]

Testimony requested by a Guantanamo captive

Guantanamo captive Abdul Razzaq Hekmati requested Ismail Khan's testimony, when he was called before a Combatant Status Review Tribunal.^[19] Ismail Khan, like Afghan Minister of Defense Rahim Wardak, was one of the high-profile Afghans that those conducting the Tribunals ruled were "not reasonably available" to give a statement on a captive's behalf because they could not be located.

Hekmati had played a key role in helping Ismail Khan escape from the Taliban in 1999.^[20] Hekmati stood accused of helping Taliban leaders escape from the custody of Hamid Karzai's government.

Carlotta Gall and Andy Worthington interviewed Ismail Khan for a new The New York Times article after Hekmati died of cancer in Guantanamo.^[20] According to the New York Times Ismail Khan said he personally buttonholed the American ambassador to tell him that Hekmati was innocent, and should be released. In contrast, Hekmati was told that the State Department had been unable to locate Khan.

2021 Taliban offensive and capture

In July 2021, Ismail Khan mobilized hundreds of his loyalists in Herat in support of the Afghan Armed Forces to defend the city from an offensive by the Taliban.^[21] Despite this, the city fell on 12 August 2021.^[22]^[23]^[24] After trying to escape by helicopter, Khan was captured by the Taliban.^[22]^[23]^[24] The Taliban interviewed him shortly after and claimed that he and his forces have joined them.^[24]^[25] After negotiating with the Taliban, he was allowed to return to his residence.^[26]

After leaving Taliban custody, as of August 2021 Khan is living in Mashhad, Iran.^[27] He said that a conspiracy was responsible for Herat being captured by the Taliban.^[9]

Controversy

Ismail Khan is a controversial figure. Reporters Without Borders has charged him with muzzling the press and ordering attacks on journalists.^[28] Also Human Rights Watch has accused him of human rights abuses.^[29]

Nevertheless, he remains a popular figure for some in Afghanistan. Unlike other mujahideen commanders, Khan has not been linked to large-scale massacres and atrocities such as those committed after the capture of Kabul in 1992.^[10] Following news of his dismissal, rioting broke out in the streets of Herat, and President Karzai had to ask him to make a personal appeal for calm.^[30]

Notes

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References

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↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Ismail Khan, Herat, and Iranian Influence by Thomas H. Johnson, Strategic Insights, Volume III, Issue 7 (July 2004)[1] Template:Webarchive
↑ Coll, Steve. Ghost Wars. pg 40. 2004, Penguin Books.
↑ Johnson, C. & Leslie, J. "Afghanistan: The Mirage of Peace", New York: Zed Books, 2008. p47-69, 180.
↑ Johnson, C. & Leslie, J. "Afghanistan: The Mirage of Peace", New York: Zed Books, 2008. p180.
↑ Johnson, C. & Leslie, J. "Afghanistan: The Mirage of Peace", New York: Zed Books, 2008. p69.
↑ Giustozzi, A. "Empires of Mud: Wars and Warlords in Afghanistan", London: Hurst & Co., 2009. p259.
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↑ MPs launch signature campaign to summon Khan Template:Webarchive, Pajhwok Afghan News. November 15, 2012.
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External links

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Unknown	Governor of Herat Province 1992–1997 Template:S-ttl/check	Unknown
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Preceded by Template:Delink question hyphen-minus Template:S-bef/filter Template:S-bef/filter Template:S-bef/filter Template:S-bef/filter Template:S-bef/filter Template:S-bef/filter Template:S-bef/filter Template:S-bef/filter Template:S-bef/filter Template:S-bef/check	Minister of Water and Energy 2005–2013 Template:S-ttl/check	Template:S-aft/check Succeeded by Template:Delink question hyphen-minus Template:S-aft/filter Template:S-aft/filter Template:S-aft/filter Template:S-aft/filter Template:S-aft/filter Template:S-aft/filter Template:S-aft/filter Template:S-aft/filter Template:S-aft/filter

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[Johnson-10] Ismail Khan, Herat, and Iranian Influence by Thomas H. Johnson, Strategic Insights, Volume III, Issue 7 (July 2004)[1] Template:Webarchive

[11] Coll, Steve. Ghost Wars. pg 40. 2004, Penguin Books.

[12] Johnson, C. & Leslie, J. "Afghanistan: The Mirage of Peace", New York: Zed Books, 2008. p47-69, 180.

[13] Johnson, C. & Leslie, J. "Afghanistan: The Mirage of Peace", New York: Zed Books, 2008. p180.

[14] Johnson, C. & Leslie, J. "Afghanistan: The Mirage of Peace", New York: Zed Books, 2008. p69.

[Giustozzi-15] Giustozzi, A. "Empires of Mud: Wars and Warlords in Afghanistan", London: Hurst & Co., 2009. p259.

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[17] MPs launch signature campaign to summon Khan Template:Webarchive, Pajhwok Afghan News. November 15, 2012.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|Afghan politician and former warlord (born 1946)}}
 {{use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
-{{For|the Pashto singer from Pakistan|Ismail and Junaid}}
+{{about||the 17th-century khan|Ismail Khan (Moghul khan)|the politician|Ismail Khan (Pakistani politician)|the Pashto singer from Pakistan|Ismail and Junaid}}
 {{Infobox officeholder
 | name                = Ismail Khan
@@ Line 43: / Line 43: @@
 | allegiance          = {{flagicon|Kingdom of Afghanistan}} [[Kingdom of Afghanistan]]<br>(1967–1973)<br />{{flagicon|Afghanistan|1974}} [[Republic of Afghanistan (1973-1978)|Republic of Afghanistan]]<br>(1973–1978)<br />{{flagicon|Afghanistan|1978}} [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]]<br>(1978–1979)<br />{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Afghan interim government-in-exile (1988–1992).svg}} [[Afghan mujahideen]]<br>(1979–1992)<br />{{flagicon|Afghanistan|1992}} [[Islamic State of Afghanistan]]<br>(1992–1996)<br />{{flagicon|Afghanistan|1992}} [[Northern Alliance]]<br>(1997–1998; 2001)<br />{{flagicon|Afghanistan|2013}} [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]]<br>(until 2021)
 }}
-'''Mohammad Ismail Khan''' ([[Dari language|Dari]]/[[Pashto language|Pashto]]: محمد اسماعیل خان; born 1946), better known as '''Ismail Khan''', is an Afghan former military officer, warlord and [[Politics of Afghanistan|politician]] who served as [[Ministry of Water and Energy (Afghanistan)|Minister of Energy and Water]] from 2005 to 2013 and before that served as the [[List of governors of Herat|governor]] of [[Herat Province]]. Originally a captain in the [[Afghan Army]], he is widely known as a former [[warlord]] who controlled a large [[Afghan mujahideen]] force, mainly his fellow [[Tajik people|Tajiks]] from western Afghanistan, during the [[Soviet–Afghan War]].<ref name=in.news />
+'''Muhammad Ismail Khan'''{{Efn|{{langx|prs|محمد اسماعیل خان}}}} (born 1946) is an Afghan former military officer, warlord and [[Politics of Afghanistan|politician]] who served as [[Ministry of Water and Energy (Afghanistan)|Minister of Energy and Water]] from 2005 to 2013 and before that served as the [[List of governors of Herat|governor]] of [[Herat Province]]. Originally a captain in the [[Afghan Army]], he is widely known as a former [[warlord]] who controlled a large [[Afghan mujahideen]] force, mainly his fellow [[Tajik people|Tajiks]] from western Afghanistan, during the [[Soviet–Afghan War]].<ref name=in.news />
-His reputation gained him the nickname ''Lion of Herat''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/afghan-warlord-ismail-khan-known-as-lion-of-herat-detained-by-taliban-as-his-city-falls-to-insurgents-9884211.html|title = Afghan warlord Ismail Khan, known as 'Lion of Herat', detained by Taliban as his city falls to insurgents|date = 13 August 2021}}</ref> Ismail Khan was a key member of the now exiled political party [[Jamiat-e Islami]] and of the now defunct [[United National Front (Afghanistan)|United National Front]] party.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Brian Glyn |title=Afghanistan declassified : a guide to America's longest war |date=2012 |publisher=Philadelphia, 2011 |isbn=9780812206159 |edition=1st |location=University of Pennsylvania Press |pages=29–30 |oclc=793012539}}</ref> In 2021, Ismail Khan returned to arms to help defend Herat from the [[2021 Taliban offensive|Taliban's offensive]], which he and the Afghan Army lost.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/south-asia/afghanistan-herat-khan-battle-taliban-b1899576.html|title = On the front line in Afghanistan with Ismail Khan, the 'Lion of Herat'|website = [[Independent.co.uk]]|date = 9 August 2021}}</ref> He was captured by the [[Taliban]] forces<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hassan |first=Sharif |date=2021-08-13 |title=An Afghan warlord who steadfastly resisted the Taliban surrendered. Others may follow his lead. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/13/world/asia/afghanistan-mohammad-ismail-khan.html |access-date=2021-08-13 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=2021-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813134625/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/13/world/asia/afghanistan-mohammad-ismail-khan.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-13 |title=Former Herat governor and Afghan chief Ismail Khan has joined the Taliban with supporters |url=https://nationworldnews.com/former-herat-governor-and-afghan-chief-ismail-khan-has-joined-the-taliban-with-supporters/ |access-date=2021-08-13 |website=Nation World News |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813145945/https://nationworldnews.com/former-herat-governor-and-afghan-chief-ismail-khan-has-joined-the-taliban-with-supporters/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ismail Khan joins Islamic Emirate with all his supporters and troops – Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan|url=https://alemarahenglish.net/?p=48408|access-date=2021-08-17|language=en-US|archive-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817071617/https://alemarahenglish.net/?p=48408|url-status=dead}}</ref> and then reportedly fled to Iran on 16 August 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jaafari |first=Shirin |date=August 16, 2021 |title=Former warlord Ismail Khan led a militia against the Taliban. He spoke to The World days before Afghans lost the fight. |url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2021-08-16/former-warlord-ismail-khan-led-militia-against-taliban-he-spoke-world-days |work=[[The World (radio program)|The World]] |publisher=[[Public Radio Exchange]] |location=Cambridge, MA}}</ref><ref name="afghanistan-analysts_org">{{cite web |title=The Taleban leadership converges on Kabul as remnants of the republic reposition themselves |url=https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/reports/war-and-peace/the-taleban-leadership-converges-on-kabul-as-the-remnants-of-the-republic-try-to-reposition-themselves/ |website=Afghanistan Analysts Network - English |date=19 August 2021}}</ref>
+His reputation gained him the nickname ''Lion of Herat''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/afghan-warlord-ismail-khan-known-as-lion-of-herat-detained-by-taliban-as-his-city-falls-to-insurgents-9884211.html|title = Afghan warlord Ismail Khan, known as 'Lion of Herat', detained by Taliban as his city falls to insurgents| work=Firstpost |date = 13 August 2021}}</ref> Ismail Khan was a key member of the now exiled political party [[Jamiat-e Islami]] and of the now defunct [[United National Front (Afghanistan)|United National Front]] party.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Brian Glyn |title=Afghanistan declassified : a guide to America's longest war |date=2012 |publisher=Philadelphia, 2011 |isbn=9780812206159 |edition=1st |location=University of Pennsylvania Press |pages=29–30 |oclc=793012539}}</ref> In 2021, Ismail Khan returned to arms to help defend Herat from the [[2021 Taliban offensive|Taliban's offensive]], which he and the Afghan Army lost.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/south-asia/afghanistan-herat-khan-battle-taliban-b1899576.html|title = On the front line in Afghanistan with Ismail Khan, the 'Lion of Herat'|website = [[Independent.co.uk]]|date = 9 August 2021}}</ref> He was captured by the [[Taliban]] forces<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hassan |first=Sharif |date=2021-08-13 |title=An Afghan warlord who steadfastly resisted the Taliban surrendered. Others may follow his lead. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/13/world/asia/afghanistan-mohammad-ismail-khan.html |access-date=2021-08-13 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=2021-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813134625/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/13/world/asia/afghanistan-mohammad-ismail-khan.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-13 |title=Former Herat governor and Afghan chief Ismail Khan has joined the Taliban with supporters |url=https://nationworldnews.com/former-herat-governor-and-afghan-chief-ismail-khan-has-joined-the-taliban-with-supporters/ |access-date=2021-08-13 |website=Nation World News |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813145945/https://nationworldnews.com/former-herat-governor-and-afghan-chief-ismail-khan-has-joined-the-taliban-with-supporters/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ismail Khan joins Islamic Emirate with all his supporters and troops – Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan|url=https://alemarahenglish.net/?p=48408|access-date=2021-08-17|language=en-US|archive-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817071617/https://alemarahenglish.net/?p=48408|url-status=dead}}</ref> and then reportedly fled to Iran on 16 August 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jaafari |first=Shirin |date=August 16, 2021 |title=Former warlord Ismail Khan led a militia against the Taliban. He spoke to The World days before Afghans lost the fight. |url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2021-08-16/former-warlord-ismail-khan-led-militia-against-taliban-he-spoke-world-days |work=[[The World (radio program)|The World]] |publisher=[[Public Radio Exchange]] |location=Cambridge, MA}}</ref><ref name="afghanistan-analysts_org">{{cite web |title=The Taleban leadership converges on Kabul as remnants of the republic reposition themselves |url=https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/reports/war-and-peace/the-taleban-leadership-converges-on-kabul-as-the-remnants-of-the-republic-try-to-reposition-themselves/ |website=Afghanistan Analysts Network - English |date=19 August 2021}}</ref>
 ==Early life and rise to power==
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 ==2021 Taliban offensive and capture==
-In July 2021, Ismail Khan mobilized hundreds of his loyalists in Herat in support of the [[Afghan Armed Forces]] to defend the city from [[2021 Taliban offensive|an offensive by the Taliban]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ismail Khan mobilises hundreds in Herat to fight Taliban |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/862159-ismail-khan-mobilises-hundreds-in-herat-to-fight-taliban |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805112939/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/862159-ismail-khan-mobilises-hundreds-in-herat-to-fight-taliban |archive-date=2021-08-05 |access-date=2021-08-05 |website=www.thenews.com.pk}}</ref> Despite this, the city fell on 12 August 2021.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news |last1=Varshalomidze |first1=Tamila |last2=Siddiqui |first2=Usaid |title=Taliban claims to have taken Kandahar as onslaught continues |language=en |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/12/afghanistan-taliban-kandahar-prison-police-ghazni-live-updates |url-status=live |access-date=2021-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812162117/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/12/afghanistan-taliban-kandahar-prison-police-ghazni-live-updates |archive-date=2021-08-12}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite news |date=2021-08-13 |title=Taliban detain veteran militia chief Khan in Afghanistan's Herat - official |language=en |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/taliban-detain-veteran-militia-chief-khan-afghanistans-herat-official-2021-08-13/ |url-status=live |access-date=2021-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813093820/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/taliban-detain-veteran-militia-chief-khan-afghanistans-herat-official-2021-08-13/ |archive-date=2021-08-13}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite news |last=Trofimov |first=Yaroslav |date=2021-08-13 |title=Taliban Seize Kandahar, Prepare to March on Afghan Capital Kabul |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/taliban-seize-kandahar-prepare-to-march-on-kabul-11628846975 |url-status=live |access-date=2021-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813101806/https://www.wsj.com/articles/taliban-seize-kandahar-prepare-to-march-on-kabul-11628846975 |archive-date=2021-08-13 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> After trying to escape by helicopter, Khan was captured by the Taliban.<ref name="auto2" /><ref name="auto1" /><ref name="auto" /> The Taliban interviewed him shortly after and claimed that he and his forces have joined them.<ref name="auto" /><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1426103328698732545 |user=TGhazniwal |title=Short Interview of Warlord #Ismail_Khan after his capturing in #Herat |author=Tariq Ghazniwal |author-link=Tariq Ghazniwal}}</ref> After negotiating with the Taliban, he was allowed to return to his residence.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-08-13 |title=Taliban captures Afghan commander Ismail Khan after fall of Herat |language=en |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/13/taliban-capture-afghan-commander-ismail-khan-after-fall-of-herat |access-date=2021-08-14 |archive-date=2021-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813141126/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/13/taliban-capture-afghan-commander-ismail-khan-after-fall-of-herat |url-status=live }}</ref>
+In July 2021, Ismail Khan mobilized hundreds of his loyalists in Herat in support of the [[Afghan Armed Forces]] to defend the city from [[2021 Taliban offensive|an offensive by the Taliban]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ismail Khan mobilises hundreds in Herat to fight Taliban |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/862159-ismail-khan-mobilises-hundreds-in-herat-to-fight-taliban |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805112939/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/862159-ismail-khan-mobilises-hundreds-in-herat-to-fight-taliban |archive-date=2021-08-05 |access-date=2021-08-05 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |date=10 July 2021 }}</ref> Despite this, the city fell on 12 August 2021.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news |last1=Varshalomidze |first1=Tamila |last2=Siddiqui |first2=Usaid |title=Taliban claims to have taken Kandahar as onslaught continues |language=en |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/12/afghanistan-taliban-kandahar-prison-police-ghazni-live-updates |url-status=live |access-date=2021-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812162117/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/12/afghanistan-taliban-kandahar-prison-police-ghazni-live-updates |archive-date=2021-08-12}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite news |date=2021-08-13 |title=Taliban detain veteran militia chief Khan in Afghanistan's Herat - official |language=en |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/taliban-detain-veteran-militia-chief-khan-afghanistans-herat-official-2021-08-13/ |url-status=live |access-date=2021-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813093820/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/taliban-detain-veteran-militia-chief-khan-afghanistans-herat-official-2021-08-13/ |archive-date=2021-08-13}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite news |last=Trofimov |first=Yaroslav |date=2021-08-13 |title=Taliban Seize Kandahar, Prepare to March on Afghan Capital Kabul |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/taliban-seize-kandahar-prepare-to-march-on-kabul-11628846975 |url-status=live |access-date=2021-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813101806/https://www.wsj.com/articles/taliban-seize-kandahar-prepare-to-march-on-kabul-11628846975 |archive-date=2021-08-13 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> After trying to escape by helicopter, Khan was captured by the Taliban.<ref name="auto2" /><ref name="auto1" /><ref name="auto" /> The Taliban interviewed him shortly after and claimed that he and his forces have joined them.<ref name="auto" /><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1426103328698732545 |user=TGhazniwal |title=Short Interview of Warlord #Ismail_Khan after his capturing in #Herat |author=Tariq Ghazniwal |author-link=Tariq Ghazniwal}}</ref> After negotiating with the Taliban, he was allowed to return to his residence.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-08-13 |title=Taliban captures Afghan commander Ismail Khan after fall of Herat |language=en |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/13/taliban-capture-afghan-commander-ismail-khan-after-fall-of-herat |access-date=2021-08-14 |archive-date=2021-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813141126/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/13/taliban-capture-afghan-commander-ismail-khan-after-fall-of-herat |url-status=live }}</ref>
 After leaving Taliban custody, as of August 2021 Khan is living in [[Mashhad]], [[Iran]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Jaafari |first=Shirin |date=August 16, 2021 |title=Former warlord Ismail Khan led a militia against the Taliban. He spoke to The World days before Afghans lost the fight. |url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2021-08-16/former-warlord-ismail-khan-led-militia-against-taliban-he-spoke-world-days |work=[[The World (radio program)|The World]] |publisher=[[Public Radio Exchange]] |location=Cambridge, MA}}</ref> He said that a conspiracy was responsible for Herat being captured by the Taliban.<ref name="afghanistan-analysts_org" />
@@ Line 91: / Line 91: @@
 Ismail Khan is a controversial figure. [[Reporters Without Borders]] has charged him with muzzling the press and ordering attacks on journalists.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Afghanistan: Radio Free Afghanistan journalist attacked and expelled from Herat |publisher=Reporters Without Borders |url=http://www.hrea.org/lists/hr-media/markup/msg00103.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006151623/http://www.hrea.org/lists/hr-media/markup/msg00103.html |archive-date=October 6, 2013}}</ref> Also [[Human Rights Watch]] has accused him of human rights abuses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afghanistan: ''Torture and Political Repression in Herat'', John Sifton (November 5, 2002) |url=https://www.hrw.org/press/2002/11/herat1105.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005203315/http://www.hrw.org/press/2002/11/herat1105.htm |archive-date=October 5, 2013 |access-date=December 2, 2016}}</ref>
-Nevertheless, he remains a popular figure for some in Afghanistan. Unlike other mujahideen commanders, Khan has not been linked to large-scale massacres and atrocities such as those committed after the capture of Kabul in 1992.<ref name="Johnson" /> Following news of his dismissal, rioting broke out in the streets of Herat, and President Karzai had to ask him to make a personal appeal for calm.<ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |title=''Profile: Ismail Khan'', BBC News (September 2004) |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/2535261.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040610012558/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/2535261.stm |archive-date=2004-06-10 |access-date=2004-09-13}}</ref>
+Nevertheless, he remains a popular figure for some in Afghanistan. Unlike other mujahideen commanders, Khan has not been linked to large-scale massacres and atrocities such as those committed after the capture of Kabul in 1992.<ref name="Johnson" /> Following news of his dismissal, rioting broke out in the streets of Herat, and President Karzai had to ask him to make a personal appeal for calm.<ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |title=''Profile: Ismail Khan'', BBC News (September 2004) |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2535261.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040610012558/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/2535261.stm |archive-date=2004-06-10 |access-date=2004-09-13}}</ref>
-==Notes and references==
+==Notes==
+{{notelist}}
+==References==
 {{Refbegin}}
@@ Line 103: / Line 106: @@
 {{Commons category|Ismail Khan}}
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180522181030/http://www.hambastagi.com/english/english.html Official site of Amir Mohammad Ismail]
-* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/2535261.stm BBC Profile: Ismail Khan]
+* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2535261.stm BBC Profile: Ismail Khan]
 * [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/afghanistan/ismail.htm GlobalSecurity.org - General Mohammad Ismail Khan]

Ismail Khan: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 06:22, 14 November 2025

Contents

Early life and rise to power

Karzai administration and return to Afghanistan

Assassination attempt

Testimony requested by a Guantanamo captive

2021 Taliban offensive and capture

Controversy

Notes

References

External links

Navigation menu

Ismail Khan: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 06:22, 14 November 2025

Early life and rise to power

Karzai administration and return to Afghanistan

Assassination attempt

Testimony requested by a Guantanamo captive

2021 Taliban offensive and capture

Controversy

Notes

References

External links

Navigation menu

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