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{{Short description|Great force distributed over a small area}} | {{Short description|Great force distributed over a small area}} | ||
{{About||the related geology term|Ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism|the meteorology term|High-pressure area|the 1932 film|High Pressure (film)|the Red Garland album|High Pressure (Red Garland album)}} | {{About||the related geology term|Ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism|the meteorology term|High-pressure area|the 1932 film|High Pressure (film){{!}}''High Pressure'' (film)|the Red Garland album|High Pressure (Red Garland album){{!}}''High Pressure'' (Red Garland album)}} | ||
In [[science]] and [[engineering]] the study of '''high pressure''' examines its effects on materials and the design and construction of devices, such as a [[diamond anvil cell]], which can create high [[pressure]]. ''High pressure'' usually means pressures of thousands ( | {{Use mdy dates|date=October 2025}} | ||
{{Use American English|date=October 2025}} | |||
In [[science]] and [[engineering]], the study of '''high pressure''' examines its effects on materials and the design and construction of devices, such as a [[diamond anvil cell]], which can create high [[pressure]]. ''High pressure'' usually means pressures of thousands ([[kilobar]]s) or millions ([[megabar]]s) of{{nbsp}}times [[atmospheric pressure]] (about {{convert|1|bar|kPa|abbr=off|lk=on|disp=or}}). | |||
==History and overview== | ==History and overview== | ||
[[Percy Williams Bridgman]] received | [[Percy Williams Bridgman]] received [[Nobel Prize in Physics|a Nobel Prize]] in{{nbsp}}1946 for advancing this area of physics by two magnitudes of pressure ({{val|400|u=[[megapascal]]s}}{{nbsp}}(MPa) to{{nbsp}}{{val|40|u=[[gigapascal]]s}}{{nbsp}}(GPa)). The founders of this field include also [[Harry George Drickamer]], [[Tracy Hall]], [[Francis P. Bundy]], {{ill|Leonid F. Vereschagin|ru|Верещагин, Леонид Эмильевич}}, and {{ill|Sergey M. Stishov|ru|Стишов, Сергей Михайлович}}. | ||
It was by applying high pressure as well as high | It was by applying high pressure as well as high temperature to [[carbon]] that [[synthetic diamond]]s were first produced alongside many other interesting discoveries. Almost any material when subjected to high pressure will compact itself into a denser form; for example, [[quartz]] (also called [[silica]] or [[silicon dioxide]]) will first adopt a denser form known as [[coesite]], then upon application of even higher pressure, form [[stishovite]]. These two forms of silica were first discovered by high-pressure experimenters, but then found in nature at the site of a [[meteor impact]]. | ||
Chemical bonding is | [[Chemical bonding]] is liable to change under high pressure, when the {{math|P * V}}{{nbsp}}term in the free energy becomes comparable to the energies of typical chemical bonds at around {{val|100|ul=GPa}}. Among the most striking changes are metallization of [[oxygen]] at{{nbsp}}{{val|96|u=GPa}} (rendering oxygen a [[superconductor]]), and transition of [[sodium]] from a nearly-free-electron metal to a transparent insulator at{{nbsp}}{{approx|tilde=y|{{val|200|u=GPa}}}}. At ultimately high compression, however, all materials will metallize ({{xref|see [[metallization pressure]]}}).{{zwj}}<ref>{{cite journal|title = The Chemical Imagination at Work in Very Tight Places|journal= [[Angewandte Chemie International Edition]] | publisher= [[Wiley-VCH]] | trans-journal= Applied Chemistry International Edition | doi=10.1002/anie.200602485|pmid= 17477335 |volume=46|issue= 20 |pages=3620–3642|date = 4 May 2007|last1 = Grochala|first1 = Wojciech|last2= Hoffmann |first2= Roald |last3= Feng |first3= Ji |last4= Ashcroft |first4= Neil W. |id= {{CODEN|ACIEF5}} |issn= 1433-7851 |eissn= 1521-3773 }}</ref> | ||
High-pressure experimentation has led to the discovery of the types of minerals which are believed to exist in the deep mantle of the Earth, such as [[silicate perovskite]], which is thought to make up half of the Earth's bulk, and [[post-perovskite]], which occurs at the core-mantle boundary and explains many anomalies inferred for that region.{{citation needed|date = May 2009}} | High-pressure experimentation has led to the discovery of the types of minerals which are believed to exist in the [[deep mantle]] of the Earth, such as [[silicate perovskite]], which is thought to make up half of the Earth's bulk, and [[post-perovskite]], which occurs at the [[core-mantle boundary]] and explains many anomalies inferred for that region.{{citation needed|date = May 2009}} | ||
Pressure "landmarks" | ==Pressure "landmarks"== | ||
* Typical pressures reached by large-volume presses: up{{nbsp}}to {{val|30|-|40|ul=GPa}} | |||
* Pressures that can be generated inside [[diamond anvil cell]]s: {{approx|tilde=y|{{val|1000|u=GPa}}}}{{zwj}}<ref>{{cite journal|url= |title = Terapascal static pressure generation with ultrahigh yield strength nanodiamond|journal = [[Science Advances]]|publisher = [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]|volume = 2|issue = 7|article-number = e1600341|doi = 10.1126/sciadv.1600341|pmid = 27453944|date = 20 July 2016|last1 = Dubrovinskaia|first1 = Natalia|last2 = Dubrovinsky|first2 = Leonid|last3 = Solopova|first3 = Natalia A.|last4 = Abakumov|first4 = Artem|last5 = Turner|first5 = Stuart|last6 = Hanfland|first6 = Michael|last7 = Bykova|first7 = Elena|last8 = Bykov|first8 = Maxim|last9 = Prescher|first9 = Clemens|last10 = Prakapenka|first10 = Vitali B.|last11 = Petitgirard|first11 = Sylvain|last12 = Chuvashova|first12 = Irina|last13 = Gasharova|first13 = Biliana|last14 = Mathis|first14 = Yves-Laurent|last15 = Ershov|first15 = Petr|last16 = Snigireva|first16 = Irina|last17 = Snigirev|first17 = Anatoly|pmc = 4956398|bibcode = 2016SciA....2E0341D|issn = 2375-2548|lccn = 2014203143|oclc = 892343396|bibcode-access = free|doi-access = free }}</ref> | |||
* Pressure at [[center of the Earth]]: {{val|364|u=GPa}} | |||
* Highest pressures ever achieved in [[shock wave]]s: over{{nbsp}}{{convert|100,000|GPa|TPa|order=flip|abbr=out|lk=in}}{{zwj}}<ref>{{cite journal |title=Achieving high-density states through shock-wave loading of precompressed samples |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |doi=10.1073/pnas.0608170104 |pmid=17494771 |volume=104 |issue=22 |pages=9172–9177 |bibcode=2007PNAS..104.9172J |pmc=1890466 |id={{CODEN|PNASA6}} |issn=0027-8424 |eissn=1091-6490 |lccn=16010069 |jstor=00278424 |oclc=43473694 |date=29 May 2007 |last1=Jeanloz |first1=Raymond |last2=Celliers |first2=Peter M. |last3=Collins |first3=Gilbert W. |last4=Eggert |first4=Jon H. |last5=Lee |first5=Kanani K. M. |last6=McWilliams |first6=R. Stewart |last7=Brygoo |first7=Stéphanie |last8=Loubeyre |first8=Paul |doi-access=free }}</ref> | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
* | * {{anl|Metallization pressure}} | ||
* | * {{anl|Synthetic diamond}} | ||
* {{anl|D-DIA}} | |||
* {{anl|Extreme pressure additive}} | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
| Line 22: | Line 30: | ||
==Further reading== | ==Further reading== | ||
*{{cite book|last1=Hazen|first1=Robert M.|author-link=Robert Hazen|title=The | * {{cite book|last1=Hazen|first1=Robert M.|author-link=Robert Hazen|title=The New Alchemists: Breaking Through the Barriers of High Pressure|date=1993|publisher=[[Times Books]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8129-2275-2|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/newalchemists00robe|oclc=1150816525|id={{ARK|ark:13960/t6h173t03}}|lccn=93015703|ol=26486578M }} | ||
{{Authority control}} | {{Authority control}} | ||
Latest revision as of 07:35, 5 October 2025
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "about". Template:Use mdy dates Template:Use American English In science and engineering, the study of high pressure examines its effects on materials and the design and construction of devices, such as a diamond anvil cell, which can create high pressure. High pressure usually means pressures of thousands (kilobars) or millions (megabars) ofTemplate:Nbsptimes atmospheric pressure (about Template:Convert).
History and overview
Percy Williams Bridgman received a Nobel Prize inTemplate:Nbsp1946 for advancing this area of physics by two magnitudes of pressure (Template:ValTemplate:Nbsp(MPa) toTemplate:NbspTemplate:ValTemplate:Nbsp(GPa)). The founders of this field include also Harry George Drickamer, Tracy Hall, Francis P. Bundy, Template:Ill, and Template:Ill.
It was by applying high pressure as well as high temperature to carbon that synthetic diamonds were first produced alongside many other interesting discoveries. Almost any material when subjected to high pressure will compact itself into a denser form; for example, quartz (also called silica or silicon dioxide) will first adopt a denser form known as coesite, then upon application of even higher pressure, form stishovite. These two forms of silica were first discovered by high-pressure experimenters, but then found in nature at the site of a meteor impact.
Chemical bonding is liable to change under high pressure, when the Template:MathTemplate:Nbspterm in the free energy becomes comparable to the energies of typical chemical bonds at around Template:Val. Among the most striking changes are metallization of oxygen atTemplate:NbspTemplate:Val (rendering oxygen a superconductor), and transition of sodium from a nearly-free-electron metal to a transparent insulator atTemplate:NbspTemplate:Approx. At ultimately high compression, however, all materials will metallize (Template:Xref).Template:Zwj[1]
High-pressure experimentation has led to the discovery of the types of minerals which are believed to exist in the deep mantle of the Earth, such as silicate perovskite, which is thought to make up half of the Earth's bulk, and post-perovskite, which occurs at the core-mantle boundary and explains many anomalies inferred for that region.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Pressure "landmarks"
- Typical pressures reached by large-volume presses: upTemplate:Nbspto Template:Val
- Pressures that can be generated inside diamond anvil cells: Template:ApproxTemplate:Zwj[2]
- Pressure at center of the Earth: Template:Val
- Highest pressures ever achieved in shock waves: overTemplate:NbspTemplate:ConvertTemplate:Zwj[3]
See also
References
Further reading
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