Trichocentrum: Difference between revisions

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| type_species = ''Trichocentrum pulchrum''
| type_species = ''Trichocentrum pulchrum''
| type_species_authority = Poepp. & Endl.
| type_species_authority = Poepp. & Endl.
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="wcsp"/>
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=POWO_30021659-2/>
| synonyms =  
| synonyms =  
* ''Acoidium'' <small>Lindl.</small>
* ''Acoidium'' <small>Lindl.</small>
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}}
}}


'''''Trichocentrum''''', often abbreviated '''Trctm''' in [[horticulture]], is a [[genus]] in the [[orchid]] [[family (biology)|family]], Orchidaceae. '''Dancinglady orchid''' is a common name for plants in this genus.<ref>{{PLANTS|id=TRICH27|taxon=Trichocentrum|accessdate=14 December 2015}}</ref> It was described by [[Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher]] and [[Eduard Friedrich Poeppig]] in 1836. This genus alone makes up the monogeneric '''Trichocentrum''' alliance, a quite distinct lineage of the [[subtribe]] [[Oncidiinae]].
'''''Trichocentrum''''', often abbreviated '''Trctm''' in [[horticulture]], is a [[genus]] in the [[orchid]] [[family (biology)|family]], Orchidaceae. '''Dancinglady orchid''' is a common name for plants in this genus.<ref>{{PLANTS|id=TRICH27|taxon=Trichocentrum|accessdate=14 December 2015}}</ref> It was described by [[Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher]] and [[Eduard Friedrich Poeppig]] in 1836. This genus alone makes up the monogeneric ''Trichocentrum'' alliance, a quite distinct lineage of the [[subtribe]] [[Oncidiinae]].


The 68 currently recognized species are [[epiphyte]]s [[species]], distributed in damp forests from [[Mexico]] and [[Florida]] to [[Argentina]].<ref name="wcsp">[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=208019 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref>
In 2024, ''Trichocentrum'' was expanded to include the genera '''''Grandiphyllum''''' and '''''Saundersia''''', with the latter two synonymized.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meneguzzo |first=Thiago E. C. |last2=Chase |first2=Mark W. |date=2024-04-30 |title=An expanded circumscription of Trichocentrum (Orchidaceae: Oncidiinae) to include ''Grandiphyllum'' and ''Saundersia'' |url=https://phytotaxa.mapress.com/pt/article/view/phytotaxa.646.1.7 |journal=[[Phytotaxa]] |language=en |volume=646 |issue=1 |pages=82–86 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.646.1.7 |issn=1179-3163}}</ref>
 
{{As of|2025|October}}, [[Plants of the World Online]] recognized 101 species within this genus (plus some hybrids), distributed in damp forests from [[Mexico]] and [[Florida]] to [[Argentina]].<ref name=POWO_30021659-2/>


==Description==
==Description==
The [[pseudobulb]]s are reduced. The obtuse, fleshy [[Leaf|leaves]] are 9&nbsp;cm long. They are broadly elliptic to ovate-lanceolate.
{{Unreferenced|section|date=October 2025}}
The [[pseudobulb]]s are reduced. The obtuse, fleshy [[leaves]] are 9&nbsp;cm long. They are broadly elliptic to ovate-lanceolate.


The large, showy [[flower]]s grow basally on a short [[Peduncle (botany)|peduncle]] in a single-flowered to few-flowered [[raceme]]. They are white, or white covered with maroon dots. The [[petal]]s and [[sepal]]s are similar.
The large, showy [[flower]]s grow basally on a short [[Peduncle (botany)|peduncle]] in a single-flowered to few-flowered [[raceme]]. They are white, or white covered with maroon dots. The [[petal]]s and [[sepal]]s are similar.


The long [[Labellum (botany)|lip]] carries a short [[spur]]. This feature distinguishes the genus from other [[Oncidiinae]], in which the spur is an extension of the [[column (botany)|column]]. The short column has a pair of apical wings on the [[Carpel|stigma]]. The [[anther]] often bears minute [[wiktionary:Papilla|papilla]]e. There are two waxy [[pollinium|pollinia]], connected to elongate [[stipe (botany)|stipe]]s.
The long [[Labellum (botany)|lip]] carries a short [[spur]]. This feature distinguishes the genus from other [[Oncidiinae]], in which the spur is an extension of the [[column (botany)|column]]. The short column has a pair of apical wings on the [[Carpel|stigma]]. The [[anther]] often bears minute [[wiktionary:Papilla|papilla]]e. There are two waxy [[pollinia]], connected to elongate [[stipe (botany)|stipe]]s.
 
==In horticulture==
''Trichocentrum'' species are highly appreciated by orchid growers; some consider them to be among the most beautiful orchids on earth. Culture of members of this genus is highly variable, ranging from the drought-tolerant and easy-to-grow [[Tiger-like Trichocentrum]] (''[[Trichocentrum tigrinum|T. tigrinum]]'') to smaller and more delicate species.
 
In cultivation they are subject to rot unless provided with conditions similar to those they experience in the wild. Extensive research into the ecological profiles of individual species may be required to achieve success cultivating them. Many species from Central America apparently endure a prolonged drought for at least part of the year, and have developed [[succulent]] leaves to deal with these conditions. Plants may shrivel quite severely without long-lasting injury.


==Chemistry and use as entheogen==
==Taxonomy==
The Central and South American species ''[[Trichocentrum cebolleta]]'' (known formerly as ''Oncidium cebolleta'') has been found to contain a variety of [[phenanthrenoids]].<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/np50027a021 | doi=10.1021/np50027a021 | title=New and Old Phenanthrene Derivatives from Oncidium cebolleta, a Peyote-Replacement Plant | year=1983 | last1=Stermitz | first1=Frank R. | last2=Suess | first2=Terry R. | last3=Schauer | first3=Cynthia K. | last4=Anderson | first4=Oren P. | last5=Bye | first5=Robert A. | journal=Journal of Natural Products | volume=46 | issue=3 | pages=417–423 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> This species is of considerable [[ethnobotanical]] interest as one of only a handful of orchids reported to be used as an [[entheogen]]s. ''T. cebolleta'' is used as a substitute for ''hikuli'' a.k.a. ''peyote'' (the [[hallucinogenic]] [[cactus]] ''[[Lophophora williamsii]]'') by the [[Tarahumara]] of Northern [[Mexico]] - a tribe noted for the large number of hallucinogenic plants which it uses in various [[shamanic]] and [[running]]-related practices. The combination of phenanthrenoid content and employment as entheogens in shamanic practices is to be found also in the Asiatic orchids ''[[Vanda tessellata]]'' and ''[[Dendrobium macraei]]'' (- known formerly as ''Ephemerantha macraei'' and ''Flickingeria macraei'' - see page ''[[Flickingeria]]''). The orchidaceous genera ''Trichocentrum'', ''[[Vanda]]'' and ''[[Dendrobium]]'' are all members of the subfamily ''[[Epidendroideae]]'' and are also placed currently in the subgroup/clade of Higher Epidendroids within the subfamily. Stermitz et al.,<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/np50027a021 | doi=10.1021/np50027a021 | title=New and Old Phenanthrene Derivatives from Oncidium cebolleta, a Peyote-Replacement Plant | year=1983 | last1=Stermitz | first1=Frank R. | last2=Suess | first2=Terry R. | last3=Schauer | first3=Cynthia K. | last4=Anderson | first4=Oren P. | last5=Bye | first5=Robert A. | journal=Journal of Natural Products | volume=46 | issue=3 | pages=417–423 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> however, do not report any evidence or suggest that the phenanthrenoids from ''Trichocentrum'' possess psychoactive properties.
There is disagreement as to the [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] status of some species that were moved from ''[[Oncidium]]'' to ''Trichocentrum''. Morphological characteristics of "typical" trichocentrums, such as being relatively small and squat with a short, few-to-several flowered inflorescence, contrasts sharply with the larger, heavier oncidiums with long, "mule-ear" leaves and showy, branched inflorescences with many flowers, or the "rat-tail" species with [[terete]] leaves.{{citation needed|date=October 2025}}


==Systematics==
While studies of [[molecular phylogeny]] has caused substantial reclassifications,<ref>Williams et al. (2001)</ref> it is uncertain whether this new scheme will be widely adopted. As with many plants, [[hybrid (biology)|hybrid]]isation might heavily confound [[cladistic]] analyses, though the exact extent is unknown. Hybridisation of ''Trichocentrum'' with ''Oncidium'' has resulted in the hybrid genus [[× Trichocidium|× ''Trichocidium'']] for example, and similar events in the past would result in unrealistic assessments of relationship based on molecular phylogenetic studies with too limited a scope.{{citation needed|date=October 2025}}
There is disagreement as to the [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] status of some species that have recently been moved from ''[[Oncidium]]'' to ''Trichocentrum''. Morphological characteristics of "typical" trichocentrums, such as being relatively small and squat with a short, few-to-several flowered inflorescence, contrasts sharply with the larger, heavier oncidiums with long, "mule-ear" leaves and showy, branched inflorescences with many flowers, or the "rat-tail" species with [[terete]] leaves.


While studies of [[molecular phylogeny]] has caused substantial reclassifications,<ref>Williams et al. (2001)</ref> it is uncertain whether this new scheme will be widely adopted. As with many plants, [[hybrid (biology)|hybrid]]isation might heavily confound [[cladistic]] analyses, though the exact extent is unknown. Hybridisation of ''Trichocentrum'' with ''Oncidium'' has resulted in the hybrid genus [[× Trichocidium|× ''Trichocidium'']] for example, and similar events in the past would result in unrealistic assessments of relationship based on molecular phylogenetic studies with too limited a scope.
In 2024, ''Trichocentrum'' was expanded to include the genera ''Grandiphyllum'' and ''Saundersia''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meneguzzo |first=Thiago E. C. |last2=Chase |first2=Mark W. |date=2024-04-30 |title=An expanded circumscription of Trichocentrum (Orchidaceae: Oncidiinae) to include ''Grandiphyllum'' and ''Saundersia'' |url=https://phytotaxa.mapress.com/pt/article/view/phytotaxa.646.1.7 |journal=[[Phytotaxa]] |language=en |volume=646 |issue=1 |pages=82–86 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.646.1.7 |issn=1179-3163}}</ref> {{As of|2025|October}}, the expansion is accepted by Plants of the World Online,<ref name=POWO_30021659-2/> but not by other sources, such as the [[World Flora Online]].<ref>{{Cite WFO |title=''Trichocentrum'' Poepp. & Endl. |id=4000038958 |access-date=2025-10-30}}</ref>


==Species==
===Species===
[[Image:Trichocentrum fuscum (T. cornucopiae) - pl 1.jpg|thumb|right|Dark trichocentrum, ''[[Trichocentrum fuscum]]'']]
[[Image:Trichocentrum fuscum (T. cornucopiae) - pl 1.jpg|thumb|right|Dark trichocentrum, ''[[Trichocentrum fuscum]]'']]
[[Image:Trichocentrum hoegei - Xenia 3 pl 234.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Trichocentrum hoegei]]''<br />parts drawing, 1900 illustration <ref>Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach - Xenia orchidace vol. 3 plate 234 (1900)</ref>]]
[[Image:Trichocentrum hoegei - Xenia 3 pl 234.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Trichocentrum hoegei]]''<br />parts drawing, 1900 illustration <ref>Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach - Xenia orchidace vol. 3 plate 234 (1900)</ref>]]
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[[Image:Trichocentrum-splendidum.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Trichocentrum splendidum]]'']]
[[Image:Trichocentrum-splendidum.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Trichocentrum splendidum]]'']]
[[File:A and B Larsen orchids - Trichocentrum tigrinum 152-22.jpg|thumb|right|[[Tiger-like Trichocentrum]], ''[[Trichocentrum tigrinum]]'']]
[[File:A and B Larsen orchids - Trichocentrum tigrinum 152-22.jpg|thumb|right|[[Tiger-like Trichocentrum]], ''[[Trichocentrum tigrinum]]'']]
# ''[[Trichocentrum aguirrei]]'' (Colombia)
{{As of|2025|October}}, [[Plants of the World Online]] accepted the following species and hybrids:<ref name=POWO_30021659-2>{{Cite POWO|title=''Trichocentrum'' Poepp. & Endl..|id=30021659-2|access-date=2025-10-29|mode=cs1}}</ref>
# ''[[Trichocentrum albococcineum]]'' &ndash; [[White-scarlet Trichocentrum]] (N Brazil to Peru)
*''[[Trichocentrum aguirrei]]'' <small>(Königer) M.W.Chase & N.H.Williams</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum ascendens]]'' (Mexico to W South America)
*''[[Trichocentrum albococcineum]]'' <small>Linden</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum aurisasinorum]]'' (Central America)
*''[[Trichocentrum allenii]]'' <small>(Kolan. & Szlach.) J.M.H.Shaw</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum bicallosum]]'' (Oaxaca, Chiapas to Central America)
*''[[Trichocentrum andreanum]]'' <small>(Cogn.) R.Jiménez & Carnevali</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum brachyceras]]'' (Colombia)
*''[[Trichocentrum andrewsiae]]'' <small>(R.Jiménez & Carnevali) R.Jiménez & Carnevali</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum brevicalcaratum]]'' (Peru)
*''[[Trichocentrum ascendens]]'' <small>(Lindl.) M.W.Chase & N.H.Williams</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum caloceras]]'' (Costa Rica)
*''[[Trichocentrum auricula]]'' <small>(Vell.) Meneguzzo & M.W.Chase</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum candidum]]'' &ndash; [[White Trichocentrum]] (Veracruz to Chiapas to Central America)
*''[[Trichocentrum aurisasinorum]]'' <small>(Standl. & L.O.Williams) M.W.Chase & N.H.Williams</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum capistratum]]'' &ndash; [[Halter Trichocentrum]] (Costa Rica to Venezuela)
*''[[Trichocentrum ayacuchense]]'' <small>J.M.H.Shaw</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum carthagenense]]'' (Caribbean, Mexico to N Brazil)
*''[[Trichocentrum bellanianum]]'' <small>(Königer) J.M.H.Shaw</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum cavendishianum]]'' (Mexico to Central America)
*''[[Trichocentrum bicallosum]]'' <small>(Lindl.) M.W.Chase & N.H.Williams</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum cebolleta]]'' (S Caribbean, Mexico to NE Argentina)
*''[[Trichocentrum binotii]]'' <small>(Pabst) J.M.H.Shaw</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum costaricense]]'' (Costa Rica)
*''[[Trichocentrum biorbiculare]]'' <small>(Balam & Cetzal) R.Jiménez & Solano</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum cymbiglossum]]'' (Costa Rica)
*''[[Trichocentrum brachyceras]]'' <small>Schltr.</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum dianthum]]'' <small>Pupulin & Mora-Retana</small> (Costa Rica)<!-- CurtisBotMag22:56. -->
*''[[Trichocentrum brachyphyllum]]'' <small>(Lindl.) R.Jiménez</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum estrellense]]'' (Costa Rica)
*''[[Trichocentrum brenesii]]'' <small>Schltr.</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum flavovirens]]'' (SW Mexico)
*''[[Trichocentrum brevicalcaratum]]'' <small>C.Schweinf.</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum fuscum]]'' &ndash; [[Dark Trichocentrum]] (S Tropical America)
*''[[Trichocentrum caatingaense]]'' <small>(Cetzal, V.P.Castro & Marçal) J.M.H.Shaw</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum haematochilum]]'' (Trinidad)
*''[[Trichocentrum caloceras]]'' <small>Endrés & Rchb.f.</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum hartii]]'' (Venezuela)
*''[[Trichocentrum candidum]]'' <small>Lindl.</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum hoegei]]'' (Mexico: Veracruz, Guerrero, Oaxaca)
*''[[Trichocentrum capistratum]]'' <small>Linden & Rchb.f.</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum ionopthalmum]]'' (N Brazil)
*[[Trichocentrum × carbonoi|''Trichocentrum'' × ''carbonoi'']] <small>(Yepes-Rapelo & Cetzal) J.M.H.Shaw</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum johnii]]'' (Mexico)
*''[[Trichocentrum carthagenense]]'' <small>(Jacq.) M.W.Chase & N.H.Williams</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum jonesianum]]'' (Bolivia and Brazil to NE Argentina)
*''[[Trichocentrum cavendishianum]]'' <small>(Bateman) M.W.Chase & N.H.Williams</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum lacerum]]'' (C. America to Colombia)
*''[[Trichocentrum cayennense]]'' <small>(Sambin & Chiron) Meneguzzo & M.W.Chase</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum lanceanum]]'' (Trinidad to S Tropical America)
*''[[Trichocentrum cebolleta]]'' <small>(Jacq.) M.W.Chase & N.H.Williams</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum leeanum]]'' (Colombia)
*''[[Trichocentrum cepula]]'' <small>(Hoffmanns.) J.M.H.Shaw</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum lindenii]]'' (Mexico to Guatemala)
*''[[Trichocentrum christensonianum]]'' <small>(Kolan. & Szlach.) J.M.H.Shaw</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum longicalcaratum]]'' <small>Rolfe</small>
*''[[Trichocentrum chrysops]]'' <small>(Rchb.f.) Soto Arenas & R.Jiménez</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum lowii]]'' (Guatemala)
*[[Trichocentrum × cicyi|''Trichocentrum'' × ''cicyi'']] <small>(Cetzal & Carnevali) J.M.H.Shaw</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum luridum]]'' (Mexico to N South America)
*''[[Trichocentrum cosymbephorum]]'' <small>(C.Morren) R.Jiménez & Carnevali</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum margalegfii]]'' (SW Mexico)
*''[[Trichocentrum crispiflorum]]'' <small>(Schltr.) Bogarín</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum × marvraganii]]'' (''T. jonesianum × T. straceyi'') (Bolivia)
*[[Trichocentrum × crispiluridum|''Trichocentrum'' × ''crispiluridum'']] <small>(Cetzal, N.Cash-Arcía & E.Mó) J.M.H.Shaw</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum mattogrossense]]'' (Brazil: Mato Grosso)
*''[[Trichocentrum croatii]]'' <small>(Kolan. & Szlach.) J.M.H.Shaw</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum microchilum]]'' (Mexico: Chiapas to El Salvador)
*''[[Trichocentrum croizatii]]'' <small>(Cetzal & Carnevali) J.M.H.Shaw</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum morenoi]]'' (Peru to Bolivia)
*''[[Trichocentrum cymbiglossum]]'' <small>Pupulin</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum nanum]]'' (S Tropical America)
*''[[Trichocentrum dianthum]]'' <small>Pupulin & Mora-Ret.</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum neudeckeri]]'' (Bolivia)
*''[[Trichocentrum divaricatum]]'' <small>(Lindl.) Meneguzzo & M.W.Chase</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum nudum]]'' (Panama to Venezuela)
*''[[Trichocentrum edwallii]]'' <small>(Cogn.) Meneguzzo & M.W.Chase</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum obcordilabium]]'' (Ecuador)
*''[[Trichocentrum estrellense]]'' <small>Pupulin & J.B.García</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum oestlundianum]]'' (SW Mexico)
*''[[Trichocentrum flavovirens]]'' <small>(L.O.Williams) M.W.Chase & N.H.Williams</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum orthoplectron]]'' (Colombia to N Brazil)
*[[Trichocentrum × francoi|''Trichocentrum'' × ''francoi'']] <small>(Cetzal & Carnevali) J.M.H.Shaw</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum ostenianum]]'' (Paraguay)
*''[[Trichocentrum fuscum]]'' <small>Lindl.</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum panduratum]]'' (N Peru)
*[[Trichocentrum × haematochilum|''Trichocentrum'' × ''haematochilum'']] <small>(Lindl. & Paxton) M.W.Chase & N.H.Williams</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum pfavii]]'' : Pfau's Trichocentrum (Central America)
*''[[Trichocentrum helicanthum]]'' <small>(Kraenzl.) J.M.H.Shaw</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum pinelii]]'' (Brazil: Rio de Janeiro)
*''[[Trichocentrum hians]]'' <small>(Lindl.) Meneguzzo & M.W.Chase</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum pohlianum]]'' (SE Brazil)
*''[[Trichocentrum hoegei]]'' <small>Rchb.f.</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum pongratzianum]]'' (Peru)
*''[[Trichocentrum ilhagrandense]]'' <small>(V.P.Castro & G.F.Carr) Meneguzzo & M.W.Chase</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum popowianum]]'' (Ecuador)
*''[[Trichocentrum ionopthalmum]]'' <small>Rchb.f.</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum porphyrio]]'' (N Brazil)
*''[[Trichocentrum johnii]]'' <small>(Oppenheim) M.W.Chase & N.H.Williams</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum pulchrum]]'' &ndash; [[Long-spurred Trichocentrum]], [[Beautiful Trichocentrum]] (S Tropical America)
*''[[Trichocentrum jonesianum]]'' <small>(Rchb.f.) M.W.Chase & N.H.Williams</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum pumilum]]'' (Brazil to NE Argentina)
*''[[Trichocentrum lacerum]]'' <small>(Lindl.) J.M.H.Shaw</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum purpureum]]'' (Guyana)
*''[[Trichocentrum lanceanum]]'' <small>(Lindl.) M.W.Chase & N.H.Williams</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum recurvum]]'' (Guiana, Suriname)
*''[[Trichocentrum leeanum]]'' <small>Rchb.f.</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum silverarum]]'' (Panama)
*''[[Trichocentrum leptotifolium]]'' <small>(Cetzal & Carnevali) R.Jiménez & Solano</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum splendidum]]'' (Guatemala)
*''[[Trichocentrum lindenii]]'' <small>(Brongn.) M.W.Chase & N.H.Williams</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum sprucei]]'' (Suriname to Brazil)
*[[Trichocentrum × lindeoerstedii|''Trichocentrum'' × ''lindeoerstedii'']] <small>(Cetzal & Carnevali) J.M.H.Shaw</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum stacyi]]'' (Bolivia)
*''[[Trichocentrum longicalcaratum]]'' <small>Rolfe</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum stipitatum]]'' (Central America)
*''[[Trichocentrum longifolium]]'' <small>(Lindl.) R.Jiménez</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum stramineum]]'' (Mexico: Veracruz)
*''[[Trichocentrum lowii]]'' <small>(Rolfe) M.W.Chase & N.H.Williams</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum teaguei]]'' (Bolivia)
*''[[Trichocentrum loyolicum]]'' <small>Pupulin, Karremans & G.Merino</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum tenuiflorum]]'' (NE Brazil)
*''[[Trichocentrum luridum]]'' <small>(Lindl.) M.W.Chase & N.H.Williams</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum teres]]'' (Costa Rica to Panama)
*[[Trichocentrum × lurigenense|''Trichocentrum'' × ''lurigenense'']] <small>(Cetzal & Carnevali) J.M.H.Shaw</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum tigrinum]]'' &ndash; [[Tiger-like Trichocentrum]] (Central America to Peru)
*[[Trichocentrum × lurilindenii|''Trichocentrum'' × ''lurilindenii'']] <small>(Carnevali & Cetzal) J.M.H.Shaw</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum undulatum]]'' (S Florida to N Brazil)
*''[[Trichocentrum macrocebolletum]]'' <small>(Cetzal & Carnevali) J.M.H.Shaw</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum viridulum]]'' (Colombia)
*''[[Trichocentrum margalefii]]'' <small>(Hágsater) M.W.Chase & N.H.Williams</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum wagneri]]'' (Brazil)
*[[Trichocentrum × marvraganii|''Trichocentrum'' × ''marvraganii'']] <small>(Lückel) M.W.Chase & N.H.Williams</small>
# ''[[Trichocentrum wittii]]'' (Bolivia)
*''[[Trichocentrum micranthum]]'' <small>(Kraenzl.) Meneguzzo & M.W.Chase</small>
*''[[Trichocentrum microchilum]]'' <small>(Bateman ex Lindl.) M.W.Chase & N.H.Williams</small>
*''[[Trichocentrum mirabile]]'' <small>(Rchb.f.) Meneguzzo & M.W.Chase</small>
*''[[Trichocentrum moreniorum]]'' <small>Pupulin & Mor.-Pareja</small>
*''[[Trichocentrum morenoi]]'' <small>(Dodson & Luer) M.W.Chase & N.H.Williams</small>
*''[[Trichocentrum nanum]]'' <small>(Lindl.) M.W.Chase & N.H.Williams</small>
*''[[Trichocentrum natalieae]]'' <small>(Balam & Carnevali) R.Jiménez & Solano</small>
*''[[Trichocentrum neudeckeri]]'' <small>Königer</small>
*''[[Trichocentrum nudum]]'' <small>(Bateman ex Lindl.) M.W.Chase & N.H.Williams</small>
*''[[Trichocentrum obcordilabium]]'' <small>Pupulin</small>
*''[[Trichocentrum oerstedii]]'' <small>(Rchb.f.) R.Jiménez & Carnevali</small>
*[[Trichocentrum × oersteluridum|''Trichocentrum'' × ''oersteluridum'']] <small>(Cetzal & Balam) J.M.H.Shaw</small>
*''[[Trichocentrum oestlundianum]]'' <small>(L.O.Williams) M.W.Chase & N.H.Williams</small>
*''[[Trichocentrum orthoplectron]]'' <small>Rchb.f.</small>
*''[[Trichocentrum panduratum]]'' <small>C.Schweinf.</small>
*''[[Trichocentrum paniculatum]]'' <small>(Brade) Meneguzzo & M.W.Chase</small>
*''[[Trichocentrum pendulum]]'' <small>(Carnevali & Cetzal) R.Jiménez & Solano</small>
*''[[Trichocentrum perezii]]'' <small>Beutelsp.</small>
*''[[Trichocentrum pfavii]]'' <small>Rchb.f.</small>
*''[[Trichocentrum pohlianum]]'' <small>(Cogn.) M.W.Chase & N.H.Williams</small>
*''[[Trichocentrum popowianum]]'' <small>Königer</small>
*''[[Trichocentrum porphyrio]]'' <small>Rchb.f.</small>
*''[[Trichocentrum pulchrum]]'' <small>Poepp. & Endl.</small>
*''[[Trichocentrum pumilum]]'' <small>(Lindl.) M.W.Chase & N.H.Williams</small>
*''[[Trichocentrum pupulinianum]]'' <small>Bogarín & Karremans</small>
*''[[Trichocentrum purpureum]]'' <small>Lindl. ex Rchb.f.</small>
*[[Trichocentrum × quintanarooense|''Trichocentrum'' × ''quintanarooense'']] <small>(Cetzal & Carnevali) J.M.H.Shaw</small>
*''[[Trichocentrum recurvum]]'' <small>Lindl.</small>
*''[[Trichocentrum schrautianum]]'' <small>(Königer) J.M.H.Shaw</small>
*''[[Trichocentrum schunkeanum]]'' <small>(Campacci & Cath.) Meneguzzo & M.W.Chase</small>
*''[[Trichocentrum schwambachiae]]'' <small>(V.P.Castro & Toscano) Meneguzzo</small>
*''[[Trichocentrum sierracaracolense]]'' <small>(Cetzal & Balam) R.Jiménez & Solano</small>
*''[[Trichocentrum silverarum]]'' <small>(Carnevali & Cetzal) J.M.H.Shaw</small>
*''[[Trichocentrum splendidum]]'' <small>(A.Rich. ex Duch.) M.W.Chase & N.H.Williams</small>
*''[[Trichocentrum sprucei]]'' <small>(Lindl.) M.W.Chase & N.H.Williams</small>
*''[[Trichocentrum stacyi]]'' <small>(Garay) M.W.Chase & N.H.Williams</small>
*''[[Trichocentrum stramineum]]'' <small>(Bateman ex Lindl.) M.W.Chase & N.H.Williams</small>
*''[[Trichocentrum tapiae]]'' <small>(Balam & Carnevali) J.M.H.Shaw</small>
*[[Trichocentrum × teaboanum|''Trichocentrum'' × ''teaboanum'']] <small>(R.Jiménez, Carnevali & J.L.Tapia) R.Jiménez & Carnevali</small>
*''[[Trichocentrum tenuiflorum]]'' <small>Lindl.</small>
*''[[Trichocentrum tigrinum]]'' <small>Linden & Rchb.f.</small>
*''[[Trichocentrum ultrajectinum]]'' <small>(Pulle) J.M.H.Shaw</small>
*''[[Trichocentrum undulatum]]'' <small>(Sw.) Ackerman & M.W.Chase</small>
*''[[Trichocentrum viridulum]]'' <small>Pupulin</small>
*''[[Trichocentrum yucatanense]]'' <small>(Cetzal & Carnevali) R.Jiménez & Solano</small>
*''[[Trichocentrum yuroaense]]'' <small>(Kolan. & Szlach.) J.M.H.Shaw</small>
 
==In horticulture==
''Trichocentrum'' species are highly appreciated by orchid growers; some consider them to be among the most beautiful orchids on earth. Culture of members of this genus is highly variable, ranging from the drought-tolerant and easy-to-grow ''[[Trichocentrum tigrinum|T. tigrinum]]'' to smaller and more delicate species.
 
In cultivation they are subject to rot unless provided with conditions similar to those they experience in the wild. Extensive research into the ecological profiles of individual species may be required to achieve success cultivating them. Many species from Central America apparently endure a prolonged drought for at least part of the year, and have developed [[succulent]] leaves to deal with these conditions. Plants may shrivel quite severely without long-lasting injury.
 
==Chemistry and use as entheogen==
The Central and South American species ''[[Trichocentrum cebolleta]]'' (known formerly as ''Oncidium cebolleta'') has been found to contain a variety of [[phenanthrenoids]].<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/np50027a021 | doi=10.1021/np50027a021 | title=New and Old Phenanthrene Derivatives from Oncidium cebolleta, a Peyote-Replacement Plant | year=1983 | last1=Stermitz | first1=Frank R. | last2=Suess | first2=Terry R. | last3=Schauer | first3=Cynthia K. | last4=Anderson | first4=Oren P. | last5=Bye | first5=Robert A. | journal=Journal of Natural Products | volume=46 | issue=3 | pages=417–423 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> This species is of considerable [[ethnobotanical]] interest as one of only a handful of orchids reported to be used as an [[entheogen]]s. ''T. cebolleta'' is used as a substitute for ''hikuli'' a.k.a. ''peyote'' (the [[hallucinogenic]] [[cactus]] ''[[Lophophora williamsii]]'') by the [[Tarahumara]] of Northern [[Mexico]] - a tribe noted for the large number of hallucinogenic plants which it uses in various [[shamanic]] and [[running]]-related practices. The combination of phenanthrenoid content and employment as entheogens in shamanic practices is to be found also in the Asiatic orchids ''[[Vanda tessellata]]'' and ''[[Dendrobium macraei]]'' (- known formerly as ''Ephemerantha macraei'' and ''Flickingeria macraei'' - see page ''[[Flickingeria]]''). The orchidaceous genera ''Trichocentrum'', ''[[Vanda]]'' and ''[[Dendrobium]]'' are all members of the subfamily ''[[Epidendroideae]]'' and are also placed currently in the subgroup/clade of Higher Epidendroids within the subfamily. Stermitz et al.,<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/np50027a021 | doi=10.1021/np50027a021 | title=New and Old Phenanthrene Derivatives from Oncidium cebolleta, a Peyote-Replacement Plant | year=1983 | last1=Stermitz | first1=Frank R. | last2=Suess | first2=Terry R. | last3=Schauer | first3=Cynthia K. | last4=Anderson | first4=Oren P. | last5=Bye | first5=Robert A. | journal=Journal of Natural Products | volume=46 | issue=3 | pages=417–423 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> however, do not report any evidence or suggest that the phenanthrenoids from ''Trichocentrum'' possess psychoactive properties.


==References==
==References==
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*{{Wikispecies-inline|Trichocentrum|''Trichocentrum''}}
*{{Wikispecies-inline|Trichocentrum|''Trichocentrum''}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q2603797}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q2603797|from2=Q15207954|from3=Q9074823}}


[[Category:Trichocentrum| ]]
[[Category:Trichocentrum| ]]
[[Category:Oncidiinae genera]]
[[Category:Oncidiinae genera]]
[[Category:Epiphytic orchids]]
[[Category:Epiphytic orchids]]

Latest revision as of 10:06, 30 October 2025

Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox

Trichocentrum, often abbreviated Trctm in horticulture, is a genus in the orchid family, Orchidaceae. Dancinglady orchid is a common name for plants in this genus.[1] It was described by Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher and Eduard Friedrich Poeppig in 1836. This genus alone makes up the monogeneric Trichocentrum alliance, a quite distinct lineage of the subtribe Oncidiinae.

In 2024, Trichocentrum was expanded to include the genera Grandiphyllum and Saundersia, with the latter two synonymized.[2]

since October 2025Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., Plants of the World Online recognized 101 species within this genus (plus some hybrids), distributed in damp forests from Mexico and Florida to Argentina.[3]

Description

Script error: No such module "Unsubst".Template:Template other The pseudobulbs are reduced. The obtuse, fleshy leaves are 9 cm long. They are broadly elliptic to ovate-lanceolate.

The large, showy flowers grow basally on a short peduncle in a single-flowered to few-flowered raceme. They are white, or white covered with maroon dots. The petals and sepals are similar.

The long lip carries a short spur. This feature distinguishes the genus from other Oncidiinae, in which the spur is an extension of the column. The short column has a pair of apical wings on the stigma. The anther often bears minute papillae. There are two waxy pollinia, connected to elongate stipes.

Taxonomy

There is disagreement as to the taxonomic status of some species that were moved from Oncidium to Trichocentrum. Morphological characteristics of "typical" trichocentrums, such as being relatively small and squat with a short, few-to-several flowered inflorescence, contrasts sharply with the larger, heavier oncidiums with long, "mule-ear" leaves and showy, branched inflorescences with many flowers, or the "rat-tail" species with terete leaves.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

While studies of molecular phylogeny has caused substantial reclassifications,[4] it is uncertain whether this new scheme will be widely adopted. As with many plants, hybridisation might heavily confound cladistic analyses, though the exact extent is unknown. Hybridisation of Trichocentrum with Oncidium has resulted in the hybrid genus × Trichocidium for example, and similar events in the past would result in unrealistic assessments of relationship based on molecular phylogenetic studies with too limited a scope.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

In 2024, Trichocentrum was expanded to include the genera Grandiphyllum and Saundersia.[5] since October 2025Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., the expansion is accepted by Plants of the World Online,[3] but not by other sources, such as the World Flora Online.[6]

Species

File:Trichocentrum fuscum (T. cornucopiae) - pl 1.jpg
Dark trichocentrum, Trichocentrum fuscum
File:Trichocentrum hoegei - Xenia 3 pl 234.jpg
Trichocentrum hoegei
parts drawing, 1900 illustration [7]
File:Oncidium lanceanum - fl 1.jpg
Trichocentrum lanceanum
File:Trichocentrum-microchilum.jpg
Trichocentrum microchilum
File:Trichocentrum-splendidum.jpg
Trichocentrum splendidum
File:A and B Larsen orchids - Trichocentrum tigrinum 152-22.jpg
Tiger-like Trichocentrum, Trichocentrum tigrinum

since October 2025Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., Plants of the World Online accepted the following species and hybrids:[3]

In horticulture

Trichocentrum species are highly appreciated by orchid growers; some consider them to be among the most beautiful orchids on earth. Culture of members of this genus is highly variable, ranging from the drought-tolerant and easy-to-grow T. tigrinum to smaller and more delicate species.

In cultivation they are subject to rot unless provided with conditions similar to those they experience in the wild. Extensive research into the ecological profiles of individual species may be required to achieve success cultivating them. Many species from Central America apparently endure a prolonged drought for at least part of the year, and have developed succulent leaves to deal with these conditions. Plants may shrivel quite severely without long-lasting injury.

Chemistry and use as entheogen

The Central and South American species Trichocentrum cebolleta (known formerly as Oncidium cebolleta) has been found to contain a variety of phenanthrenoids.[8] This species is of considerable ethnobotanical interest as one of only a handful of orchids reported to be used as an entheogens. T. cebolleta is used as a substitute for hikuli a.k.a. peyote (the hallucinogenic cactus Lophophora williamsii) by the Tarahumara of Northern Mexico - a tribe noted for the large number of hallucinogenic plants which it uses in various shamanic and running-related practices. The combination of phenanthrenoid content and employment as entheogens in shamanic practices is to be found also in the Asiatic orchids Vanda tessellata and Dendrobium macraei (- known formerly as Ephemerantha macraei and Flickingeria macraei - see page Flickingeria). The orchidaceous genera Trichocentrum, Vanda and Dendrobium are all members of the subfamily Epidendroideae and are also placed currently in the subgroup/clade of Higher Epidendroids within the subfamily. Stermitz et al.,[9] however, do not report any evidence or suggest that the phenanthrenoids from Trichocentrum possess psychoactive properties.

References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "template wrapper".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ a b c Template:Cite POWO
  4. ↑ Williams et al. (2001)
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Template:Cite WFO
  7. ↑ Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach - Xenia orchidace vol. 3 plate 234 (1900)
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

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Further reading

  • <templatestyles src="smallcaps/styles.css"/>Ackerman, J.D. and Chase, M.W. (2001): Notes on the Caribbean orchid flora, 4. More combinations in Trichocentrum and Cyrtochilum. Lindleyana 16(4): 225.
  • <templatestyles src="smallcaps/styles.css"/>Chase, M.W. and Williams, N.H. (2001): Additional transfers to Trichocentrum Poepp. & Endl. and Otoglossum Garay & Dunst. (Orchidaceae: Oncidiinae). Lindleyana 16(3): 218–219.
  • <templatestyles src="smallcaps/styles.css"/>Pupulin, Franco (1995): A revision of the genus Trichocentrum (Orchidaceae: Oncidiinae). Lindleyana 10(3): 183–210. URL
  • <templatestyles src="smallcaps/styles.css"/>Sandoval-Zapotitla, E. and Terrazas, T. (2001): Leaf anatomy of 16 taxa of the Trichocentrum clade (Orchidaceae: Oncidiinae). Lindleyana 16(2): 81–93.
  • <templatestyles src="smallcaps/styles.css"/>Williams, N.H., Chase, M.W., Fulcher, T., and Whitten, W.M. (2001): Molecular systematics of the Oncidiinae based on evidence from four DNA sequence regions: expanded circumscriptions of Cyrtochilum, Erycina, Otoglossum, and Trichocentrum and a new genus (Orchidaceae). Lindleyana 16(2): 113–139.

External links

Template:Taxonbar

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