Pick–Sloan Missouri Basin Program: Difference between revisions

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The intended beneficial uses of these water resources include [[Floods|flood control]], aids to navigation, [[irrigation]], supplemental [[water supply]], [[Hydroelectricity|power generation]], municipal and industrial water supplies, [[Water pollution|stream-pollution]] abatement, [[sediment control]], [[conservation biology|preservation]] and enhancement of fish and [[wildlife]], and creation of recreation opportunities.
The intended beneficial uses of these water resources include [[Floods|flood control]], aids to navigation, [[irrigation]], supplemental [[water supply]], [[Hydroelectricity|power generation]], municipal and industrial water supplies, [[Water pollution|stream-pollution]] abatement, [[sediment control]], [[conservation biology|preservation]] and enhancement of fish and [[wildlife]], and creation of recreation opportunities.


The construction of dams such as the [[Oahe Dam|Oahe]], [[Garrison Dam|Garrison]], and [[Fort Randall Dam|Fort Randall]] flooded out significant parts of many [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] reservations, including those at [[Standing Rock Indian Reservation|Standing Rock]], [[Cheyenne River Indian Reservation|Cheyenne River]], [[Fort Berthold Indian Reservation|Fort Berthold]], [[Crow Creek Indian Reservation|Crow Creek]], and [[Lower Brule Indian Reservation|Lower Brule]]. One source called the program the single most destructive act ever perpetrated on any tribe by the United States.
The construction of dams such as the [[Oahe Dam|Oahe]], [[Garrison Dam|Garrison]], and [[Fort Randall Dam|Fort Randall]] flooded out significant parts of many [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] reservations, including those at [[Standing Rock Indian Reservation|Standing Rock]], [[Cheyenne River Indian Reservation|Cheyenne River]], [[Fort Berthold Indian Reservation|Fort Berthold]], [[Crow Creek Indian Reservation|Crow Creek]], and [[Lower Brule Indian Reservation|Lower Brule]]. Historian [[Vine Deloria Jr.]] called the program the single most destructive act ever perpetrated on any tribe by the United States.


It derives its name from the authors of the program–[[Lewis A. Pick]], director of the Missouri River office of the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]], and [[William Glenn Sloan]], director of the [[Billings, Montana]] office of the [[United States Bureau of Reclamation]].<ref>Bureau of Reclamation (July 29, 2004) [http://www.usbr.gov/dataweb/html/psmbp.html Pick–Sloan Missouri Basin Program] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118035708/http://www.usbr.gov/dataweb/html/psmbp.html |date=January 18, 2009 }}</ref>
It derives its name from the authors of the program–[[Lewis A. Pick]], director of the Missouri River office of the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]], and [[William Glenn Sloan]], director of the [[Billings, Montana]] office of the [[United States Bureau of Reclamation]].<ref>Bureau of Reclamation (July 29, 2004) [http://www.usbr.gov/dataweb/html/psmbp.html Pick–Sloan Missouri Basin Program] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118035708/http://www.usbr.gov/dataweb/html/psmbp.html |date=January 18, 2009 }}</ref>


==History==
==History==
===The Pick plan===
===The Pick plan===
In May 1943, the House Flood Control Committee chose the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] to create a solution for extreme flooding in the Missouri Basin. [[Lewis A. Pick]] developed a proposal for the corps called the Pick plan, which was finished in August of the same year.<ref name="Dammed Indians">{{cite book|last1=Lawson|first1=Michael L. Jr.|title=Dammed Indians : the Pick-Sloan plan and the Missouri River Sioux, 1944–1980|date=1982|publisher=University of Oklahoma press|location=Norman|isbn=978-0806116570|edition=1st}}</ref>
In May 1943, the House Flood Control Committee chose the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] to create a solution for extreme flooding in the Missouri Basin. [[Lewis A. Pick]] developed a proposal for the corps called the Pick plan, which was finished in August of the same year.<ref name="Dammed Indians">{{cite book|last1=Lawson|first1=Michael L. Jr.|title=Dammed Indians : the Pick-Sloan plan and the Missouri River Sioux, 1944–1980|date=1982|publisher=University of Oklahoma press|location=Norman|isbn=978-0806116570|edition=1st}}</ref>


The Pick plan introduced three different projects to be carried out by the Army Corps of Engineers. The first undertaking involved the construction of 1,500 miles of [[levee]]s from [[Sioux City]] to the [[Mississippi River]] to protect from [[Missouri River]] flooding. The second proposal called for the construction of eighteen dams on Missouri's [[tributary|tributaries]]. Eleven of those dams had been previously approved by Congress. Five dams were planned to be located on tributaries of the [[Republican River]] in the lower basin. Of the remaining dams, the Pick plan recommended construction of one on the [[Bighorn River]] in Wyoming and another on Montana's [[Yellowstone River]]. The Pick plan's third project was the creation of five multi-purpose dams on the Missouri River. Initially, the plan's total cost was estimated to be $490 million.<ref name="Dammed Indians" />
The Pick plan introduced three different projects to be carried out by the Army Corps of Engineers. The first undertaking involved the construction of 1,500 miles of [[levee]]s from [[Sioux City]] to the [[Mississippi River]] to protect from [[Missouri River]] flooding. The second proposal called for the construction of eighteen dams on Missouri's [[tributary|tributaries]]. Eleven of those dams had been previously approved by Congress. Five dams were planned to be located on tributaries of the [[Republican River]] in the lower basin. Of the remaining dams, the Pick plan recommended construction of one on the [[Bighorn River]] in Wyoming and another on Montana's [[Yellowstone River]]. The Pick plan's third project was the creation of five multi-purpose dams on the Missouri River. Initially, the plan's total cost was estimated to be $490 million.<ref name="Dammed Indians"/>


The original Pick plan was supported by the National Rivers and Harbors Congress, the Mississippi Valley Association, the Propeller Club of the United States, the American Merchant Marine Conference, the Mississippi Valley Flood Control Association, and other lower-basin residents. Senators [[Joseph O'Mahoney]] (D-WY) and [[Eugene Millikin]] (R-CO) offered [[amendment]]s to the plan that would also provide for the interests of people in the upper basin. The amendments created an emphasis on [[irrigation]] over river navigation and gave precedence to arid states for the use of basin water. O'Mahoney and Millikin's amendments also called for Congress to inform any states associated with proposed [[Drainage basin|watershed]] development. The amendments were later added to the Pick plan.<ref name="Dammed Indians" />
The original Pick plan was supported by the National Rivers and Harbors Congress, the Mississippi Valley Association, the Propeller Club of the United States, the American Merchant Marine Conference, the Mississippi Valley Flood Control Association, and other lower-basin residents. Senators [[Joseph O'Mahoney]] (D-WY) and [[Eugene Millikin]] (R-CO) offered [[amendment]]s to the plan that would also provide for the interests of people in the upper basin. The amendments created an emphasis on [[irrigation]] over river navigation and gave precedence to arid states for the use of basin water. O'Mahoney and Millikin's amendments also called for Congress to inform any states associated with proposed [[Drainage basin|watershed]] development. The amendments were later added to the Pick plan.<ref name="Dammed Indians"/>


===The Sloan plan===
===The Sloan plan===
The Sloan plan was developed by [[William Glenn Sloan|William G. Sloan]], the assistant director at the [[United States Bureau of Reclamation|Bureau of Reclamation's]] regional office who had previously worked for the Corps of Engineers. The plan was submitted on May 4, 1944, to Congress.
The Sloan plan was developed by [[William Glenn Sloan|William G. Sloan]], the assistant director at the [[United States Bureau of Reclamation|Bureau of Reclamation's]] regional office who had previously worked for the Corps of Engineers. The plan was submitted on May 4, 1944, to Congress.


In contrast to the Pick Plan, Sloan's strategy was more intricate. His 211-page program involved plans for ninety irrigation and power development projects. It was proposed with a budget of $1.26 billion.<ref name="Dammed Indians Revisited" /> The Sloan plan pushed for reservoir storage in upper tributaries of the Missouri River located in smaller dams, which would provide irrigation for 4.8 million acres in areas where the land suffered from drought.<ref name="Dammed Indians" /> The Sloan plan allotted 1.3 million acres of irrigated land in North Dakota. South Dakota, Montana, and Nebraska were allotted about 1 million acres each.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last1=Carrels|first1=Peter|title=Uphill against water : the great Dakota water war|date=1999|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|location=Lincoln [u.a.]|isbn=978-0803263970}}</ref>
In contrast to the Pick Plan, Sloan's strategy was more intricate. His 211-page program involved plans for ninety irrigation and power development projects. It was proposed with a budget of $1.26 billion.<ref name="Dammed Indians Revisited"/> The Sloan plan pushed for reservoir storage in upper tributaries of the Missouri River located in smaller dams, which would provide irrigation for 4.8 million acres in areas where the land suffered from drought.<ref name="Dammed Indians"/> The Sloan plan allotted 1.3 million acres of irrigated land in North Dakota. South Dakota, Montana, and Nebraska were allotted about 1 million acres each.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last1=Carrels|first1=Peter|title=Uphill against water : the great Dakota water war|date=1999|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|location=Lincoln [u.a.]|isbn=978-0803263970}}</ref>


The plan picked up support from the National Reclamation Association and the [[National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry|National Grange]].<ref name="Dammed Indians" />
The plan picked up support from the National Reclamation Association and the [[National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry|National Grange]].<ref name="Dammed Indians"/>


===The Omaha Conference===
===Omaha Conference===
On October 17, 1944, the Omaha Conference was scheduled for the consolidation of the Pick and Sloan plans. In total, the plans had proposed 113 different projects. Once the plans were merged, 107 of those projects remained. The combined Pick-Sloan plan allowed the Corps of Engineers jurisdiction over flood control, navigation projects and five main-stem dams. The Bureau of Reclamation was granted permission to build 27 dams in the Yellowstone Basin. In addition, the Corps of Engineers and the Reclamation Bureau were both given authority to develop [[hydroelectricity|hydroelectric power]] on the Missouri River.<ref name="Dammed Indians" />
On October 17, 1944, the Omaha Conference was scheduled for the consolidation of the Pick and Sloan plans. In total, the plans had proposed 113 different projects. Once the plans were merged, 107 of those projects remained. The combined Pick-Sloan plan allowed the Corps of Engineers jurisdiction over flood control, navigation projects and five main-stem dams. The Bureau of Reclamation was granted permission to build 27 dams in the Yellowstone Basin. In addition, the Corps of Engineers and the Reclamation Bureau were both given authority to develop [[hydroelectricity|hydroelectric power]] on the Missouri River.<ref name="Dammed Indians"/>


The newly merged Pick Sloan plan was accepted by President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] in 1944. It was officially titled as the Missouri River Basin Development Program and was presented in conjunction with the [[Flood Control Act of 1944]]. President Roosevelt authorized $200 million for the program. In its entirety, the Pick-Sloan plan arranged for 107 dams, 1,500 miles of protective levees, 4.7 million acres of irrigation systems, and 1.6 million kilowatts of electric power.<ref name="Dammed Indians Revisited">{{cite book|last1=McGovern|first1=Michael L. Lawson ; forewords by George|last2=Deloria|first2=Vine Jr.|title=Dammed Indians revisited : the continuing history of the Pick-Sloan plan and the Missouri River Sioux|date=2009|publisher=South Dakota State Historical Society Press|location=Pierre|isbn=9780979894015}}</ref>
The newly merged Pick Sloan plan was accepted by President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] in 1944. It was officially titled as the Missouri River Basin Development Program and was presented in conjunction with the [[Flood Control Act of 1944]]. President Roosevelt authorized $200 million for the program. In its entirety, the Pick-Sloan plan arranged for 107 dams, 1,500 miles of protective levees, 4.7 million acres of irrigation systems, and 1.6 million kilowatts of electric power.<ref name="Dammed Indians Revisited">{{cite book|last1=McGovern|first1=Michael L. Lawson ; forewords by George|last2=Deloria|first2=Vine Jr.|title=Dammed Indians revisited : the continuing history of the Pick-Sloan plan and the Missouri River Sioux|date=2009|publisher=South Dakota State Historical Society Press|location=Pierre|isbn=9780979894015}}</ref>
Line 63: Line 62:


== Native American relocation ==
== Native American relocation ==
Over {{convert|200,000| acres}} on the [[Standing Rock Indian Reservation]] and the [[Cheyenne River Indian Reservation|Cheyenne River Reservation]] in South Dakota were flooded by the [[Oahe Dam]], forcing Native Americans to relocate from flooded areas.<ref name=":1" /> The Fort Randall Dam flooded {{convert|221,497| acres}} of Indigenous land and {{convert|220,478| acres}} were inundated by the Big Bend Dam.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Estes|first=Nick|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1044540762|title=Our history is the future : Standing Rock versus the Dakota Access Pipeline, and the long tradition of Indigenous resistance|publisher=Verso|year=2019|isbn=978-1-78663-672-0|location=London|pages=157–158|oclc=1044540762}}</ref> In South Dakota, politicians and other proponents of the Pick-Sloan Program and dam construction had promised {{convert|1|e6acre|e3km2}} of irrigation as “appropriate compensation” for lost land.<ref name=":0" /> As of 2016, poverty remains a problem for the displaced populations in the [[Dakotas]], who are still seeking compensation for the loss of the towns submerged under [[Lake Oahe]], and the loss of their traditional ways of life.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title = No Man's Land: The Last Tribes of the Plains. As industry closes in, Native Americans fight for dignity and natural resources|url = http://www.msnbc.com/interactives/geography-of-poverty/nw.html|access-date = September 28, 2015|last = Lee|first = Trymaine|website = MSNBC – Geography of Poverty Northwest}}</ref>
Over {{convert|200,000| acres}} on the [[Standing Rock Indian Reservation]] and the [[Cheyenne River Indian Reservation|Cheyenne River Reservation]] in South Dakota were flooded by the [[Oahe Dam]], forcing Native Americans to relocate from flooded areas.<ref name=":1"/> The Fort Randall Dam flooded {{convert|221,497| acres}} of Indigenous land and {{convert|220,478| acres}} were inundated by the Big Bend Dam.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Estes|first=Nick|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1044540762|title=Our history is the future : Standing Rock versus the Dakota Access Pipeline, and the long tradition of Indigenous resistance|publisher=Verso|year=2019|isbn=978-1-78663-672-0|location=London|pages=157–158|oclc=1044540762}}</ref> In South Dakota, politicians and other proponents of the Pick-Sloan Program and dam construction had promised {{convert|1|e6acre|e3km2}} of irrigation as “appropriate compensation” for lost land.<ref name=":0" /> As of 2016, poverty remains a problem for the displaced populations in the [[Dakotas]], who are still seeking compensation for the loss of the towns submerged under [[Lake Oahe]], and the loss of their traditional ways of life.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title = No Man's Land: The Last Tribes of the Plains. As industry closes in, Native Americans fight for dignity and natural resources|url = http://www.msnbc.com/interactives/geography-of-poverty/nw.html|access-date = September 28, 2015|last = Lee|first = Trymaine|website = MSNBC – Geography of Poverty Northwest}}</ref>


The construction of main-stream dams also affected other Native American tribes living along the Missouri River on the [[Fort Berthold Indian Reservation|Fort Berthold]], [[Cheyenne River Indian Reservation|Cheyenne River]], [[Standing Rock Indian Reservation|Standing Rock]], [[Crow Creek Indian Reservation|Crow Creek]], and [[Lower Brule Indian Reservation|Lower Brule]] Indian reservations. The [[Garrison Dam|Garrison]], [[Oahe Dam|Oahe]], and [[Fort Randall Dam|Fort Randall]] dams created a reservoir that eliminated 90 percent of timber and 75 percent of wildlife on the reservations.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shanks|first=Bernard D.|date=June 1, 1974|title=The American Indian and Missouri River Water Developments1|journal=JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association|language=en|volume=10|issue=3|pages=573–579|doi=10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb00598.x|bibcode=1974JAWRA..10..573S|issn=1752-1688}}</ref>
The construction of main-stream dams also affected other Native American tribes living along the Missouri River on the [[Fort Berthold Indian Reservation|Fort Berthold]], [[Cheyenne River Indian Reservation|Cheyenne River]], [[Standing Rock Indian Reservation|Standing Rock]], [[Crow Creek Indian Reservation|Crow Creek]], and [[Lower Brule Indian Reservation|Lower Brule]] Indian reservations. The [[Garrison Dam|Garrison]], [[Oahe Dam|Oahe]], and [[Fort Randall Dam|Fort Randall]] dams created a reservoir that eliminated 90 percent of timber and 75 percent of wildlife on the reservations.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shanks|first=Bernard D.|date=June 1, 1974|title=The American Indian and Missouri River Water Developments1|journal=JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association|language=en|volume=10|issue=3|pages=573–579|doi=10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb00598.x|bibcode=1974JAWRA..10..573S|issn=1752-1688}}</ref>
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{{commons category|Dams of the Pick-Sloan Missouri Basin Program}}
{{commons category|Dams of the Pick-Sloan Missouri Basin Program}}
{{Missouri River}}
{{Missouri River}}


Latest revision as of 00:28, 12 June 2025

Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates

File:Map Pick–Sloan Missouri Basin Program.png
Missouri river with dams and reservoirs built in the Pick–Sloan Program since the 1940s, and Indian reservations affected by reservoir flooding.
File:CanyonFerryDamoverhead.jpg
Canyon Ferry Lake near Helena, Montana
File:Lake sakakawea.jpg
Van Hook Arm of Lake Sakakawea, upriver of the Garrison-Dam in North Dakota
File:USACE Fort Thompson Big Bend Dam.jpg
Big Bend Dam and Lake Sharpe at Fort Thompson, South Dakota
File:Pierre South Dakota.jpg
Lake Oahe and Dam near Pierre, South Dakota
File:Fort-randall-dam1.jpg
Fort Randall Dam and Lake Francis Case
File:Gavins-point-dam1.jpg
Gavins Point Dam and Lewis and Clark Lake near Yankton, South Dakota

The Pick–Sloan Missouri Basin Program, formerly called the Missouri River Basin Project, was initially authorized by the Flood Control Act of 1944, which approved the plan for the conservation, control, and use of water resources in the Missouri River Basin.

The intended beneficial uses of these water resources include flood control, aids to navigation, irrigation, supplemental water supply, power generation, municipal and industrial water supplies, stream-pollution abatement, sediment control, preservation and enhancement of fish and wildlife, and creation of recreation opportunities.

The construction of dams such as the Oahe, Garrison, and Fort Randall flooded out significant parts of many Native American reservations, including those at Standing Rock, Cheyenne River, Fort Berthold, Crow Creek, and Lower Brule. Historian Vine Deloria Jr. called the program the single most destructive act ever perpetrated on any tribe by the United States.

It derives its name from the authors of the program–Lewis A. Pick, director of the Missouri River office of the United States Army Corps of Engineers, and William Glenn Sloan, director of the Billings, Montana office of the United States Bureau of Reclamation.[1]

History

The Pick plan

In May 1943, the House Flood Control Committee chose the United States Army Corps of Engineers to create a solution for extreme flooding in the Missouri Basin. Lewis A. Pick developed a proposal for the corps called the Pick plan, which was finished in August of the same year.[2]

The Pick plan introduced three different projects to be carried out by the Army Corps of Engineers. The first undertaking involved the construction of 1,500 miles of levees from Sioux City to the Mississippi River to protect from Missouri River flooding. The second proposal called for the construction of eighteen dams on Missouri's tributaries. Eleven of those dams had been previously approved by Congress. Five dams were planned to be located on tributaries of the Republican River in the lower basin. Of the remaining dams, the Pick plan recommended construction of one on the Bighorn River in Wyoming and another on Montana's Yellowstone River. The Pick plan's third project was the creation of five multi-purpose dams on the Missouri River. Initially, the plan's total cost was estimated to be $490 million.[2]

The original Pick plan was supported by the National Rivers and Harbors Congress, the Mississippi Valley Association, the Propeller Club of the United States, the American Merchant Marine Conference, the Mississippi Valley Flood Control Association, and other lower-basin residents. Senators Joseph O'Mahoney (D-WY) and Eugene Millikin (R-CO) offered amendments to the plan that would also provide for the interests of people in the upper basin. The amendments created an emphasis on irrigation over river navigation and gave precedence to arid states for the use of basin water. O'Mahoney and Millikin's amendments also called for Congress to inform any states associated with proposed watershed development. The amendments were later added to the Pick plan.[2]

The Sloan plan

The Sloan plan was developed by William G. Sloan, the assistant director at the Bureau of Reclamation's regional office who had previously worked for the Corps of Engineers. The plan was submitted on May 4, 1944, to Congress.

In contrast to the Pick Plan, Sloan's strategy was more intricate. His 211-page program involved plans for ninety irrigation and power development projects. It was proposed with a budget of $1.26 billion.[3] The Sloan plan pushed for reservoir storage in upper tributaries of the Missouri River located in smaller dams, which would provide irrigation for 4.8 million acres in areas where the land suffered from drought.[2] The Sloan plan allotted 1.3 million acres of irrigated land in North Dakota. South Dakota, Montana, and Nebraska were allotted about 1 million acres each.[4]

The plan picked up support from the National Reclamation Association and the National Grange.[2]

Omaha Conference

On October 17, 1944, the Omaha Conference was scheduled for the consolidation of the Pick and Sloan plans. In total, the plans had proposed 113 different projects. Once the plans were merged, 107 of those projects remained. The combined Pick-Sloan plan allowed the Corps of Engineers jurisdiction over flood control, navigation projects and five main-stem dams. The Bureau of Reclamation was granted permission to build 27 dams in the Yellowstone Basin. In addition, the Corps of Engineers and the Reclamation Bureau were both given authority to develop hydroelectric power on the Missouri River.[2]

The newly merged Pick Sloan plan was accepted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1944. It was officially titled as the Missouri River Basin Development Program and was presented in conjunction with the Flood Control Act of 1944. President Roosevelt authorized $200 million for the program. In its entirety, the Pick-Sloan plan arranged for 107 dams, 1,500 miles of protective levees, 4.7 million acres of irrigation systems, and 1.6 million kilowatts of electric power.[3]

Early critics

Many early critics of the Pick-Sloan plan were in favor of creating a Missouri Valley Authority (MVA). They claimed that the MVA would provide a more unified solution to water development on the Missouri River than the merged ideas of opposing bureaucracies. Ideas for the MVA were influenced by the success of the Tennessee Valley Authority. Senator James E. Murray of Montana and Congressman John J. Cochran from Missouri developed bills for the Missouri Valley Authority. The MVA bills planned to navigate Missouri into a number of stairstep lakes linked together by locks. They would also arrange for giant reservoirs to supply irrigation and cheap hydroelectricity power, arguing that this would produce more public power and leave less condemned private land.[5] The bills were presented in the 79th Congress, but they were later brought down.

Interventions

Several water-control measures were introduced through the Pick–Sloan legislation that variously affected the Missouri River Valley and its environs.

The Pick–Sloan program dams built between 1946 and 1966 are:

Based on Pick–Sloan legislation, the Reclamation Project Authorization Act of October 20, 1972 authorized the Bureau of Reclamation to build additional dams at the North Loup River and Middle Loup River in Nebraska: Six dams were constructed between 1976 and 1994:[6]

Other dams along the Missouri River that were not part of the Sloan–Pick program are Toston Dam (1940), Hauser Dam (1907), Holter Dam (1908), Black Eagle Dam (1927), Rainbow Dam (1912), Cochrane Dam (1958), Ryan Dam (1915), Morony Dam (1930) and Fort Peck Dam (1940), all located in Montana.

Native American relocation

Over Template:Convert on the Standing Rock Indian Reservation and the Cheyenne River Reservation in South Dakota were flooded by the Oahe Dam, forcing Native Americans to relocate from flooded areas.[7] The Fort Randall Dam flooded Template:Convert of Indigenous land and Template:Convert were inundated by the Big Bend Dam.[8] In South Dakota, politicians and other proponents of the Pick-Sloan Program and dam construction had promised Template:Convert of irrigation as “appropriate compensation” for lost land.[4] As of 2016, poverty remains a problem for the displaced populations in the Dakotas, who are still seeking compensation for the loss of the towns submerged under Lake Oahe, and the loss of their traditional ways of life.[7]

The construction of main-stream dams also affected other Native American tribes living along the Missouri River on the Fort Berthold, Cheyenne River, Standing Rock, Crow Creek, and Lower Brule Indian reservations. The Garrison, Oahe, and Fort Randall dams created a reservoir that eliminated 90 percent of timber and 75 percent of wildlife on the reservations.[9]

According to Native American historian Vine Deloria Jr., the "Pick–Sloan plan was, without doubt, the single most destructive act ever perpetrated on any tribe by the United States."[10]

References

Template:Reflist

Template:Sister project Template:Missouri River

  1. ↑ Bureau of Reclamation (July 29, 2004) Pick–Sloan Missouri Basin Program Template:Webarchive
  2. ↑ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Bureau of Reclamation: Resource Management Plan: Calamus Reservoir, Nebraska Great Plains Region. In: U.S. Bureau of Land Management Papers. Paper 39, 2010 (Bureau of Reclamation: '#Resource Management Plan: Calamus Reservoir, Nebraska, June 2010)
  7. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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