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===Inception and construction===
===Inception and construction===
The Atomium was built as the main pavilion and icon of the 1958 Brussels World's Fair ([[Expo 58]]). In the 1950s, faith in scientific progress was great, and a structure depicting [[atom]]s was chosen to highlight humanity's advance in science, including [[nuclear physics]], which Belgium itself was an avid practitioner ever since the [[Belgian Congo]]'s [[uranium]] became the dominant source of material used for [[nuclear fission]], including that used for the world's first [[nuclear weapon]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swain |first=Frank |title=The forgotten mine that built the atomic bomb |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200803-the-forgotten-mine-that-built-the-atomic-bomb |access-date=2022-07-20 |publisher=BBC |language=en}}</ref> With the Atomium, Belgium wanted to highlight and promote the [[post-war]] ideal to peacefully apply atomic research and other advancements in technology in order to improve lives and serve the betterment of mankind.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Atomium: The Beginning of the Nuclear era |url=https://www.bie-paris.org/site/en/blog/entry/atomium-the-beginning-of-the-nuclear-era |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=bie-paris.org |language=en-gb}}</ref> The Atomium's nine {{convert|18|m|ft|adj=mid|-diameter}} [[stainless steel]] clad [[sphere]]s depict nine [[iron]] atoms in the shape of the body-centred cubic [[Crystal structure#Unit cell|unit cell]] that could for example represent α-iron ([[Allotropes of iron#Alpha iron (α-Fe)|ferrite]]) [[crystal]], magnified 165 billion times.<ref>{{cite web|title=History|url=http://atomium.be/History.aspx|publisher=Atomium Foundation|access-date=29 July 2016}}</ref>
The Atomium was built as the main pavilion and icon of the 1958 Brussels World's Fair ([[Expo 58]]). The subject was chosen to represent the enthusiasm of the [[Atomic Age]].<ref name="monument" /> In the 1950s, faith in scientific progress was great, and a structure depicting [[atom]]s was intended to highlight humanity's advances in science, including [[nuclear physics]], which Belgium had been an avid practitioner of ever since [[uranium]] from the [[Belgian Congo]] became the dominant source of material used for [[nuclear fission]], including that used for the world's first [[nuclear weapon]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swain |first=Frank |title=The forgotten mine that built the atomic bomb |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200803-the-forgotten-mine-that-built-the-atomic-bomb |access-date=2022-07-20 |publisher=BBC |language=en}}</ref> With the Atomium, the country thus sought to highlight and promote the [[post-war]] ideal of peacefully applying atomic research and other technological advancements in order to improve lives and serve the betterment of mankind.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Atomium: The Beginning of the Nuclear era |url=https://www.bie-paris.org/site/en/blog/entry/atomium-the-beginning-of-the-nuclear-era |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=bie-paris.org |language=en-gb}}</ref> The Atomium's nine {{convert|18|m|ft|adj=mid|-diameter}} [[stainless steel]] clad [[sphere]]s depict nine [[iron]] atoms in the shape of a body-centred cubic [[Crystal structure#Unit cell|unit cell]] that could for example represent an α-iron ([[Allotropes of iron#Alpha iron (α-Fe)|ferrite]]) [[crystal]], magnified 165 billion times.<ref>{{cite web|title=History|url=http://atomium.be/History.aspx|publisher=Atomium Foundation|access-date=29 July 2016}}</ref>


[[File:Andre WATERKEYN.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[André Waterkeyn]], the Atomium's engineer, in front of a model of his creation]]
[[File:Andre WATERKEYN.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[André Waterkeyn]], the Atomium's engineer, in front of a model of his creation]]


The construction of the Atomium was a technical feat. In January 1955, a first project was presented by the engineer [[André Waterkeyn]], director of the economic department of {{ill|Fabrimétal|fr|Agoria (organization)}}, the Federation of Companies in the Metal Fabricating Industry (now known as [[Agoria]]). The architects André and Jean Polak were responsible for the architectural transposition of the concept, drawing up numerous sketches to do so. The company received assistance from consulting engineers Artémy S. Joukoff and André Beckers, assisted by the design office V. Daniel. The foundations were launched in March 1956 and the building, erected by the Jambes-Namur Construction Workshops, was completed less than a month before the inauguration of Expo 58, on 17 April 1958.<ref name="monument" />
The construction of the Atomium was a technical feat. In January 1955, a first project was presented by the engineer [[André Waterkeyn]], director of the economic department at {{ill|Fabrimétal|fr|Agoria (organization)}}, the Federation of Companies in the Metal Fabricating Industry (now known as [[Agoria]]). The architects André and Jean Polak were responsible for the concept's architectural transposition, drawing up numerous sketches in the process. The company received assistance from the consulting engineers Artémy S. Joukoff and André Beckers, who were supported by the V. Daniel design office. Construction of the foundations began in March 1956 and the building, erected by the Jambes-Namur Construction Workshops, was completed less than a month before the inauguration of Expo 58, on 17 April 1958.<ref name="monument" />


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===Expo 58 and posterity===
===Expo 58 and posterity===
Since opening, only six of the nine spheres are accessible to the public, the three of the central axis and the three lower outer ones,<ref name="monument" /> each with two main floors and a lower floor reserved for service. Tubes of {{convert|3|m|sigfig=1}} diameter connect the spheres along the twelve edges of the cube and all eight vertices to the centre. The central tube contains the fastest [[elevator|lift]] in Europe of the time with a speed of {{convert|5|m/s || abbr=on|sigfig=1}},<ref name="monument" /> installed by the Belgian branch of the Swiss firm [[Schweizerische Wagons- und Aufzügefabrik AG Schlieren-Zürich|Schlieren]] (subsequently taken over by [[Schindler Group|Schindler]]). It allows 22 people to reach the summit in 23 seconds. The [[escalator]]s installed in the oblique tubes are also among the longest in Europe. The biggest is {{convert|35|m|ft|sigfig=1}} long.
Since opening, only six of the nine spheres have been accessible to the public: the three on the central axis and the three on the lower outer edges.<ref name="monument" /> Each sphere has two main floors and an additional lower floor reserved for service. Tubes with a diameter of {{convert|3|m|sigfig=1}} connect the spheres along the cube's twelve edges and all eight vertices to the centre. The central tube contains Europe's fastest [[elevator|lift]] at the time of construction, with a speed of {{convert|5|m/s|abbr=on|sigfig=1}},<ref name="monument" /> installed by the Belgian branch of the Swiss firm [[Schweizerische Wagons- und Aufzügefabrik AG Schlieren-Zürich|Schlieren]] (subsequently taken over by [[Schindler Group|Schindler]]). It allows 22 people to reach the summit in just 23 seconds. The [[escalator]]s installed in the oblique tubes are also among the longest in Europe, with the longest measuring {{convert|35|m|ft|sigfig=1}}.


The three upper outer spheres lack vertical support and hence are not open to the public for safety reasons (to minimise foot traffic in the sphere). The original design called for no leg supports on the three lower outer spheres; the structure was simply to rest on the singular mid-bottom sphere. However, [[wind tunnel]] tests proved that such a structure would have toppled in an {{convert|80|km/h|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} wind, whilst up to {{convert|140|km/h|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} winds have been recorded in Belgium. Support columns were thus added under the three spheres in question to achieve enough resistance against overturning.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=s0000887|title=Atomium (1958) &#124; Structurae|date=24 February 2006|publisher=structurae.de|language=de|access-date=5 July 2012}}</ref>
The three upper outer spheres lack vertical support and are therefore not open to the public for safety reasons (to minimise foot traffic in the spheres). The original design called for no leg supports on the three lower outer spheres; the structure was simply to rest on the singular mid-bottom sphere. However, [[wind tunnel]] tests proved that such a structure would have toppled in an {{convert|80|km/h|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} wind, whilst winds of up to {{convert|140|km/h|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} have been recorded in Belgium. Support columns were thus added under the three spheres in question to provide sufficient resistance against overturning.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=s0000887|title=Atomium (1958) &#124; Structurae|date=24 February 2006|publisher=structurae.de|language=de|access-date=5 July 2012}}</ref>


The Atomium, designed to last six months, was not destined to survive the 1958 World's Fair, but its popularity and success made it a major element of Brussels' landscape.<ref name="monument" /> Its destruction was therefore postponed year after year, until the city's authorities decided to keep it. However, for thirty years, little maintenance work was done. Still, the building continued serving as the backdrop for major events and competitions. In 1960, the [[1960 Tour de France|47th Tour de France]] passed in front of it on its inaugural stages. From 1960 to 1962, the [[:fr:Grand Prix automobile de Bruxelles|Brussels Motor Grand Prix]] automobile race was organised not far from it.
The Atomium, designed to last six months, was not destined to survive the 1958 World's Fair, but its popularity and success made it a major element of Brussels' landscape.<ref name="monument" /> Its destruction was therefore postponed year after year, until the city's authorities decided to keep it. However, for thirty years, little maintenance work was done. Still, the building continued to serve as the backdrop for major events and competitions. In 1960, the [[1960 Tour de France|47th Tour de France]] passed in front of it during its inaugural stages. From 1960 to 1962, the [[:fr:Grand Prix automobile de Bruxelles|Brussels Motor Grand Prix]] automobile race was also organised nearby.


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===Renovation (2004–2006)===
===Renovation (2004–2006)===
By the turn of the [[3rd millennium|millennium]], the state of the building had deteriorated and a comprehensive renovation was sorely needed. Renovation of the Atomium, carried out by Belgian construction companies Jacques Delens and [[Besix|BESIX]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Restauration de l'Atomium|url=http://www.beliris.be/projets/atomium.html|access-date=2021-01-14|website=Beliris|language=fr}}</ref> began in March 2004; it was closed to the public in October of that year, and remained closed until 18 February 2006. The renovation included replacing the faded [[aluminium]] sheets on the spheres with [[stainless steel]], as well as building a new reception pavilion with a [[boomerang]]-shaped roof. At the foot of the building, the [[roundabout]] was redeveloped into a concrete [[esplanade]] lined with continuous benches and a large step leading to the north-east.<ref name="monument" />
By the turn of the [[3rd millennium|millennium]], the state of the building had deteriorated and a comprehensive renovation was sorely needed. Renovation work, carried out by Belgian construction companies Jacques Delens and [[Besix|BESIX]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Restauration de l'Atomium|url=http://www.beliris.be/projets/atomium.html|access-date=2021-01-14|website=Beliris|language=fr}}</ref> began in March 2004. The Atomium was closed to the public in October of that year, and remained closed until 18 February 2006. The renovation included replacing the faded [[aluminium]] sheets on the spheres with [[stainless steel]] and building a new reception pavilion with a [[boomerang]]-shaped roof. At the foot of the building, the [[roundabout]] was redeveloped into a concrete [[esplanade]] lined with continuous benches and a large step leading to the north-east.<ref name="monument" />


On 21 December 2005, the Atomium's new outdoor lighting was tested. The meridians of each sphere were covered with rectangular steel plates, in which [[LED lamp|LED lighting]] was integrated. The LED application illuminates the bulbs at night. The lights can also flash simultaneously or in turns at each meridian, symbolising the range of an [[electron]] around its core.<ref name="monument" /> In addition, the German industrial designer [[Ingo Maurer]] created lighting objects and installations for the interior of the building.<ref name="Hof">{{cite news| last = Hof| first = Elisa von| url = https://www.spiegel.de/kultur/gesellschaft/ingo-maurer-der-lichtdesigner-ist-tot-a-1292711.html| title = Lichtdesigner Ingo Maurer ist tot| newspaper = [[Der Spiegel]]| date = 22 October 2019| language = de| access-date = 22 October 2019}}</ref>
On 21 December 2005, the Atomium's new outdoor lighting was tested. The meridians of each sphere were covered with rectangular steel plates, in which [[LED lamp|LED lighting]] was integrated. The LED application illuminates the bulbs at night. The lights can also flash simultaneously or in turns along each meridian, symbolising the range of an [[electron]] around its core.<ref name="monument" /> In addition, the German industrial designer [[Ingo Maurer]] created lighting objects and installations for the building's interior.<ref name="Hof">{{cite news| last = Hof| first = Elisa von| url = https://www.spiegel.de/kultur/gesellschaft/ingo-maurer-der-lichtdesigner-ist-tot-a-1292711.html| title = Lichtdesigner Ingo Maurer ist tot| newspaper = [[Der Spiegel]]| date = 22 October 2019| language = de| access-date = 22 October 2019}}</ref>


On 14 February 2006, the Atomium was officially reopened by then-[[Philippe of Belgium|Prince Philippe]], and on 18 February 2006, it opened again to the public. The renovation cost €26 million. Brussels and the Atomium Association paid one-third of the costs, and the [[Federal Government of Belgium|Belgian Government]] financed the other two thirds. To help finance the renovation, pieces of the old aluminium plates were sold to the public as souvenirs. One triangular piece about {{convert|2|m|ft|sigfig=1}} long sold for €1,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://veerle-v2.duoh.com/blog/comments/the_atomium_restored/ |title=The Atomium restored |date=16 February 2006 |publisher=Veerle Pieters |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923194316/http://veerle-v2.duoh.com/blog/comments/the_atomium_restored/ |archive-date=23 September 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In March 2006, a [[2 euro commemorative coins#2006 coinage|2 euro commemorative coin]] depicting the building was issued to celebrate the renovation and reopening.
On 14 February 2006, the Atomium was officially reopened by then-[[Philippe of Belgium|Prince Philippe]], and on 18 February 2006, it opened again to the public. The renovation cost €26 million. Brussels and the Atomium Association covered one-third of the costs, whilst the [[Federal Government of Belgium|Belgian Government]] financed the remaining two-thirds. To help finance the renovation, pieces of the old aluminium plates were sold to the public as souvenirs. A triangular piece measuring approximately {{convert|2|m|ft|sigfig=1}} in length sold for €1,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://veerle-v2.duoh.com/blog/comments/the_atomium_restored/ |title=The Atomium restored |date=16 February 2006 |publisher=Veerle Pieters |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923194316/http://veerle-v2.duoh.com/blog/comments/the_atomium_restored/ |archive-date=23 September 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In March 2006, a [[2 euro commemorative coins#2006 coinage|€2 commemorative coin]] depicting the building was issued to celebrate the renovation and reopening.


Though the Atomium depicts an iron unit cell, the spheres were originally clad with aluminium. Following the 2004–2006 renovation, however, the aluminium was replaced with stainless steel, which is primarily iron.<ref name="monument" /> Likewise, while the subject of Atomium was chosen to depict the enthusiasm of the [[Atomic Age]], iron is not and cannot be used as fuel in [[nuclear reaction]]s.
Although the Atomium depicts an iron unit cell, the spheres were originally clad in aluminium. Following the 2004–2006 renovation, however, the aluminium was replaced with stainless steel, which is primarily iron.<ref name="monument" />


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==Usage==
==Usage==
The Atomium, with over 600,000 visitors per year, is the most popular tourist attraction in Brussels, and acts as an international symbol of both the city and country.<ref name="visit.brussels">{{cite web |title=Visit Atomium - Mini-Europe - Design Museum Brussels |url=https://www.visit.brussels/en/visitors/agenda/event-detail.Visit-Atomium-Mini-Europe-Design-Museum-Brussels.544250#:~:text=over%20600%2C000%20visitors%20per%20year%2C%20the%20most%20popular%20tourist%20attraction%20in%20the%20capital%20of%20Europe |website=Visit Brussels |access-date=14 November 2023}}</ref> In addition to its heritage value, it is also a cultural place and an art centre.<ref name="visit.brussels" /> Over half of the building is dedicated to exhibitions with themes about Belgium and [[digital art]]s.<ref name="Official website" />
The Atomium, with over 600,000 visitors per year, is the most popular tourist attraction in Brussels, and acts as an international symbol of both the city and country.<ref name="visit.brussels">{{cite web |title=Visit Atomium - Mini-Europe - Design Museum Brussels |url=https://www.visit.brussels/en/visitors/agenda/event-detail.Visit-Atomium-Mini-Europe-Design-Museum-Brussels.544250#:~:text=over%20600%2C000%20visitors%20per%20year%2C%20the%20most%20popular%20tourist%20attraction%20in%20the%20capital%20of%20Europe |website=Visit Brussels |access-date=14 November 2023}}</ref> In addition to its heritage value, it is also a cultural venue and an arts centre.<ref name="visit.brussels" /> Over half of the building is dedicated to exhibitions with themes about Belgium and [[digital art]]s.<ref name="Official website" />


Of the six spheres accessible to the public: the bottom sphere is reserved for permanent exhibitions dedicated to the 1950s, Expo 58 and the building's construction; the second sphere hosts temporary exhibitions; the third and central spheres have flexible spaces that can be rented for events, such as film showings, concerts, parties or conferences; the top sphere, in addition to the panorama, holds a restaurant; and the sixth sphere is the kids' sphere, intended for the organisation of workshops of urban pedagogy, allowing children from six to twelve years to spend the night there.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://atomium.be/Plan.aspx?lang=en|title=Atomium|website=atomium.be|access-date=2018-11-25}}</ref>
Of the six spheres accessible to the public: the bottom sphere is reserved for permanent exhibitions dedicated to the 1950s, Expo 58 and the building's construction; the second sphere hosts temporary exhibitions; the third and central spheres contain flexible spaces that can be rented for events, such as film screenings, concerts, parties and conferences; the top sphere, in addition to the panorama, holds a restaurant; and the sixth sphere is the kids' sphere, intended for the organisation of workshops in urban pedagogy, allowing children aged six to twelve to spend the night there.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://atomium.be/Plan.aspx?lang=en|title=Atomium|website=atomium.be|access-date=2018-11-25}}</ref>


==Worldwide copyright claims==
==Worldwide copyright claims==
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[[File:Atomium 010-censored.png|thumb|A photograph of the Atomium, censored due to lack of [[freedom of panorama]] rights at the time]]
[[File:Atomium 010-censored.png|thumb|A photograph of the Atomium, censored due to lack of [[freedom of panorama]] rights at the time]]


[[SABAM]], Belgium's society for collecting copyrights, has claimed worldwide [[intellectual property]] rights on all reproductions of the image via the United States [[Artists Rights Society]] (ARS).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chillingeffects.org/fairuse/notice.cgi?NoticeID=760 |publisher=Chillingeffects.org |date=14 July 2003 |title=Such unlicensed reproduction and use of artwork on any Internet site with public access is considered in violation of the worldwide intellectual property rights of the rightsholders, including without limitation, copyright, trademark rights and moral rights |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=23 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723004918/http://www.chillingeffects.org/fairuse/notice.cgi?NoticeID=760 |url-status=dead }}</ref> For example, SABAM issued a demand that a United States website remove all images of the Atomium from its pages.<ref name="macuser"/> The website responded by replacing all such images with a warning not to take photographs of the Atomium, and that A.S.B.L. Atomium will sue any individual or group if they show the photographs to anyone.<ref name="macuser"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glasssteelandstone.com/BuildingDetail/42.php |title=Atomium, The :: Boulevard du Centenaire, Brussels, Belgium |publisher=Glass Steel and Stone |quote=Even if you are an American and think you are protected by U.S. copyright law Title 17, Chapter 1, Section 120, you will still be sued. |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060313135640/http://www.glasssteelandstone.com/BuildingDetail/42.php |archive-date=13 March 2006 }}</ref> SABAM confirmed that permission is required.<ref name="macuser">{{cite news|url=http://www.pcpro.co.uk/macuser/news/190266/100-photoshoppers-wanted-to-erase-copyright-building.html |title=100 'photoshoppers' wanted to erase copyright building |author=Simon Aughton |work=MacUser News |date=21 April 2008 |quote='Since its creation, the Atomium is a copyrighted monument and any reproduction of its image in a publication or on a website must be accompanied by a prior authorisation request to the rightholders or to Sabam,' a spokeswoman said. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080525235525/http://www.pcpro.co.uk/macuser/news/190266/100-photoshoppers-wanted-to-erase-copyright-building.html |archive-date=25 May 2008 }}</ref>
[[SABAM]], Belgium's society for collecting [[copyright]]s, had previously claimed worldwide [[intellectual property]] rights on all reproductions of the Atomium's image via the United States [[Artists Rights Society]] (ARS).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chillingeffects.org/fairuse/notice.cgi?NoticeID=760 |publisher=Chillingeffects.org |date=14 July 2003 |title=Such unlicensed reproduction and use of artwork on any Internet site with public access is considered in violation of the worldwide intellectual property rights of the rightsholders, including without limitation, copyright, trademark rights and moral rights |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=23 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723004918/http://www.chillingeffects.org/fairuse/notice.cgi?NoticeID=760 |url-status=dead }}</ref> For example, in 2003, SABAM issued a demand that a United States website remove all images of the Atomium from its pages.<ref name="macuser"/> The website owner responded by replacing all such images with a warning not to take photographs of the Atomium, stating that A.S.B.L. Atomium would sue any individual or group who showed the photographs to anyone.<ref name="macuser"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glasssteelandstone.com/BuildingDetail/42.php |title=Atomium, The :: Boulevard du Centenaire, Brussels, Belgium |publisher=Glass Steel and Stone |quote=Even if you are an American and think you are protected by U.S. copyright law Title 17, Chapter 1, Section 120, you will still be sued. |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060313135640/http://www.glasssteelandstone.com/BuildingDetail/42.php |archive-date=13 March 2006 }}</ref> SABAM confirmed then that permission was required.<ref name="macuser">{{cite news|url=http://www.pcpro.co.uk/macuser/news/190266/100-photoshoppers-wanted-to-erase-copyright-building.html |title=100 'photoshoppers' wanted to erase copyright building |author=Simon Aughton |work=MacUser News |date=21 April 2008 |quote='Since its creation, the Atomium is a copyrighted monument and any reproduction of its image in a publication or on a website must be accompanied by a prior authorisation request to the rightholders or to Sabam,' a spokeswoman said. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080525235525/http://www.pcpro.co.uk/macuser/news/190266/100-photoshoppers-wanted-to-erase-copyright-building.html |archive-date=25 May 2008 }}</ref>


Ralf Ziegermann remarked<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zeigermann.com/cartoonist/2008/01/05/atomium-and-expo-58 |title=Atomium and Expo '58 |work=The Cartoonist |author=Ralf Ziegermann |date=5 January 2008 |access-date=16 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512204759/http://zeigermann.com/cartoonist/2008/01/05/atomium-and-expo-58/ |archive-date=12 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> on the complicated [[copyright]] instructions on the Atomium's website specific to "private pictures".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.atomium.be/page/Copyright-photo---Foto-copyright.aspx |title=Copyright photo |publisher=Official blog of the Atomium & Expo 58 |date=2008 |quote=In the precise and exclusive case of information articles related to the festivities of the fiftieth birthday of the Atomium and of Expo 58, private pictures intended for non-commercial and non-promotional purposes, published in low resolution (max. 600 pixels wide / 72 dpi), are free from copyrights. However, the copyright © Sabam 2008 – www.atomium.be must be mentioned. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080701230956/http://blog.atomium.be/page/Copyright-photo---Foto-copyright.aspx |archive-date=1 July 2008 }}</ref> The organisers of Belgian heritage, Anno Expo (planning the 50th anniversary celebrations of Expo 58), in the city of [[Mechelen]] announced a "cultural guerrilla strike" by asking people to send in their old photographs of the Atomium and requested 100 [[photo manipulation|photoshoppers]] to paint over the balls.<ref name="embe">{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905231141/http://netlabelism.net/node/287 |url=http://netlabelism.net/node/287 |title=The balls of Brussels |work=embe |date=10 April 2008 |archive-date=5 September 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{URL|http://www.anno-expo.eu/}} {{in lang|nl}}</ref> SABAM responded that they would make an exception for 2008 and that people could publish private photographs for one year only on condition they were for non-commercial purposes.<ref name="embe"/> Anno Expo later announced they had censored part of their own report due to "complications" and referred to a meeting they had with SABAM.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anno-expo.eu/nl/news/88 |title=Belangrijk bericht aan de bezoekers / inzenders / photoshoppers / lezers |language=nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514034145/http://www.anno-expo.eu/nl/news/88 |archive-date=14 May 2008 |access-date=28 May 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mechelen's mayor, [[Bart Somers]], called the Atomium copyright rules absurd.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indymedia.be/nl/node/26964 |title=Sabam in het nauw |author=Christophe Callewaert |date=9 April 2008 |language=nl |work=[[Independent Media Center|Indymedia Belgium]] }}</ref>
In 2008, Anno Expo, who organised 50th anniversary celebrations of Expo 58 in [[Mechelen]], announced a "cultural guerrilla strike" by asking people to send in their old photographs of the Atomium and 100 [[photo manipulation|photoshoppers]] to paint over the spheres.<ref name="embe">{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905231141/http://netlabelism.net/node/287 |url=http://netlabelism.net/node/287 |title=The balls of Brussels |work=embe |date=10 April 2008 |archive-date=5 September 2008 }}</ref> SABAM responded that they would make an exception for 2008, allowing people to publish private photographs for one year, provided they were for non-commercial purposes.<ref name="embe"/> Anno Expo later announced they had censored part of their own report due to "complications" and referred to a meeting they had with SABAM.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anno-expo.eu/nl/news/88 |title=Belangrijk bericht aan de bezoekers / inzenders / photoshoppers / lezers |language=nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514034145/http://www.anno-expo.eu/nl/news/88 |archive-date=14 May 2008 |access-date=28 May 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mechelen's mayor, [[Bart Somers]], called the Atomium copyright rules absurd.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Betalen voor een foto van het Atomium |url=https://www.bruzz.be/culture/news/betalen-voor-een-foto-van-het-atomium-2008-04-07 |access-date=4 June 2025 |website=www.bruzz.be |language=nl}}</ref>


From the Atomium's website, the current copyright restrictions exempt private individuals under the following conditions:<ref>[http://www.atomium.be/Search.aspx?search=photo#/AuthorsRights.aspx Atomium.be copyright], retrieved 26 March 2010.</ref>
In the summer of 2015, the Belgian political party [[Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten|Open Vld]], which was part of the then-ruling [[Michel I Government]], proposed a bill to enable [[freedom of panorama]] in Belgium. The bill was enacted into law in June 2016, allowing pictures of the Atomium, and other public buildings under copyright, to be legally distributed.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 May 2016 |title=Selfies aan Atomium weldra helemaal legaal |url=http://www.demorgen.be/binnenland/selfies-aan-atomium-weldra-helemaal-legaal-b7cd1c16/ |access-date=27 March 2017 |publisher=demorgen.be |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/cgi/article_body.pl?language=nl&caller=summary&pub_date=2016-07-05&numac=2016011277|title=Moniteur Belge – Belgisch Staatsblad|publisher=ejustice.just.fgov.be|access-date=27 March 2017}}</ref>
 
{{Blockquote|This is the case where photographs are taken by private individuals and shown on private websites for no commercial purpose (the current trend for photo albums).<br />In accordance with legislation, usage rights for the image of the Atomium would naturally extend to 1 January 2076, in other words, the seventieth anniversary of André Waterkeyn's death.}}
 
In the summer of 2015, Belgian political party [[Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten|Open Vld]], part of the then-ruling [[Michel I Government]], proposed a bill to enable [[freedom of panorama]] in Belgium. The bill was enacted into law in June 2016, allowing pictures of the Atomium, and other public buildings under copyright, to be legally distributed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.demorgen.be/binnenland/selfies-aan-atomium-weldra-helemaal-legaal-b7cd1c16/|title=Selfies aan Atomium weldra helemaal legaal|date=10 May 2016 |publisher=demorgen.be|access-date=27 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/cgi/article_body.pl?language=nl&caller=summary&pub_date=2016-07-05&numac=2016011277|title=Moniteur Belge – Belgisch Staatsblad|publisher=ejustice.just.fgov.be|access-date=27 March 2017}}</ref>


==Gallery==
==Gallery==

Revision as of 12:38, 4 June 2025

Template:Short description Template:Use British English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox building

The Atomium (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell, Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA".) is a landmark[1] modernist building in Brussels, Belgium, originally constructed as the centrepiece of the 1958 Brussels World's Fair (Expo 58). Designed by the engineer André Waterkeyn and the architects André and Jean Polak as a tribute to scientific progress, as well as to symbolise Belgian engineering skills at the time,[2][3] it is located on the Heysel/Heizel Plateau in Laeken (northern part of the City of Brussels), where the exhibition took place. It is the city's most popular tourist attraction, and serves as a museum, an art centre and a cultural destination.[2]

The Atomium stands Template:Convert tall, making it one of the tallest structures in Belgium. Its nine Template:Convert stainless steel clad spheres are connected in the shape of a unit cell that could represent an iron crystal magnified 165 billion times.[4] Steel tubes connecting the spheres enclose stairs, escalators and a lift (in the central, vertical tube) to allow access to the six visitable spheres, which contain exhibit halls and other public spaces. The top sphere includes a restaurant with a panoramic view of Brussels. The building was completely renovated between 2004 and 2006 by the companies Jacques Delens and BESIX.[5]

The building is located on the Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang".,[6][7] at the intersection of the Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". with the Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". and the Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang"., and opposite the Centenary Palace of the Brussels Exhibition Centre (Brussels Expo). It is served by Heysel/Heizel metro station on line 6 of the Brussels Metro.

Naming

The name Atomium (pronounced Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell) is a portmanteau combining the words atom and aluminium, the metal with which the spheres were initially covered. The Brussels-Capital Region is bilingual; hence, both the monument's French and Dutch names—Script error: No such module "Lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang".—are official. In French, Script error: No such module "Lang". (pronounced Script error: No such module "IPA".) is used both in the masculine and in the feminine, even if the monument's official team prefers the feminine.[8][9] In Dutch, Script error: No such module "Lang". (pronounced Script error: No such module "IPA".) is neuter. In English, it is usually referred to with the definite article 'the' in front: the Atomium.[2]

History

Inception and construction

The Atomium was built as the main pavilion and icon of the 1958 Brussels World's Fair (Expo 58). The subject was chosen to represent the enthusiasm of the Atomic Age.[1] In the 1950s, faith in scientific progress was great, and a structure depicting atoms was intended to highlight humanity's advances in science, including nuclear physics, which Belgium had been an avid practitioner of ever since uranium from the Belgian Congo became the dominant source of material used for nuclear fission, including that used for the world's first nuclear weapons.[10] With the Atomium, the country thus sought to highlight and promote the post-war ideal of peacefully applying atomic research and other technological advancements in order to improve lives and serve the betterment of mankind.[11] The Atomium's nine Template:Convert stainless steel clad spheres depict nine iron atoms in the shape of a body-centred cubic unit cell that could for example represent an α-iron (ferrite) crystal, magnified 165 billion times.[12]

File:Andre WATERKEYN.jpg
André Waterkeyn, the Atomium's engineer, in front of a model of his creation

The construction of the Atomium was a technical feat. In January 1955, a first project was presented by the engineer André Waterkeyn, director of the economic department at Template:Ill, the Federation of Companies in the Metal Fabricating Industry (now known as Agoria). The architects André and Jean Polak were responsible for the concept's architectural transposition, drawing up numerous sketches in the process. The company received assistance from the consulting engineers Artémy S. Joukoff and André Beckers, who were supported by the V. Daniel design office. Construction of the foundations began in March 1956 and the building, erected by the Jambes-Namur Construction Workshops, was completed less than a month before the inauguration of Expo 58, on 17 April 1958.[1]

Expo 58 and posterity

Since opening, only six of the nine spheres have been accessible to the public: the three on the central axis and the three on the lower outer edges.[1] Each sphere has two main floors and an additional lower floor reserved for service. Tubes with a diameter of Template:Convert connect the spheres along the cube's twelve edges and all eight vertices to the centre. The central tube contains Europe's fastest lift at the time of construction, with a speed of Template:Convert,[1] installed by the Belgian branch of the Swiss firm Schlieren (subsequently taken over by Schindler). It allows 22 people to reach the summit in just 23 seconds. The escalators installed in the oblique tubes are also among the longest in Europe, with the longest measuring Template:Convert.

The three upper outer spheres lack vertical support and are therefore not open to the public for safety reasons (to minimise foot traffic in the spheres). The original design called for no leg supports on the three lower outer spheres; the structure was simply to rest on the singular mid-bottom sphere. However, wind tunnel tests proved that such a structure would have toppled in an Template:Convert wind, whilst winds of up to Template:Convert have been recorded in Belgium. Support columns were thus added under the three spheres in question to provide sufficient resistance against overturning.[13]

The Atomium, designed to last six months, was not destined to survive the 1958 World's Fair, but its popularity and success made it a major element of Brussels' landscape.[1] Its destruction was therefore postponed year after year, until the city's authorities decided to keep it. However, for thirty years, little maintenance work was done. Still, the building continued to serve as the backdrop for major events and competitions. In 1960, the 47th Tour de France passed in front of it during its inaugural stages. From 1960 to 1962, the Brussels Motor Grand Prix automobile race was also organised nearby.

Renovation (2004–2006)

By the turn of the millennium, the state of the building had deteriorated and a comprehensive renovation was sorely needed. Renovation work, carried out by Belgian construction companies Jacques Delens and BESIX,[14] began in March 2004. The Atomium was closed to the public in October of that year, and remained closed until 18 February 2006. The renovation included replacing the faded aluminium sheets on the spheres with stainless steel and building a new reception pavilion with a boomerang-shaped roof. At the foot of the building, the roundabout was redeveloped into a concrete esplanade lined with continuous benches and a large step leading to the north-east.[1]

On 21 December 2005, the Atomium's new outdoor lighting was tested. The meridians of each sphere were covered with rectangular steel plates, in which LED lighting was integrated. The LED application illuminates the bulbs at night. The lights can also flash simultaneously or in turns along each meridian, symbolising the range of an electron around its core.[1] In addition, the German industrial designer Ingo Maurer created lighting objects and installations for the building's interior.[15]

On 14 February 2006, the Atomium was officially reopened by then-Prince Philippe, and on 18 February 2006, it opened again to the public. The renovation cost €26 million. Brussels and the Atomium Association covered one-third of the costs, whilst the Belgian Government financed the remaining two-thirds. To help finance the renovation, pieces of the old aluminium plates were sold to the public as souvenirs. A triangular piece measuring approximately Template:Convert in length sold for €1,000.[16] In March 2006, a €2 commemorative coin depicting the building was issued to celebrate the renovation and reopening.

Although the Atomium depicts an iron unit cell, the spheres were originally clad in aluminium. Following the 2004–2006 renovation, however, the aluminium was replaced with stainless steel, which is primarily iron.[1]

Usage

The Atomium, with over 600,000 visitors per year, is the most popular tourist attraction in Brussels, and acts as an international symbol of both the city and country.[17] In addition to its heritage value, it is also a cultural venue and an arts centre.[17] Over half of the building is dedicated to exhibitions with themes about Belgium and digital arts.[2]

Of the six spheres accessible to the public: the bottom sphere is reserved for permanent exhibitions dedicated to the 1950s, Expo 58 and the building's construction; the second sphere hosts temporary exhibitions; the third and central spheres contain flexible spaces that can be rented for events, such as film screenings, concerts, parties and conferences; the top sphere, in addition to the panorama, holds a restaurant; and the sixth sphere is the kids' sphere, intended for the organisation of workshops in urban pedagogy, allowing children aged six to twelve to spend the night there.[18]

Worldwide copyright claims

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File:Atomium 010-censored.png
A photograph of the Atomium, censored due to lack of freedom of panorama rights at the time

SABAM, Belgium's society for collecting copyrights, had previously claimed worldwide intellectual property rights on all reproductions of the Atomium's image via the United States Artists Rights Society (ARS).[19] For example, in 2003, SABAM issued a demand that a United States website remove all images of the Atomium from its pages.[20] The website owner responded by replacing all such images with a warning not to take photographs of the Atomium, stating that A.S.B.L. Atomium would sue any individual or group who showed the photographs to anyone.[20][21] SABAM confirmed then that permission was required.[20]

In 2008, Anno Expo, who organised 50th anniversary celebrations of Expo 58 in Mechelen, announced a "cultural guerrilla strike" by asking people to send in their old photographs of the Atomium and 100 photoshoppers to paint over the spheres.[22] SABAM responded that they would make an exception for 2008, allowing people to publish private photographs for one year, provided they were for non-commercial purposes.[22] Anno Expo later announced they had censored part of their own report due to "complications" and referred to a meeting they had with SABAM.[23] Mechelen's mayor, Bart Somers, called the Atomium copyright rules absurd.[24]

In the summer of 2015, the Belgian political party Open Vld, which was part of the then-ruling Michel I Government, proposed a bill to enable freedom of panorama in Belgium. The bill was enacted into law in June 2016, allowing pictures of the Atomium, and other public buildings under copyright, to be legally distributed.[25][26]

Gallery

See also

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References

Citations

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Bibliography

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External links

Template:Tallest buildings and structures in Belgium Template:Authority control

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named monument
  2. ↑ a b c d Official website
  3. ↑ Le Monde.fr. 2005. André Waterkeyn, concepteur de l'Atomium à Bruxelles. [online] Available at: <https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2005/10/07/andre-waterkeyn-concepteur-de-l-atomium-a-bruxelles_696852_3382.html> [Accessed 25 May 2022].
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Template:Cite tweet
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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