Barn (unit)

Template:Short description Template:Infobox unit A barn (symbol: b) is a metric unit of area equal to Template:Val (100 fm²). This is equivalent to a square that is Template:Val (10 fm) each side, or a circle of diameter approximately Template:Val (11.28 fm).

Originally used in nuclear physics for expressing the cross sectional area of nuclei and nuclear reactions, today it is also used in all fields of high-energy physics to express the cross sections of any scattering process, and is best understood as a measure of the probability of interaction between small particles. A barn is approximately the cross-sectional area of a uranium nucleus. The barn is also the unit of area used in nuclear quadrupole resonance and nuclear magnetic resonance to quantify the interaction of a nucleus with an electric field gradient. While the barn never was an SI unit, the SI standards body acknowledged it in the 8th SI Brochure (superseded in 2019) due to its use in particle physics.

Etymology

File:Helium atom QM DE.svg

Image of a helium-4 nucleus; ⁴He has a very small cross-section, less than 0.01 barn.

During Manhattan Project research on the atomic bomb during World War II, American physicists Marshall Holloway and Charles P. Baker were working at Purdue University on a project using a particle accelerator to measure the cross sections of certain nuclear reactions. According to an account of theirs from a couple years later, they were dining in a cafeteria in December 1942 and discussing their work. They "lamented" that there was no name for the unit of cross section and challenged themselves to develop one. They initially tried eponyms, names of "some great men closely associated with the field" that they could name the unit after, but struggled to find one that was appropriate. They considered "Oppenheimer" too long (in retrospect, they considered an "Oppy" to perhaps have been allowable), and considered "Bethe" to be too easily confused with the commonly used Greek letter beta. They then considered naming it after John Manley, another scientist associated with their work, but considered "Manley" too long and "John" too closely associated with toilets. But this latter association, combined with the "rural background" of one of the scientists, suggested to them the term "barn", which also worked because the unit was "really as big as a barn". According to the authors, the first published use of the term was in a (secret) Los Alamos report from late June 1943, on which the two originators were co-authors.

Commonly used prefixed versions

The unit symbol for the barn (b) is also the IEEE standard symbol for bit, and both are commonly used with metric prefixes, which may give rise to ambiguity.

Multiples and sub-multiples

Unit	Symbol	m2	cm2
megabarn	Mb	10−22	10−18
kilobarn	kb	10−25	10−21
barn	b	10−28	10−24
millibarn	mb	10−31	10−27
microbarn	μb	10−34	10−30
nanobarn	nb	10−37	10−33
picobarn	pb	10−40	10−36
femtobarn	fb	10−43	10−39
attobarn	ab	10−46	10−42
zeptobarn	zb	10−49	10−45
yoctobarn	yb	10−52	10−48

Conversions

Calculated cross sections are often given in terms of inverse squared gigaelectronvolts (GeV⁻²), via the conversion ħ²c²/GeV² = Template:Val = Template:Val.

In natural units (where ħ = c = 1), this simplifies to GeV⁻² = Template:Val = Template:Val.

barn	GeV−2
Template:Val	Template:Val
Template:Val	Template:Val
Template:Val	Template:Val
Template:Val	Template:Val

SI units with prefix

In SI, one can use units such as square femtometers (fm²). The most common SI prefixed unit for the barn is the femtobarn, which is equal to a tenth of a square zeptometer. Many scientific papers discussing high-energy physics mention quantities of fractions of femtobarn level.

Conversion from SI units SI barns 1 pm2 10 kb 1 fm2 10 mb 1 am2 10 nb 1 zm2 10 fb 1 ym2 10 zb 1 rm2 10 rb

Conversion to SI units Barns SI Other names 1 b 100 fm2 1 cb 1 fm2 1 mb 0.1 fm2 = 100000 am2 1 μb 100 am2 outhouse 1 nb 0.1 am2 = 100000 zm2 1 pb 100 zm2 1 fb 0.1 zm2 = 100000 ym2 1 ab 100 ym2 1 zb 0.1 ym2 = 100000 rm2 1 yb 100 rm2 shed

Inverse femtobarn

The inverse femtobarn (fb⁻¹) is the unit typically used to measure the number of particle collision events per femtobarn of target cross-section, and is the conventional unit for time-integrated luminosity. Thus if a detector has accumulated Template:Val of integrated luminosity, one expects to find 100 events per femtobarn of cross-section within these data.

Consider a particle accelerator where two streams of particles, with cross-sectional areas measured in femtobarns, are directed to collide over a period of time. The total number of collisions will be directly proportional to the luminosity of the collisions measured over this time. Therefore, the collision count can be calculated by multiplying the integrated luminosity by the sum of the cross-section for those collision processes. This count is then expressed as inverse femtobarns for the time period (e.g., 100 fb⁻¹ in nine months). Inverse femtobarns are often quoted as an indication of particle collider productivity.

Fermilab produced Template:Val in the first decade of the 21st century. Fermilab's Tevatron took about 4 years to reach Template:Val in 2005, while two of CERN's LHC experiments, ATLAS and CMS, reached over Template:Val of proton–proton data in 2011 alone. In April 2012, the LHC achieved the collision energy of Template:Val with a luminosity peak of 6760 inverse microbarns per second; by May 2012, the LHC delivered 1 inverse femtobarn of data per week to each detector collaboration. A record of over 23 fb⁻¹ was achieved during 2012. As of November 2016, the LHC had achieved Template:Val over that year, significantly exceeding the stated goal of Template:Val. In total, the second run of the LHC has delivered around Template:Val to both ATLAS and CMS in 2015–2018.

Usage example

As a simplified example, if a beamline runs for 8 hours (28 800 seconds) at an instantaneous luminosity of Template:Val = Template:Val, then it will gather data totaling an integrated luminosity of Template:Val = Template:Val = Template:Val during this period. If this is multiplied by the cross-section, then a dimensionless number is obtained equal to the number of expected scattering events.

See also

• "Shake", a unit of time created by the same people at the same time as the barn
• Orders of magnitude (area)
• List of unusual units of measurement
• List of humorous units of measurement

External links

• IUPAC citation for this usage of "barn"