Achshaph: Difference between revisions
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==History== | ==History== | ||
{{hiero|jksp<ref name = Gauthier112/><ref name = Budge965>{{cite book |last1=Wallis Budge |first1=E. A. |title=An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc. Vol II |date=1920 |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/egyptianhierogly02budguoft/page/965 965] |url=https://archive.org/details/egyptianhierogly02budguoft}}</ref>|<hiero>M17*A2-V31:O34:Q3*D12</hiero> '''or''' <hiero>M17*A2-V31:O34:Q3*D12-N25</hiero>|era=nk|align=right}} | {{hiero|jksp<ref name = Gauthier112/><ref name = Budge965>{{cite book |last1=Wallis Budge |first1=E. A. |title=An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc. Vol II |date=1920 |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/egyptianhierogly02budguoft/page/965 965] |url=https://archive.org/details/egyptianhierogly02budguoft}}</ref>|<hiero>M17*A2-V31:O34:Q3*D12</hiero> '''or''' <hiero>M17*A2-V31:O34:Q3*D12-N25</hiero>|era=nk|align=right}} | ||
The 1350 BC [[Amarna letters]] has [[Endaruta]] as the 'mayor' of Akšapa (Achshaph).<ref>Biblical Achshaph is Akshapa according to {{cite book|editor1=Amihai Mazar|author1=Shimon Gibson|title=''"Agricultural Terraces and Settlement Expansion in the Highlands of Early Iron Age Palestine: Is There Any Correlation between the Two?"'', Studies in the Archaeology of the Iron Age in Israel and Jordan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GEqvAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85|date=1 September 2001|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-0-567-19417-6|page=85}}</ref><ref name="Ehrlich2009">Endaruta is mayor of Akshapa according to {{cite book|author=Carl S. Ehrlich|title=From an Antique Land: An Introduction to Ancient Near Eastern Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qg6_nHOgykkC&pg=PA277|date=January 2009|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-0-7425-4334-8|page=277}}</ref> In this time period, the [[Habiru]] | The 1350 BC [[Amarna letters]] has [[Endaruta]] as the 'mayor' of Akšapa (Achshaph).<ref>Biblical Achshaph is Akshapa according to {{cite book|editor1=Amihai Mazar|author1=Shimon Gibson|title=''"Agricultural Terraces and Settlement Expansion in the Highlands of Early Iron Age Palestine: Is There Any Correlation between the Two?"'', Studies in the Archaeology of the Iron Age in Israel and Jordan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GEqvAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85|date=1 September 2001|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-0-567-19417-6|page=85}}</ref><ref name="Ehrlich2009">Endaruta is mayor of Akshapa according to {{cite book|author=Carl S. Ehrlich|title=From an Antique Land: An Introduction to Ancient Near Eastern Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qg6_nHOgykkC&pg=PA277|date=January 2009|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-0-7425-4334-8|page=277}}</ref> In this time period, the [[Habiru]] are attacking [[city-state]]s, and [[Abdi-Heba]] of [[Jerusalem]], Surata of [[Acre, Israel|Acco]], [[Šuwardata]] of [[Qiltu]] (?), and Endaruta are aiding each other. | ||
Only one extremely short | Only one extremely short letter—EA 223 ([[EA (el Amarna)|EA]]-el Amarna)—is written from Endaruta of Akšapa, and it is a one sentence topic: [following a short 3-sentence formal-[[Prostration formula|formulaic introduction]]] ... '' "Whatever the king (i.e., [[pharaoh]]), my [[bêlu|lord]], orders, I shall prepare." '' | ||
But one perfectly preserved letter from Pharaoh, to Endaruta of Akšapa is known, [[Amarna letter EA 367|EA 367]]. Its topic is ''to guard'' (and defend) Akšapa and to prepare for "troop arrivals"-(the [[Pítati|archer]]-forces). | But one perfectly preserved letter from Pharaoh, to Endaruta of Akšapa is known, [[Amarna letter EA 367|EA 367]]. Its topic is ''to guard'' (and defend) Akšapa and to prepare for "troop arrivals"-(the [[Pítati|archer]]-forces). | ||
Latest revision as of 00:12, 4 October 2025
Achshaph (Template:Langx; in LXX Template:Langx)[1] was a royal city of the Canaanites, in the north of Canaan (Josh. 11:1; 12:20; 19:25). The name means "sorcery".[2]
Location
Achshaph was in the eastern boundary of the tribe of Asher. There are several opinions as to its exact location, including Tell Keisan, Tell Regev,[3] Tell Harbaj and Tell an-Nakhl.[4] In the Greek Septuagint, in various manuscripts, depending on the passage, its name is given in the forms Azeiph, Achsaph, Achas, Keaph, Achiph, Acheib, and Chasaph.[5]
History
| Template:Trim |
| jksp[1][6] in hieroglyphs |
|---|
| Template:Hiero/era | Era: Template:Hiero/era |
The 1350 BC Amarna letters has Endaruta as the 'mayor' of Akšapa (Achshaph).[7][8] In this time period, the Habiru are attacking city-states, and Abdi-Heba of Jerusalem, Surata of Acco, Šuwardata of Qiltu (?), and Endaruta are aiding each other.
Only one extremely short letter—EA 223 (EA-el Amarna)—is written from Endaruta of Akšapa, and it is a one sentence topic: [following a short 3-sentence formal-formulaic introduction] ... "Whatever the king (i.e., pharaoh), my lord, orders, I shall prepare."
But one perfectly preserved letter from Pharaoh, to Endaruta of Akšapa is known, EA 367. Its topic is to guard (and defend) Akšapa and to prepare for "troop arrivals"-(the archer-forces).
The third and only other reference in the Amarna letters corpus is from letter EA 366 (from Šuwardata of Qiltu (?)), and the letter states:
- "...only 'Abdi-Heba and I have been at war with that 'Apiru. Surata, the ruler of Akka, and Endaruta, the ruler of Akšapa, these two also came to my aid, ..."
See also
References
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Cheyne and Black (1899), Encyclopaedia Biblica, entry for "Achshaph."[1]
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Cheyne and Black (1899), Encyclopaedia Biblica, entry for "Achshaph." [2]
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Biblical Achshaph is Akshapa according to Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Endaruta is mayor of Akshapa according to Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- Moran, William L. The Amarna Letters. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. (softcover, Template:ISBN)